Chloridoideae

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Chloridoideae
Millet fields in Annapurna.png
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in Nepal
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Clade: PACMAD clade
Subfamily: Chloridoideae
Kunth ex Beilschm.
Tribes

Chloridoideae is one of the largest subfamilies of grasses, with roughly 150 genera and 1,600 species, mainly found in arid tropical or subtropical grasslands. Within the PACMAD clade, their sister group is the Danthonioideae. [1] The subfamily includes widespread weeds such as Bermuda grass ( Cynodon dactylon ) or goosegrass ( Eleusine indica ), but also millet species grown in some tropical regions, namely finger millet ( Eleusine coracana ) and teff ( Eragrostis tef ).

With the exception of some species in Ellisochloa and Eleusine indica , most of the subfamily's species use the C4 photosynthetic pathway [ citation needed ]. The first evolutionary transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis in the grasses probably occurred in this subfamily, around 32 to 25 million years ago in the Oligocene. [2]

Phylogeny

Relationships of tribes in the Chloridoideae according to a 2017 phylogenetic classification, also showing the Danthonioideae as sister group: [3]

Danthonioideae

Chloridoideae

The following genera have not been assigned to a tribe: [3]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panicoideae</span> Subfamily of plants

Panicoideae is the second-largest subfamily of the grasses with over 3,500 species, mainly distributed in warm temperate and tropical regions. It comprises some important agricultural crops, including sugarcane, maize, sorghum, and switchgrass.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arundinoideae</span> Subfamily of plants

The Arundinoideae are a subfamily of the true grass family Poaceae with around 40 species, including giant reed and common reed. Unlike many other members of the PACMAD clade of grasses, the Arundinoideae all use C3 photosynthesis. Their sister group is the subfamily Micrairoideae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eragrostideae</span> Tribe of grasses

Eragrostideae is a tribe of grasses in subfamily Chloridoideae. It contains roughly 500 species, which all use the C4 photosynthetic pathway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anomochlooideae</span> Subfamily of plants

Anomochlooideae is a subfamily of the true grass family Poaceae. It is sister to all the other grasses. It includes perennial herbs that grow on the shaded floor of forests in the Neotropics. There are two genera, Anomochloa and Streptochaeta, each in its own tribe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Danthonioideae</span> Subfamily of plants

Danthonioideae is a mainly southern hemisphere subfamily of grasses, containing the single tribe Danthonieae and one unplaced genus, with altogether roughly 300 species. It includes herbaceous to partially woody perennial or annual (less common) grasses that grow in open grasslands, shrublands, and woodlands. It belongs to the PACMAD clade of grasses, but unlike some other lineages in that clade, grasses in the Danthonioideae exclusively use the C3 photosynthetic pathway. Its sister group is the subfamily Chloridoideae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PACMAD clade</span> A major clade in the grass family Poaceae

The PACMAD clade (previously PACCMAD, PACCAD, or PACC) is one of two major lineages (or clades) of the true grasses (Poaceae), regrouping six subfamilies and about 5700 species, more than half of all true grasses. Its sister group is the BOP clade. The PACMAD lineage is the only group within the grasses in which the C4 photosynthesis pathway has evolved; studies have shown that this happened independently multiple times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paniceae</span> Tribe of grasses

Paniceae is a large tribe of the subfamily Panicoideae in the grasses (Poaceae), the only in the monotypic supertribe Panicodae. It includes roughly 1,500 species in 84 genera, primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Paniceae includes species using either of the C4 and C3 photosynthetic pathways, as well as presumably intermediate species. Most of the millets are members of tribe Paniceae.

Phaenospermatae is a tribe of grasses, subfamily Pooideae, containing a single genus, Phaenosperma. The tribe previously included several other genera, which are now placed in a separate tribe, Duthieeae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Micrairoideae</span> Subfamily of plants

Micrairoideae is a subfamily of the grass family Poaceae, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Within the PACMAD clade, it is sister to subfamily Arundinoideae.

Centropodieae is a tribe of grasses containing only two genera. It is the earliest-branching lineage in the subfamily Chloridoideae and contains its only genus with C3 species, Ellisochloa, while all other species in the tribe and subfamily use the C4 photosynthetic pathway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cynodonteae</span> Tribe of grasses

Cynodonteae is a large tribe of grasses in the subfamily Chloridoideae, with over 800 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triraphideae</span> Tribe of grasses

Triraphideae is a small tribe of tropical grasses, containing about 15 species in three or four genera. Like most of the subfamily Chloridoideae, species in the tribe use the C4 photosynthetic pathway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zoysieae</span> Tribe of grasses

Zoysieae is a tribe of grasses in subfamily Chloridoideae, with around 250 species in four genera. All species use the C4 photosynthetic pathway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arundinelleae</span> Tribe of grasses

Arundinelleae is a tribe of grasses with roughly 90 species in three genera, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. The tribe's sister group are the Andropogoneae, with which they are classified in supertribe Andropogonodae. All species in this tribe use C4 carbon fixation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paspaleae</span> Tribe of grasses

Paspaleae is a tribe of the Panicoideae subfamily in the grasses (Poaceae), native mainly to the tropical and subtropical Americas but with a number of species introduced to other regions. It includes roughly 680 species in 39 genera. Species in this tribe use either of the C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways.

Steyermarkochloeae is a tribe of the Panicoideae subfamily in the grasses (Poaceae), native to tropical South America. There are only two species in two genera, Arundoclaytonia and Steyermarkochloa. The tribe probably belongs to a basal lineage within the subfamily. Species in this tribe use the C3 photosynthetic pathway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tristachyideae</span> Tribe of grasses

Tristachyideae is a tribe of the Panicoideae subfamily in the grasses (Poaceae), native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. There are around 70 species in eight genera. The tribe belongs to a basal lineage within the subfamily, and its genera were previously placed in tribes Arundinelleae or Paniceae, subfamily Arundinoideae, or the now-obsolete subfamily Centothecoideae. Species in this tribe use the C4 photosynthetic pathway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zeugiteae</span> Tribe of grasses

Zeugiteae is a tribe of the subfamily Panicoideae in the grasses (Poaceae), native to Africa, Asia, Australasia, South and Central America. There are 18 species in four genera. The tribe belongs to a basal lineage within the subfamily. Species in this tribe use the C3 photosynthetic pathway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chasmanthieae</span> Tribe of grasses

Chasmanthieae is a small tribe of grasses in the subfamily Panicoideae. It belongs to a basal lineage within the subfamily and has only seven species in two genera, Bromuniola with one species in Africa and Chasmanthium from North America. They all use the C3 photosynthetic pathway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyperochloeae</span> Tribe of grasses

Cyperochloeae is a small tribe of grasses in the Panicoideae subfamily, found in Australia. It belongs to a basal lineage within the subfamily and has only two species in two monotypic genera, Cyperochloa and Spartochloa. They use the C3 photosynthetic pathway.

References

  1. Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Judziewicz, Emmet J.; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.; Davis, Jerrold I.; Morrone, Osvaldo (2015). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae)". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 53 (2): 117–137. doi:10.1111/jse.12150. hdl: 11336/25248 . ISSN   1674-4918. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  2. Christin, Pascal-Antoine; Besnard, Guillaume; Samaritani, Emanuela; Duvall, Melvin R.; Hodkinson, Trevor R.; Savolainen, Vincent; Salamin, Nicolas (2008). "Oligocene CO2 Decline Promoted C4 Photosynthesis in Grasses". Current Biology. 18 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.058. hdl: 2262/82791 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   18160293. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  3. 1 2 Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Teisher, Jordan K.; Clark, Lynn G.; Barberá, Patricia; Gillespie, Lynn J.; Zuloaga, Fernando O. (2017). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 55 (4): 259–290. doi: 10.1111/jse.12262 . hdl: 10261/240149 . ISSN   1674-4918.