Oryza

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Oryza
Gealypic5.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Oryzoideae
Tribe: Oryzeae
Subtribe: Oryzinae
Genus: Oryza
L.
Type species
Oryza sativa
Synonyms [2]
  • PadiaMoritzi
  • Porteresia Tateoka
  • IndoryzaA.N.Henry & B.Roy

Oryza is a genus of plants in the grass family. [3] [4] It includes the major food crop rice (species Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima ). Members of the genus grow as tall, wetland grasses, growing to 1–2 metres (3–7 ft) tall; the genus includes both annual and perennial species. [5]

Contents

Oryza is situated in tribe Oryzeae, which is characterized morphologically by its single-flowered spikelets whose glumes are almost completely suppressed. In Oryza, two sterile lemma simulate glumes. The tribe Oryzeae is in subfamily Ehrhartoideae, [6] a group of Poaceae tribes with certain features of internal leaf anatomy in common. The most distinctive leaf characteristics of this subfamily are the arm cells and fusoid cells found in their leaves. [7] [ verification needed ]

One species, Asian rice (O. sativa), provides 20% of global grain and is a food crop of major global importance. The species are divided into two subgroups within the genus.

Species

Inside the genus Oryza, species can be divided by their genomes types. They include the diploid (2n = 24) AA of cultivated rice and their relatives, BB, CC, EE, FF and GG as well as the tetraploid (4n = 48) BBCC, CCDD, HHJJ, HHKK and KKLL. Species of the same genome type cross easily, while hybridizing different types requires techniques like embryo rescue. [8] [9]

Over 300 names have been proposed for species, subspecies, and other infraspecific taxa within the genus. Published sources disagree as to how many of these should be recognized as distinct species. The following follows the World Checklist maintained by Kew Garden in London. [2]

  1. Oryza australiensis Domin (EE) – Australia
  2. Oryza barthii A.Chev. (AA) – tropical Africa
  3. Oryza brachyantha A.Chev. & Roehr. (FF) – tropical Africa
  4. Oryza coarctata Roxb. (KKLL) – India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar
  5. Oryza eichingeri Peter (CC) – tropical Africa, Sri Lanka
  6. Oryza glaberrima Steud. (AA) – African rice – tropical Africa
  7. Oryza grandiglumis (Döll) Prodoehl (CCDD) – Brazil, Venezuela, Fr Guiana, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia
  8. Oryza latifolia Desv. (CCDD) – Latin America + West Indies from Sinaloa + Cuba to Argentina
  9. Oryza longiglumis Jansen (HHJJ) – New Guinea
  10. Oryza longistaminata A.Chev. & Roehr. (AA) – Madagascar, tropical + southern Africa
  11. Oryza meyeriana (Zoll. & Moritzi) Baill. (GG) – China, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia
  12. Oryza minuta J.Presl (BBCC) – Himalayas, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Northern Territory of Australia
  13. Oryza neocaledonica Morat (GG) – New Caledonia
  14. Oryza officinalis Wall. ex Watt (CC) – China, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia
  15. Oryza punctata Kotschy ex Steud. (BB) – Madagascar, tropical + southern Africa
  16. Oryza ridleyi Hook.f. (HHJJ) – Southeast Asia, New Guinea
  17. Oryza rufipogon Griff. (AA) – brownbeard or red rice – China, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia
  18. Oryza sativa L. (AA) – Asian rice – China, Indian Subcontinent, Japan, Southeast Asia; naturalized many places
  19. Oryza schlechteri Pilg. (HHKK) – New Guinea

Formerly included

Many species are now[ vague ] regarded as better suited to other genera: [2]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rice</span> Cereal grain and staple food

Rice is a cereal grain and in its domesticated form is the staple food of over half of the world's population, particularly in Asia and Africa. Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa —or, much less commonly, Oryza glaberrima. Asian rice was domesticated in China some 13,500 to 8,200 years ago; African rice was domesticated in Africa about 3,000 years ago. Rice has become commonplace in many cultures worldwide; in 2021, 787 million tons were produced, placing it fourth after sugarcane, maize, and wheat. Only some 8% of rice is traded internationally. China, India, and Indonesia are the largest consumers of rice. A substantial amount of the rice produced in developing nations is lost after harvest through factors such as poor transport and storage. Rice yields can be reduced by pests including insects, rodents, and birds, as well as by weeds, and by diseases such as rice blast. Traditional rice polycultures such as rice-duck farming, and modern integrated pest management seek to control damage from pests in a sustainable way.

<i>Saccharum</i> Genus of grasses

Saccharum is a genus of tall perennial plants of the broomsedge tribe within the grass family.

<i>Oryza sativa</i> Species of plant

Oryza sativa, having the common name Asian cultivated rice, is the much more common of the two rice species cultivated as a cereal, the other species being O. glaberrima, African rice. It was first domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in China 13,500 to 8,200 years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Rice for Africa</span> Group of hybrid rice

New Rice for Africa (NERICA) is a cultivar group of interspecific hybrid rice developed by the Africa Rice Center to improve the yield of African rice cultivars. Although 240 million people in West Africa rely on rice as the primary source of food energy and protein in their diet, the majority of this rice is imported. Self-sufficiency in rice production would improve food security and aid economic development in West Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Africa Rice Center</span> Pan-African intergovernmental association

The Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), formerly known as the West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA), is a pan-African intergovernmental association and a CGIAR Research organization, currently headquartered in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. AfricaRice is an agricultural research center that was constituted in 1971 by 11 West African countries. By 2023, the center counted 28 African member states. Since 1986, AfricaRice has been one of the 15 specialized research centers of CGIAR.

<i>Premna</i> Genus of flowering plants

Premna is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, first described for modern science in 1771. It is widespread through tropical and subtropical regions in Africa, southern Asia, northern Australia, and various islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

  1. Premna acuminataR.Br. - Australia, New Guinea
  2. Premna acutataW.W.Sm. - southwestern China
  3. Premna albaH.J.Lam - Palau
  4. Premna ambongensisMoldenke - Madagascar
  5. Premna amplectensWall. ex Schauer - Thailand, Myanmar
  6. Premna angolensisGürke - tropical Africa
  7. Premna angustifloraH.J.Lam - Palau
  8. Premna annulataH.R.Fletcher - Thailand, Laos, Vietnam
  9. Premna aureolepidotaMoldenke - Madagascar
  10. Premna balakrishnaniiA.Rajendran & P.Daniel - Tamil Nadu
  11. Premna balansaeDop - Vietnam
  12. Premna barbataWall. ex Schauer - Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar
  13. Premna bengalensisC.B.Clarke - Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, Vietnam
  14. Premna bequaertiiMoldenke - Uganda, Rwanda, Zaïre
  15. Premna bracteataWall. ex C.B.Clarke - Himalayas, Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, Assam, Bhutan, Myanmar
  16. Premna cambodianaDop - Cambodia, Vietnam
  17. Premna cavalerieiH.Lév - China
  18. Premna chevalieriDop - Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China
  19. Premna chrysoclada(Bojer) Gürke - Kenya, Tanzania, Guinea-Bissau
  20. Premna collinsaeCraib - Thailand
  21. Premna confinisC.Pei & S.L.Chen ex C.Y.Wu - China
  22. Premna congolensisMoldenke - Zaïre, Angola, Cabinda
  23. Premna cordifoliaRoxb. - Thailand, Vietnam, Malaya
  24. Premna coriaceaC.B.Clarke - Indian Subcontinent, Thailand, Andaman Islands
  25. Premna corymbosaRottler - India, Sri Lanka, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
  26. Premna crassaHand.-Mazz. - Vietnam, China
  27. Premna debianaA.Rajendran & P.Daniel - Arunachal Pradesh
  28. Premna decaryiMoldenke - Madagascar
  29. Premna decurrensH.J.Lam - Indonesia
  30. Premna discolorVerdc. - Kenya
  31. Premna dubiaCraib - Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
  32. Premna esculentaRoxb. - Assam, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand
  33. Premna fohaiensisC.Pei & S.L.Chen ex C.Y.Wu - China (Yunnan)
  34. Premna fordiiDunn - China
  35. Premna fulvaCraib - Indochina, Indonesia, China
  36. Premna garrettiiH.R.Fletcher - Thailand
  37. Premna glaberrimaWight - southern India
  38. Premna glandulosaHand.-Mazz. - China (Yunnan)
  39. Premna gracillimaVerdc. - Kenya, Tanzania
  40. Premna grandifoliaA.D.J. Meeuse, illegitimate name, = Premna hutchinsonii
  41. Premna grossaWall. ex Schauer - Myanmar
  42. Premna guillauminiiMoldenke - New Caledonia
  43. Premna hainanensisChun & F.C.How - China (Hainan)
  44. Premna hans-joachimiiVerdc. - Tanzania
  45. Premna henryana(Hand.-Mazz.) C.Y.Wu - China
  46. Premna herbaceaRoxb. - Himalayas, Yunnan, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, New Guinea, northern Australia
  47. Premna hildebrandtiiGürke - Zaire, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe
  48. Premna hispidaBenth. - West Africa
  49. Premna humbertiiMoldenke - Madagascar
  50. Premna hutchinsoniiMoldenke - Ivory Coast
  51. Premna interruptaWall. ex Schauer - southern China, Himalayas, Indochina
  52. Premna jalpaigurianaT.K.Paul - West Bengal
  53. Premna khasianaC.B.Clarke - Assam, Thailand
  54. Premna lepidellaMoldenke - Madagascar
  55. Premna ligustroidesHemsl - China
  56. Premna longiacuminataMoldenke - Madagascar
  57. Premna longifoliaRoxb. - Himalayas
  58. Premna longipetiolataMoldenke - Madagascar
  59. Premna lucensA.Chev. - West Africa
  60. Premna macrophyllaWall. ex Schauer - Assam, Indochina
  61. Premna madagascariensisMoldenke - Madagascar
  62. Premna mariannarumSchauer - Mariana Islands
  63. Premna matadiensisMoldenke - Zaïre, Angola
  64. Premna maximaT.C.E. Fr. - Kenya
  65. Premna mekongensisW.W.Sm. - China (Yunnan)
  66. Premna micranthaSchauer - India, Assam, Bangladesh
  67. Premna microphyllaTurcz. - Japan, Ryukyu Islands, China
  68. Premna millefloraC.B.Clarke - Assam
  69. Premna milneiBaker - Nigeria, Bioko
  70. Premna minorDomin - Queensland
  71. Premna mollissimaRoth - Indian Subcontinent, Yunnan, Indochina, Philippines
  72. Premna mooiensis(H.Pearson) W.Piep - Mozambique, Eswatini, South Africa
  73. Premna mortehaniiDe Wild - Zaïre
  74. Premna mundanthuraiensisA.Rajendran & P.Daniel - Tamil Nadu
  75. Premna neurophyllaChiov. - Ethiopia
  76. Premna oblongataMiq. - Indonesia, Philippines
  77. Premna odorataBlanco - - Indian Subcontinent, Yunnan, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, northern Australia; naturalized in Miami-Dade County in Florida
  78. Premna oliganthaC.Y.Wu - China
  79. Premna oligotrichaBaker - Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania
  80. Premna orangeanaCapuron - Madagascar
  81. Premna paisehensisC.Pei & S.L.Chen - China (Guangxi)
  82. Premna pallescensRidl.- Borneo, Indonesia
  83. Premna parasiticaBlume - Indonesia
  84. Premna parvilimbaC.Pei - China (Yunnan)
  85. Premna paucinervis(C.B.Clarke) Gamble - Kerala, Tamil Nadu
  86. Premna paulobarbataH.J.Lam - Mariana Islands
  87. Premna perplexansMoldenke - Madagascar
  88. Premna perrieriMoldenke - Madagascar
  89. Premna pinguisC.B.Clarke - Assam, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Java
  90. Premna politaHiern - Angola
  91. Premna procumbensMoon - India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
  92. Premna protrusaA.C.Sm. & S.Darwin - Fiji
  93. Premna puberulaPamp. - China
  94. Premna pubescensBlume - Indonesia, Philippines, Christmas Island
  95. Premna puerensisY.Y.Qian - China (Yunnan)
  96. Premna punduanaWall. ex Schauer - Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bangladesh
  97. Premna puniceaC.Y.Wu - China (Yunnan)
  98. Premna purpurascensThwaites - Sri Lanka
  99. Premna quadrifoliaSchumach. & Thonn. - West Africa
  100. Premna rabakensisMoldenke - Cambodia
  101. Premna regularisH.J.Lam - Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea
  102. Premna repensH.R.Fletcher - Thailand
  103. Premna resinosa(Hochst.) Schauer - East Africa, Arabian Peninsula, India
  104. Premna richardsiaeMoldenke - Tanzania
  105. Premna rubroglandulosaC.Y.Wu - China (Yunnan)
  106. Premna scandensRoxb. - China (Yunnan), Himalayas, Andaman Island, Indochina
  107. Premna schimperiEngl - East Africa
  108. Premna schliebeniiWerderm. - Tanzania, Mozambique
  109. Premna scoriarumW.W.Sm. - Tibet, Yunnan, Myanmar
  110. Premna senensisKlotzsch - eastern + central Africa
  111. Premna serrataH.R.Fletcher - Thailand
  112. Premna serratifoliaL. - widespread in East Africa, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, northern Australia, islands of Pacific + Indian Oceans
  113. Premna siamensisH.R.Fletcher - Thailand
  114. Premna stenobotrysMerr. - Vietnam
  115. Premna steppicolaHand.-Mazz. - China
  116. †Premna sterculiifoliaKing & Gamble - Malaya but extinct
  117. Premna straminicaulisC.Y.Wu - China (Yunnan)
  118. Premna subcapitataRehder - China
  119. Premna sulphurea(Baker) Gürke - Angola
  120. Premna sunyiensisC.Pei - China (Guangdong)
  121. Premna szemaoensisPei - China (Yunnan)
  122. Premna tahitensisJ.Schauer - many islands of the Pacific
  123. Premna tanganyikensisMoldenke - Tanzania, Mozambique
  124. Premna tapintzeanaDop - China (Yunnan)
  125. Premna teniiC.Pei - China (Yunnan)
  126. Premna thoreliiDop - Laos
  127. Premna thwaitesiiC.B.Clarke - Sri Lanka
  128. Premna tomentosaWilld. - Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Queensland, Solomon Islands
  129. Premna trichostomaMiq. - Southeast Asia, Indonesia, New Guinea
  130. Premna urticifoliaRehder - China (Yunnan)
  131. Premna velutinaGürke - Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique
  132. Premna venulosaMoldenke - Madagascar
  133. Premna wightianaSchauer - India, Sri Lanka
  134. Premna wuiBoufford & B.M.Barthol. - China (Yunnan)
  135. Premna yunnanensisW.W.Sm - China
<i>Oryza barthii</i> Species of grass

Oryza barthii, also called Barth's rice, wild rice, or African wild rice, is a grass in the rice genus Oryza. It is an annual, erect to semierect grass. It has leaves with a short ligule, and panicles that are compact to open, rarely having secondary branching. The inflorescence structure are large spikelets, 7.7–12.3 millimetres long and 2.3–3.5 millimetres wide, with strong awns, usually red. The inflorescences have anthers 1.5–3 millimetres long.

<i>Oryza rufipogon</i> Species of grass

Oryza rufipogon is a species of flowering plant in the family Poaceae. It is known as brownbeard rice, wild rice, and red rice. In 1965, Oryza nivara was separated off from O. rufipogon. The separation has been questioned, and now many sources consider O. nivara to be a synonym of O. rufipogon. O. nivara may be treated as the annual form of O. rufipogon.

<i>Oryza longistaminata</i> Species of grass

Oryza longistaminata is a perennial species of grass from the same genus as cultivated rice. It is native to most of sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. It has been introduced into the United States, where it is often regarded as a noxious weed. Its common names are longstamen rice and red rice.

<i>Themeda</i> Genus of grasses

Themeda is a genus of plants in the grass family native to Asia, Africa, Australia, and Papuasia. There are about 18 to 26 species, many of which are native to Southeast Asia.

<i>Oryza glaberrima</i> African rice, second most common rice

Oryza glaberrima, commonly known as African rice, is one of the two domesticated rice species. It was first domesticated and grown in West Africa around 3,000 years ago. In agriculture, it has largely been replaced by higher-yielding Asian rice, and the number of varieties grown is declining. It still persists, making up an estimated 20% of rice grown in West Africa. It is now rarely sold in West African markets, having been replaced by Asian strains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Japonica rice</span> Variety of Asian rice

Japonica rice, sometimes called sinica rice, is one of the two major domestic types of Asian rice varieties. Japonica rice is extensively cultivated and consumed in East Asia, whereas in most other regions indica rice is the dominant type of rice. Japonica rice originated from Central China, where it was first domesticated along the Yangtze River basin approximately 9,500 to 6,000 years ago.

<i>Perotis</i> (plant) Genus of grasses

Perotis is a genus of Asian, African, and Australian plants in the grass family.

<i>Cyrtococcum</i> Genus of grasses

Cyrtococcum is a genus of Asian, African, and Pacific Island plants in the grass family.

<i>Hemarthria</i> Genus of grasses

Hemarthria is a genus of herbaceous plants in the grass family. They occur in the tropical and subtropical Old World, especially in China and Southeast Asia, with some species in Africa, Australia, and Southern Europe. They may be known generally as jointgrasses.

Oryza brachyantha is a grass in the rice genus Oryza, distantly related to cultivated rice O. sativa, and native to tropical Africa. It is an annual grass that grows as a tuft.

Oryza punctata is an annual grass in the rice genus Oryza, also known as red rice, related to cultivated rice O. sativa. O. punctata forms clumps or tussocks from 50–120 cm tall. It is a native to tropical Africa and Madagascar but is also found in Thailand and other parts of Indochina. O. punctata is a weed species in commercial rice growing operations although it appears to be rare in its native range. O. punctata has an IUCN status of least concern. It is not generally eaten or used as fodder by farmers but there is some evidence that it has been used as such during periods of famine. Due to the importance of the crop varieties of rice globally, the evolution of the Oryza genus as a whole has been studied extensively. A lot of information about O. punctata has been elucidated as a secondary benefit to this commercial research. O. punctata evolved some 5 million years ago in the second of two rapid radiation events that occurred in the Oryza L. genus.

Oryza officinalis is species of flowering plant in the genus Oryza (rice) native to India, Nepal, the eastern Himalaya, southeast Asia, south-central and southeast China, Hainan, the Philippines, New Guinea, and the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia. A perennial diploid with the CC rice genome, it can reach 3 m (10 ft) in height. It is the namesake of a widespread species complex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of rice cultivation</span>

The history of rice cultivation is an interdisciplinary subject that studies archaeological and documentary evidence to explain how rice was first domesticated and cultivated by humans, the spread of cultivation to different regions of the planet, and the technological changes that have impacted cultivation over time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arroz de fríjol cabecita negra</span>

Arroz de fríjol cabecita negra is a rice-based dish from the Caribbean Coast of Colombia that utilizes black-eyed peas as the legume, differing from other rice dishes that are usually prepared with different legumes such as beans, peas, lentils, and Pigeon peas.

References

  1. ↑ lectotype designated by Duistermaat, Blumea 32: 174 (1987)
  2. 1 2 3 "Plants of the World Online: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  3. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 333. in Latin
  4. ↑ "Tropicos | Name – Oryza L." www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
  5. ↑ "Oryza in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
  6. ↑ Kellogg, E.A. (30 January 2009). "The Evolutionary History of Ehrhartoideae, Oryzeae, and Oryza". Rice. 2 (1): 1–14. Bibcode:2009Rice....2....1K. doi: 10.1007/s12284-009-9022-2 .
  7. ↑ Heywood, V.H. Flowering Plants of the World 1993 Oxford University Press
  8. ↑ Stein, Joshua C.; Yu, Yeisoo; Copetti, Dario; Zwickl, Derrick J.; Zhang, Li; Zhang, Chengjun; Chougule, Kapeel; Gao, Dongying; Iwata, Aiko; Goicoechea, Jose Luis; Wei, Sharon; Wang, Jun; Liao, Yi; Wang, Muhua; Jacquemin, Julie; Becker, Claude; Kudrna, Dave; Zhang, Jianwei; Londono, Carlos E. M.; Song, Xiang; Lee, Seunghee; Sanchez, Paul; Zuccolo, Andrea; Ammiraju, Jetty S. S.; Talag, Jayson; Danowitz, Ann; Rivera, Luis F.; Gschwend, Andrea R.; Noutsos, Christos; Wu, Cheng-chieh; Kao, Shu-min; Zeng, Jhih-wun; Wei, Fu-jin; Zhao, Qiang; Feng, Qi; El Baidouri, Moaine; Carpentier, Marie-Christine; Lasserre, Eric; Cooke, Richard; Rosa Farias, Daniel da; da Maia, Luciano Carlos; dos Santos, Railson S.; Nyberg, Kevin G.; McNally, Kenneth L.; Mauleon, Ramil; Alexandrov, Nickolai; Schmutz, Jeremy; Flowers, Dave; Fan, Chuanzhu; Weigel, Detlef; Jena, Kshirod K.; Wicker, Thomas; Chen, Mingsheng; Han, Bin; Henry, Robert; Hsing, Yue-ie C.; Kurata, Nori; de Oliveira, Antonio Costa; Panaud, Olivier; Jackson, Scott A.; Machado, Carlos A.; Sanderson, Michael J.; Long, Manyuan; Ware, Doreen; Wing, Rod A. (22 January 2018). "Genomes of 13 domesticated and wild rice relatives highlight genetic conservation, turnover and innovation across the genus Oryza". Nature Genetics. 50 (2): 285–296. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0040-0 . PMID   29358651.
  9. ↑ Ammi'Raju, Jetty; Song, Xiang; Luo, Meizhong; Sisneros, Nicholas; Angelova, Angelina; Kudrna, David; Kim, Hyeran; Yu, Yeisoo; Goicoechea, Jose; Lorieux, Mathias; Kurata, Nori; Brar, Darshan; Jackson, Scott; Wing, Rod (1 December 2010). "The Oryza BAC resource: A genus-wide and genome scale tool for exploring rice genome evolution and leveraging useful genetic diversity from wild relatives". Breeding Science. 60 (5): 536–543. doi: 10.1270/jsbbs.60.536 .
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