Foxtail | |
---|---|
Setaria parviflora in Hawai'i | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Clade: | Commelinids |
Order: | Poales |
Family: | Poaceae |
Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
Supertribe: | Panicodae |
Tribe: | Paniceae |
Subtribe: | Cenchrinae |
Genus: | Setaria P.Beauv. 1812, conserved name not Ach. ex Michx. 1803 (a lichen) [1] [2] |
Type species | |
Setaria viridis | |
Synonyms [4] | |
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Setaria is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family. [5] [6] The name is derived from the Latin word seta, meaning "bristle" or "hair", which refers to the bristly spikelets. [7]
The genus includes over 100 species distributed in many tropical and temperate regions around the world, [8] and members are commonly known as foxtail or bristle grasses. [2] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]
The grass is topped by a cylindrical long-haired head, which tend to droop when ripe. The seeds are less than 6 millimetres (1⁄4 inch) in length. [14]
Numerous species were once considered members of Setaria but have since been reassigned to the following genera: Brachiaria , Dissochondrus , Echinochloa , Holcolemma , Ixophorus , Oplismenus , Panicum , Paspalidium , Pennisetum , Pseudoraphis , Setariopsis , and Urochloa
The grains can be eaten raw, though are hard and can be bitter; boiling can reduce both of these properties. [14]
Several species have been domesticated and used as staple crops throughout history: foxtail millet (S. italica), korali ( S. pumila ) in India, and, before the full domestication of maize, Setaria macrostachya in Mexico. [18] Several species are still cultivated today as food or as animal fodder, such as foxtail millet and korali ( S. pumila ), while others are considered invasive weeds. [19] S. italica and S. viridis are being developed as genetic model systems for the study of monocots and bioenergy grasses. [20]
Other species that have been cultivated as crops include S. palmifolia (highland pitpit) of Papua New Guinea, where it is cultivated as a green vegetable; S. parviflora (knot-root foxtail), historically cultivated in Mesoamerica; and S. sphacelata (African bristle grass) of Sudan, a "lost millet" of Nubia. [21]
Calamagrostis is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae, with about 260 species that occur mainly in temperate regions of the globe. Towards equatorial latitudes, species of Calamagrostis generally occur at higher elevations. These tufted perennials usually have hairless narrow leaves. The ligules are usually blunt. The inflorescence forms a panicle. Some may be reed-like.
Foxtail millet, scientific name Setaria italica, is an annual grass grown for human food. It is the second-most widely planted species of millet, and the most grown millet species in Asia. The oldest evidence of foxtail millet cultivation was found along the ancient course of the Yellow River in Cishan, China, carbon dated to be from around 8,000 years before present. Foxtail millet has also been grown in India since antiquity.
Cenchrus is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family. Its species are native to many countries in Asia, Africa, Australia, the Americas, and various oceanic islands.
Deschampsia is a genus of plants in the grass family, commonly known as hair grass or tussock grass. The genus is widespread across many countries.
Coelorachis is a genus of plants in the grass family, widespread across much of Asia, Africa, Australia and the Americas.
Urochloa is a genus of plants in the grass family, native to Eurasia, Africa, Australia, Mexico, and the Pacific Islands. Common names include signalgrass.
Leptochloa is a widespread genus of Asian, African, Australian, and American plants in the grass family.
Setaria viridis is a species of grass known by many common names, including green foxtail, green bristlegrass, and wild foxtail millet. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of Setaria italica. It is native to Eurasia, but it is known on most continents as an introduced species and is closely related to Setaria faberi, a noxious weed. It is a hardy grass which grows in many types of urban, cultivated, and disturbed habitat, including vacant lots, sidewalks, railroads, lawns, and at the margins of fields. It is the wild antecedent of the crop foxtail millet.
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