Setaria

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Setaria
Starr 040713-0118 Setaria parviflora.jpg
Setaria parviflora in Hawai'i
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Supertribe: Panicodae
Tribe: Paniceae
Subtribe: Cenchrinae
Genus: Setaria
P.Beauv. 1812, conserved name not Ach. ex Michx. 1803 (a lichen) [1] [2]
Type species
Setaria viridis
Synonyms [4]
  • AcrochaetePeter
  • ChaetochloaScribn.
  • CymbosetariaSchweick.
  • CamusiellaBosser
  • TansaniochloaRauschert
caption=Setaria distantiflora (A.Rich.) Pilg., herbarium sheet Naturalis Biodiversity Center - U.1527438 - Setaria distantiflora (A.Rich.) Pilg. - Poaceae - Grass - Herbarium sheet.jpg
caption=Setaria distantiflora (A.Rich.) Pilg., herbarium sheet
Setaria sp. inflorescence.jpg

Setaria is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family. [5] [6] The name is derived from the Latin word seta, meaning "bristle" or "hair", which refers to the bristly spikelets. [7]

Contents

The genus includes over 100 species distributed in many tropical and temperate regions around the world, [8] and members are commonly known as foxtail or bristle grasses. [2] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Description

The grass is topped by a cylindrical long-haired head, which tend to droop when ripe. The seeds are less than 6 millimetres (1⁄4 inch) in length. [14]

Species

As of May 2024, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species: [15]

Formerly included [4]

Numerous species were once considered members of Setaria but have since been reassigned to the genera Brachiaria , Dissochondrus , Echinochloa , Holcolemma , Ixophorus , Oplismenus , Panicum , Pennisetum , Pseudoraphis , Setariopsis , and Urochloa .

Uses

The grains can be eaten raw, though are hard and can be bitter; boiling can reduce both of these properties. [14]

Several species have been domesticated and used as staple crops throughout history: foxtail millet (S. italica), korali ( S. pumila ) in India, and, before the full domestication of maize, Setaria macrostachya in Mexico. [16] Several species are still cultivated today as food or as animal fodder, such as foxtail millet and korali ( S. pumila ), while others are considered invasive weeds. [17] S. italica and S. viridis are being developed as genetic model systems for the study of monocots and bioenergy grasses. [18]

Other species that have been cultivated as crops include S. palmifolia (highland pitpit) of Papua New Guinea, where it is cultivated as a green vegetable; S. parviflora (knot-root foxtail), historically cultivated in Mesoamerica; and S. sphacelata (African bristle grass) of Sudan, a "lost millet" of Nubia. [19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tropicos, Setaria Ach. ex Michx.
  2. 1 2 "Genus: Setaria P. Beauv". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
  3. ↑ lectotype designated by Hitchcock, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22(3): 156 (1920)
  4. 1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  5. ↑ Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie page 51 in Latin
  6. ↑ Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie plate XIII (13), figure III (3) line drawing of Setaria viridis
  7. ↑ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Vol. 4: R-Q. CRC Press. p. 2470. ISBN   0-8493-2673-7.
  8. ↑ Aliscioni, S., et al. An overview of the genus Setaria (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) in the Old World: Systematic revision and phylogenetic approach. Abstract. Botany 2004. Salt Lake City. August 3, 2004.
  9. ↑ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 1, 499, 531 狗尾草属 gou wei cao shu Setaria P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 51. 1812
  10. ↑ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
  11. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana Archived 2015-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ Atlas of Living Australia
  13. ↑ Sanbi Red List of South African Plants
  14. 1 2 The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 56. ISBN   978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC   277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  15. ↑ "Setaria P.Beauv." Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 2024-06-07.
  16. ↑ Diao, Xianmin; Jia, Guanqing (2017). "Origin and Domestication of Foxtail Millet". Genetics and Genomics of Setaria. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. Vol. 19. pp. 61–72. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45105-3_4. ISBN   978-3-319-45103-9. ISSN   2363-9601.
  17. ↑ Dekker, Jack (29 February 2004). "4". In Inderjit (ed.). Weed Biology and Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 65–67. ISBN   9781402017612.
  18. ↑ Li, P.; Brutnell, T. P. (2011-03-31). "Setaria viridis and Setaria italica, model genetic systems for the Panicoid grasses". Journal of Experimental Botany. 62 (9): 3031–3037. doi:10.1093/jxb/err096. ISSN   0022-0957. PMID   21459768.
  19. ↑ Fuller, Dorian Q. (2014). "Millets: Origins and Development". Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 4945–4948. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2181. ISBN   978-1-4419-0426-3. S2CID   129203615.
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