Cynodon hirsutissimus(Litard. & Maire) Caro & E.A.Sánchez
Cynodon iraquensisCaro
Cynodon laeviglumisCaro & E.A.Sánchez
Cynodon linearisWilld.
Cynodon maritimusKunth
Cynodon mucronatusCaro & E.A.Sánchez
Cynodon nitidusCaro & E.A.Sánchez
Cynodon occidentalisWilld. ex Steud. nom. inval.
Cynodon pascuusNees
Cynodon pedicellatusCaro
Cynodon polevansiiStent
Cynodon portoricensisWilld. ex Steud. nom. inval.
Cynodon repensDulac nom. illeg.
Cynodon sarmentosusGray nom. illeg.
Cynodon scabrifoliusCaro
Cynodon stellatusWilld.
Cynodon tenuisTrin.
Cynodon umbellatus(Lam.) Caro
Cynosurus dactylon(L.) Pers.
Cynosurus uniflorusWalter
Dactilon officinaleVill. nom. illeg.
Dactylus officinalisAsch. nom. inval.
Digitaria ambigua(Lapeyr. ex DC.) Mérat
Digitaria dactylon(L.) Scop.
Digitaria glumaepatula(Steud.) Miq.
Digitaria glumipatula(Steud.) Miq.
Digitaria linearis(L.) Pers.
Digitaria linearis(Retz.) Spreng.
Digitaria littoralisSalisb. nom. illeg.
Digitaria maritima(Kunth) Spreng.
Digitaria stoloniferaSchrad. nom. illeg.
Fibichia dactylon(L.) Beck
Fibichia umbellataKoeler nom. illeg.
Milium dactylon(L.) Moench
Panicum ambiguum(DC.) Le Turq.
Panicum dactylonL.
Panicum glumipatulumSteud.
Panicum lineareL.
Paspalum ambiguumDC.
Paspalum dactylon(L.) Lam.
Paspalum umbellatumLam.
Phleum dactylon(L.) Georgi
Syntherisma linearis(L.) Nash
Vilfa linearis(Retz.) P.Beauv.
Vilfa stellata(Willd.) P.Beauv.
Cynodon dactylon, commonly known as Bermuda grass, or as couch grass in Australia and New Zealand, is a grass found worldwide. It is native to Europe, Africa, Australia, and much of Asia, and has been introduced to the Americas.[2][3] Contrary to its common name, Cynodon dactylon is not native to Bermuda, but rather an abundant invasive species there. In Bermuda it has been known as "crab grass" (also a name for Digitaria sanguinalis). Other names include Dhoob, dūrvā grass, ethana grass, dubo, dog grass, dog's tooth grass,[4] Bahama grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian doab, arugampul, grama, wiregrass and scutch grass.
Hybrid species of the grass are taxonomically known as Cynodon dactylon × transvaalensis. These interspecific hybrids are the result of cross-pollination between different culitvars. Hybrid cultivars of the grass are commonly developed by selecting individual plants with desirable traits from seeded or vegetatively propagated stands.[5] These cultivars are typically triploids, meaning they contain three sets of chromosomes.[6]
The blades are grey-green in colour and short, usually 2–15cm (0.79–5.91in) long with rough edges.[7] The erect stems can grow 1–30cm (0.39–11.81in) tall. The stems are slightly flattened, often white or green, and occasionally tinged purple in colour.
The seed heads are produced in a cluster of two to six spikes together at the top of the stem, each spike 2–5cm (0.79–1.97in) long.[7]
Cynodon dactylon has a deep root system. When grown in penetrable soil under drought conditions, its roots can grow to over 2 metres (6.6ft) deep, though most of the root mass is less than 60 centimetres (24in) under the surface. The grass creeps along the ground with its stolons, and roots wherever a node touches the ground, forming a dense mat. C. dactylon reproduces through seeds, stolons, and rhizomes. The grass starts actively growing at temperatures above 15°C (59°F) with ideal growth between 24 and 37°C (75 and 99°F); in winter or in the dry season, the grass becomes dormant and turns light brown. Optimal development also occurs in areas of full sun exposure while dense shade, especially near tree bases, generally suppresses it.[citation needed]
Cultivation
Cynodon dactylon is widely cultivated in warm climates all over the world between about 30° S and 30° N latitude, and regions which receive between 625 and 1,750mm (24.6 and 68.9in) of rainfall a year (or less, if irrigation is available). For example, in the United States, it is grown mostly in the southern half of the country.
Cultivated Bermuda grass with "tiger striping", caused by Rayleigh–Bénard convection during the first frosts of the fall. The frost regions turn brown after several days and the frost-free regions remain green. The spatial scale of the pattern is ~20cm.
Cultivars
Hundreds of cultivars have been created specifically for environmental tolerance and stakeholder requirements. New cultivars are released annually.[9][10]
Uses
Religious
Commonly known as "durva" or dūrvāyugma in India, this grass is used in the Ayurveda system of medicine.[11] Performing a rite called "the consecration of Rudra (Sanskrit Rudrabhisheka) described in the Purāṇas while offering durva 11 times bestows long life.[citation needed] In Hinduism, it is considered important in the worship of Lord Ganesha.[12][13] A clump of 21 shoots of this grass is usually offered during puja (worship).[citation needed] It has been a part of Hindu rituals since Vedic times.[citation needed] A unique festival called Durga Ashtami, dedicated to this grass, is celebrated on the eighth day of the Navratri festival.[14]
Groom tying a dubo garland around the bride's neck in a NepaleseHindu wedding
In Nepal, the grass is known as "dubo" and is used by the Hindus. According to Nepalese Hindus, the grass symbolises long life. The grass is an essential item for the Naga Panchami festival as well as the Gaura festival.[16][17][18] In a Nepalese Hindu wedding, a garland made of this grass is worn by both bride and groom.[19]
It has been observed that Cynodon dactylon may be selectively eaten by dogs to swiftly induce vomiting when they have gastrointestinal problems. The effect may be due to irritation caused by bristles on the leaf margin.[11]
Other
Cynodon dactylon (foreground, the background grass is a separate species) at Peradeniya Royal Botanical Garden
Bermuda grass is fast-growing and tough, making it popular choice for sports fields because it will recover quickly when damaged. It is a highly desirable turf grass in warm temperate climates, particularly in hot and dry regions where it will survive while other grass species cannot. The combination of heat and drought tolerance makes Bermuda grass a frequent choice for golf courses in the southern and southeastern United States and South Africa. Bermuda grass is also commonly used for football and baseball fields. It has a relatively coarse-bladed form with numerous cultivars selected for different turf requirements.[citation needed]
Bermuda grass can be a highly aggressive invasive species, crowding out most other grasses and invading other habitats, and has become a hard-to-eradicate weed in some areas (it can be controlled somewhat with Triclopyr, Mesotrione, Fluazifop-P-butyl, and Glyphosate).[22][23] This weedy nature leads some gardeners to give it the name of "devil grass". Bermuda grass is incredibly difficult to control in flower beds and most herbicides do not work. However, Ornamec, Ornamec 170, Turflon ester (tricyclopyr), and Imazapyr have shown some effectiveness. All of these items are difficult to find in retail stores, as they are primarily marketed to professional landscapers.[24]
Toxicity
The hybrid variety Tifton 85, like some other grasses (e.g. sorghum), produces cyanide under certain conditions,[25] and has been implicated in several livestock deaths.
↑ Ackerson BJ, Beier RA, Martin DL. Ground level air convection produces frost damage patterns in turfgrass. Int J Biometeorol. 2015;59:1655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-015-0972-3
↑ Shi H, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Ye T, Chan Z. Analysis of natural variation in Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) reveals physiological responses underlying drought tolerance. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(12):e53422.
↑ Chavan, T. B., Masal, V. P., & Ghalme, R. L. STUDY ON MEDICINAL AND TRADITIONAL FESTIVAL PLANTS USED IN HINDU RELIGION FROM RATNAGIRI DISTRICT OF MAHARASHTRA.
↑ Singh, R. P. (2023). Symbolism, sacrality, and foodscapes in Hindu pilgrimage system. D. Munro, B. Noel, H. Daniel, & Olsen (Eds.), Food, the pilgrim, and faith-based travel, 121-134.
↑ "Love and Marriage in Nepal". Vogue. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2022. nd a garland of flowers and dubo or durva grass, a symbol of long life.
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