Andropogoneae

Last updated

Andropogoneae
Andropogon scoparius.jpg
Andropogon scoparius
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Clade: PACMAD clade
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Supertribe: Andropogonodae
Tribe: Andropogoneae
Dumort. (1824)
Subtribes

12 subtribes, see text

Synonyms [1]
  • Sacchareae Dumort. (1824)
  • Coiceae Nakai (1943)
  • Euchlaeneae Nakai (1943)
  • Imperateae Godr. & Gren. (1855)
  • Maydeae Dumort. (1824, nom. illeg.)
  • Ophiureae Dumort. (1824)
  • Rottboellieae Kunth (1829)
  • Sacchareae Rchb. ex Horan. (1847, as Saccharinae)
  • Tripsaceae C.E. Hubb. ex Nakai (1943)
  • Zeeae Rchb. (1828, unranked)
  • Zeeae Nakai (1943)

The Andropogoneae, sometimes called the sorghum tribe, are a large tribe of grasses (family Poaceae) with roughly 1,200 species in 90 genera, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. They include such important crops as maize (corn), sugarcane, and sorghum. [2] All species in this tribe use C4 carbon fixation, which makes them competitive under warm, high-light conditions. [3]

Contents

Andropogoneae is classified in supertribe Andropogonodae, together with its sister group Arundinelleae. Subdivisions include 12 subtribes, but the position of several genera within them is still unresolved ( incertae sedis ). Hybridisation was probably important in the evolution of the Andropogoneae, and the tribe's systematics are still not completely resolved. [3] From the morphological point of view, the merging of the former subtribe 'Dimeriinae' (having solitary spikelets borne in 'robust' raceme rachis ) into the subtribe Ischaeminae (having paired spikelets borne in 'fragile' raceme rachis) is doubtful. Affinities within the tribe are complex and still under investigation. [4] Mr. Shahid Nawaz, a grass specialist at the Blatter Herbarium, is working on the phylogenomics of the tribe from India.[ citation needed ]

According to preliminary phytogeographic research on the tribe by MS Kiran Raj, Peninsular India, home to 54 genera (incl. 9 endemic genera, viz., Bhidea, Lophopogon, Glyphochloa, Pogonachne, Trilobachne, Pseudodichanthium, Triplopogon, Nanooravia, and Manisuris ) and roughly 500 species, is thought to be the primary or secondary centre of diversity for Andropogonoid grasses. About 40% of the representative taxa are exclusively endemic to peninsular India, with the highest species diversity and endemicity found in genera like Arthraxon, Chrysopogon , Cymbopogon , Dichanthium , Dimeria , Heteropogon, Ischaemum, Ophiorus, Sehima, and Themeda. [5] [4]

Description

Spikelets within the inflorescence (flower cluster) are generally arranged on spicate racemes in pairs. A fertile, unstalked spikelet is subtended by a sterile, stalked spikelet. In species where awns are present they are found on the fertile, unstalked spikelet as an extension of the lemma. [6]

Subtribes and genera

Classification following Soreng et al. (2017). [1]

incertae sedis
Arthraxoninae
Tripsacinae
Chionachninae
Coicinae
Rottboelliinae
Ischaeminae
Germainiinae
Saccharinae
Andropogoninae

See Also[edit]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bambuseae</span> Tribe of grasses

The Bambuseae are the most diverse tribe of bamboos in the grass family (Poaceae). They consist of woody species from tropical regions, including some giant bamboos. Their sister group are the small herbaceous bamboos from the tropics in tribe Olyreae, while the temperate woody bamboos (Arundinarieae) are more distantly related. The Bambuseae fall into two clades, corresponding to species from the Neotropics and from the Paleotropics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chloridoideae</span> Subfamily of plants

Chloridoideae is one of the largest subfamilies of grasses, with roughly 150 genera and 1,600 species, mainly found in arid tropical or subtropical grasslands. Within the PACMAD clade, their sister group is the Danthonioideae. The subfamily includes widespread weeds such as Bermuda grass or goosegrass, but also millet species grown in some tropical regions, namely finger millet and teff.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panicoideae</span> Subfamily of plants

Panicoideae is the second-largest subfamily of the grasses with over 3,500 species, mainly distributed in warm temperate and tropical regions. It comprises some important agricultural crops, including sugarcane, maize, sorghum, and switchgrass.

<i>Andropogon</i> Genus of grasses

Andropogon is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family, native to much of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, as well as Southern Europe and various oceanic islands.

<i>Ischaemum</i> Genus of grasses

Ischaemum is a genus in the tribe Andropogoneae, belonging to the grass family, widespread in tropical and semitropical regions in many countries. Many species are known commonly as murainagrass.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oryzeae</span> Tribe of plants

Oryzeae is a tribe of flowering plants in the true grass family, Poaceae. It contains 11 genera, including both cultivated rice (Oryza) and wild rice (Zizania).

<i>Dimeria</i> Genus of grasses

Dimeria is a genus of Asian, Australian, Madagascan, and Pacific Island plants in the grass family, mostly distributed in Peninsular India

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stipeae</span> Tribe of grasses

The Stipeae are a tribe of grasses within the subfamily Pooidae, with up to 600 described species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oryzoideae</span> Subfamily of plants

Oryzoideae (syn. Ehrhartoideae) is a subfamily of the true grass family Poaceae. It has around 120 species in 19 genera, notably including the major cereal crop rice. Within the grasses, this subfamily is one of three belonging to the species-rich BOP clade, which all use C3 photosynthesis; it is the basal lineage of the clade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paniceae</span> Tribe of grasses

Paniceae is a large tribe of the subfamily Panicoideae in the grasses (Poaceae), the only in the monotypic supertribe Panicodae. It includes roughly 1,500 species in 84 genera, primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Paniceae includes species using either of the C4 and C3 photosynthetic pathways, as well as presumably intermediate species. Most of the millets are members of tribe Paniceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Micrairoideae</span> Subfamily of plants

Micrairoideae is a subfamily of the grass family Poaceae, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Within the PACMAD clade, it is sister to subfamily Arundinoideae.

Phyllorachideae is a tribe in the grass family, comprising two genera. It may be better placed as a subtribe of Oryzeae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eriachneae</span> Tribe of grasses

Eriachneae is a tribe of grasses in subfamily Micrairoideae, with 50 species in two genera. Species in the tribe use the C4 photosynthetic pathway and are distributed mainly in Australasia, reaching into Asia and Micronesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paspaleae</span> Tribe of grasses

Paspaleae is a tribe of the Panicoideae subfamily in the grasses (Poaceae), native mainly to the tropical and subtropical Americas but with a number of species introduced to other regions. It includes roughly 680 species in 39 genera. Species in this tribe use either of the C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zeugiteae</span> Tribe of grasses

Zeugiteae is a tribe of the subfamily Panicoideae in the grasses (Poaceae), native to Africa, Asia, Australasia, South and Central America. There are 18 species in four genera. The tribe belongs to a basal lineage within the subfamily. Species in this tribe use the C3 photosynthetic pathway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Duthieeae</span> Tribe of grasses

Duthieeae is a tribe of grasses, subfamily Pooideae, containing eight genera.

<i>Ischaemum rugosum</i> Species of grass

Ischaemum rugosum, also known as saramollagrass, is a flowering plant belonging to the grass family Poaceae in the genus Ischaemum, and is native to tropical and temperate regions of Asia, growing in marshes and other wet habitats. It is a vigorous annual, and is an invasive species in South America and Madagascar. It reaches heights of up to 1 m and is primarily recognized by the ridged surface of its sessile spikelet’s lower glume. Despite its historic importance as fodder in Asia, the grass has become a major weed in mid-latitude rice paddies throughout Asia and South America.

<i>Rottboellia cochinchinensis</i> Species of grass

Rottboellia cochinchinensis is a species of grass known by the common names Itchgrass,Raoul grass, corngrass, Kokoma grass, Guinea-fowl grass, jointed grass, Shamwa grass and Kelly grass. It is a tall, tufted annual grass whose stems (culms) grow up to 3 metres in height with leaf-blades of up to 45 centimetres in length. The species flowers at the apex of culms in the form of spike-like racemes composed of paired spikelets. The common name Itchgrass comes from the bristly (hispid) leaf-sheath which can be irritating to the skin.

Claviceps pusilla, also known as bluestem ergot, is a parasitic fungus primarily of the grass tribe Angropogoneae, particularly those in the tribe referred to as "bluestem". C. pusilla occasionally manifests characteristic triangular conidia which appear to be unique among Claviceps species.

References

  1. 1 2 Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Teisher, Jordan K.; Clark, Lynn G.; Barberá, Patricia; Gillespie, Lynn J.; Zuloaga, Fernando O. (2017). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 55 (4): 259–290. doi: 10.1111/jse.12262 . hdl: 10261/240149 . ISSN   1674-4918.
  2. Also called "kaoliang": "Shensi", in The Columbia-Viking Encyclopedia (1953), New York: Viking. Another spelling is "gaoliang."
  3. 1 2 Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Judziewicz, Emmet J.; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.; Davis, Jerrold I.; Morrone, Osvaldo (2015). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae)". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 53 (2): 117–137. doi:10.1111/jse.12150. hdl: 11336/25248 . ISSN   1674-4918. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  4. 1 2 Kiranraj, MS (2008). "Taxonomic revision of the subtribe Dimeriinae Hack of Andropogoneae Panicoideae Poaceae in Peninsular India". Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET.
  5. Raj, Kiran, MS, M. Sivadasan and N. Ravi (2003). Grass Diversity of Kerala Endemism and its Phytogeographical Significance. In MK Jananrdhanan & D. Narasimhan (Eds.) Plant diversity, Human welfare and conservation. Goa: Goa University. pp. 8–30.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. Skendzic, Elizabeth; Columbus, J. Travis; Rosa, Cerros-Tlatilpa (2007). "Phylogenetics of Andropogoneae (Poaceae: Panicoideae) Based on Nuclear Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast trnL–F Sequences". Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany. 23 (1): 530–544. doi: 10.5642/aliso.20072301.40 . Retrieved 14 April 2020. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg