List of Poaceae genera

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Culm of Bromus sterilis, showing typical grass morphology with blade-like leaves and inflorescence as spikelets organised in a panicle Brome sterile003.jpg
Culm of Bromus sterilis , showing typical grass morphology with blade-like leaves and inflorescence as spikelets organised in a panicle

Poaceae , also known as the true grasses, is the fourth largest plant family in the world with around 12,000 species and roughly 800 genera. [1] [2] They contain, among others, the cereal crop species and other plants of economic importance, such as the bamboos, and several important weeds.

Contents

Grasses probably originated in the understory of tropical rainforests in the Late Cretaceous, but have since come to occupy a wide range of different habitats. [3] [4] Notably, they are the dominant species in grasslands, open habitats that cover around one fifth of the earth's terrestrial surface. [3] The C4 photosynthetic pathway has evolved at least 22 times independently in the grasses; C4 species are more competitive than C3 plants in open habitats with high light intensity and warm temperatures. [5]

The deeper relationships in the family have been resolved by recent molecular phylogenetic work. [5] This has been translated into a modern classification which divides the grasses into twelve subfamilies and a number of tribes, with large tribes further divided into subtribes. [1]

Anomochlooideae, Pharoideae and Puelioideae are early diverging lineages containing only a few species. Most of the diversity falls into the two big BOP and PACMAD clades, which each contain roughly half of the family's species. C4 lineages have only evolved in the PACMAD clade, whereas many lineages in the BOP clade have evolved adaptations to cold climate.

While the higher-level classification of the grasses is now relatively well understood, taxonomic efforts continue at the species and genera level, and with continuing phylogenetic research, a number of names is likely to change. [6] The list of genera below is therefore likely to evolve with further study.

Genera

793 genera are currently accepted: [7]

A

Arundinaria gigantea, a temperate woody bamboo (Bambusoideae: Arundinarieae) Arundinaria gigantea.jpg
Arundinaria gigantea , a temperate woody bamboo (Bambusoideae: Arundinarieae)

B

Inflorescence of quaking grass (Briza media, Pooideae: Poeae) Briza media - keskmine varihein.jpg
Inflorescence of quaking grass ( Briza media , Pooideae: Poeae)

C

Cenchrus longisetus Cenchrus longisetus (Poaceae).jpg
Cenchrus longisetus
Pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana, Danthonioideae) marking the landscape in Atacama Desert, Chile Cortaderia selloana - El rio San Pedro lleva mucha agua by tomasero - 001.jpg
Pampas grass ( Cortaderia selloana , Danthonioideae) marking the landscape in Atacama Desert, Chile

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

Cultivation of rice, Oryza sativa (Oryzoideae: Oryzeae), in Cambodia Rice 02.jpg
Cultivation of rice, Oryza sativa (Oryzoideae: Oryzeae), in Cambodia

P

Pharus parvifolius, an early-diverging grass in the subfamily Pharoideae, growing in the understory of tropical rainforest Pharus parvifolius Nash ssp. parvifolius Judz. (14730968949).jpg
Pharus parvifolius , an early-diverging grass in the subfamily Pharoideae, growing in the understory of tropical rainforest
Common reed (Arundinoideae: Arundineae), growing on a lakeshore Phragmites australis Schilfrohr.jpg
Common reed (Arundinoideae: Arundineae), growing on a lakeshore

R

S

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica, Panicoideae: Paniceae) Kolbenhirse.jpg
Foxtail millet ( Setaria italica , Panicoideae: Paniceae)

T

Inflorescence of Tragus roxburghieae, a C4 grass in subfamily Chloridoideae Tragus roxburghii W IMG 1725.jpg
Inflorescence of Tragus roxburghieae , a C4 grass in subfamily Chloridoideae

U

V

W

X, Y

Z

Cultivated varieties of maize or corn (Zea mays, Panicoideae: Andropogoneae) Corncobs edit1.jpg
Cultivated varieties of maize or corn ( Zea mays , Panicoideae: Andropogoneae)

Related Research Articles

<i>Calamagrostis</i> Genus of grasses

Calamagrostis is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae, with about 260 species that occur mainly in temperate regions of the globe. Towards equatorial latitudes, species of Calamagrostis generally occur at higher elevations. These tufted perennials usually have hairless narrow leaves. The ligules are usually blunt. The inflorescence forms a panicle. Some may be reed-like.

<i>Agrostis</i> Genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae

Agrostis is a large and very nearly cosmopolitan genus of plants in the grass family, found in nearly all the countries in the world. It has been bred as a GMO creeping bent grass.

<i>Cenchrus</i> Genus of grasses

Cenchrus is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family. Its species are native to many countries in Asia, Africa, Australia, the Americas, and various oceanic islands.

<i>Deschampsia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae

Deschampsia is a genus of plants in the grass family, commonly known as hair grass or tussock grass. The genus is widespread across many countries.

<i>Setaria</i> Genus of grasses

Setaria is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family. The name is derived from the Latin word seta, meaning "bristle" or "hair", which refers to the bristly spikelets.

<i>Achnatherum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Achnatherum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family, Poaceae. It includes 20 species of needlegrass native to temperate Eurasia and North Africa. Several needlegrass species have been switched between Achnatherum and genus Stipa; taxonomy between the two closely related genera is still uncertain. In 2019 Peterson et al. reorganized the genera in tribe Stipeae based on molecular DNA studies, and placed the species from the Americas into other genera.

<i>Axonopus</i> Genus of grasses

Axonopus is a genus of plants in the grass family, known generally as carpet grass. They are native primarily to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas with one species in tropical Africa and another on Easter Island. They are sometimes rhizomatous and many are tolerant of periodic submersion.

<i>Chloris</i> (plant) Genus of grasses

Chloris is a widespread genus of monophyletic grasses belonging to the family Poaceae, known generally as windmill grass or finger grass. The genus is found worldwide, but especially in the tropical and subtropical regions, and more often in the Southern Hemisphere. The species are variable in morphology, but in general, the plants are less than 0.5 m in height. They bear inflorescences shaped like umbels, with several plumes lined with rows of spikelets. The genus is characterized by the series of sterile florets above the lowest fertile ones, spikes usually 4–10 in numbers, approximated or in a slightly separated series of 10–20 spikes, rarely an indefinite numbers of terminal spikes. In India, 11 species are known to occur in which only two are endemic viz. Chloris wightiana Nees ex Steud. and Chloris bournei Rangachariar & Tadulingam.

<i>Urochloa</i> Genus of grasses

Urochloa, commonly known as signalgrass, is a genus of plants in the grass family, native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia, Africa, Australia, the Americas, and various islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stipeae</span> Tribe of grasses

The Stipeae are a tribe of grasses within the subfamily Pooidae, with up to 600 described species.

References

  1. 1 2 Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Judziewicz, Emmet J.; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.; Davis, Jerrold I.; Morrone, Osvaldo (2015). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae)". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 53 (2): 117–137. doi:10.1111/jse.12150. hdl: 11336/25248 . ISSN   1674-4918. S2CID   84052108. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  2. ↑ Sánchez, Mónica (2020-01-22). "What are the largest plant families?". Jardineria On. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  3. 1 2 Edwards, E. J.; Smith, S. A. (2010). "Phylogenetic analyses reveal the shady history of C4 grasses". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (6): 2532–2537. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.2532E. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0909672107 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   2823882 . PMID   20142480. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  4. ↑ Christin, P.-A.; Spriggs, E.; Osborne, C. P.; Stromberg, C. A. E.; Salamin, N.; Edwards, E. J. (2013). "Molecular Dating, Evolutionary Rates, and the Age of the Grasses". Systematic Biology. 63 (2): 153–165. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syt072 . ISSN   1063-5157. PMID   24287097. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  5. 1 2 Grass Phylogeny Working Group II (2012). "New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C4 origins". New Phytologist. 193 (2): 304–312. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03972.x. hdl: 2262/73271 . ISSN   0028-646X. PMID   22115274. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  6. ↑ Vorontsova, Maria S.; Simon, Bryan K. (2012). "Updating classifications to reflect monophyly: 10 to 20 percent of species names change in Poaceae". Taxon. 61 (4): 735–746. doi:10.1002/tax.614003.
  7. ↑ Poaceae Barnhart. Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 4 July 2023.
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