Setaria

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Foxtail
Starr 040713-0118 Setaria parviflora.jpg
Setaria parviflora in Hawai'i
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Supertribe: Panicodae
Tribe: Paniceae
Subtribe: Cenchrinae
Genus: Setaria
P.Beauv. 1812, conserved name not Ach. ex Michx. 1803 (a lichen) [1] [2]
Type species
Setaria viridis
Synonyms [4]
  • AcrochaetePeter
  • ChaetochloaScribn.
  • CymbosetariaSchweick.
  • CamusiellaBosser
  • TansaniochloaRauschert
caption=Setaria distantiflora (A.Rich.) Pilg., herbarium sheet Naturalis Biodiversity Center - U.1527438 - Setaria distantiflora (A.Rich.) Pilg. - Poaceae - Grass - Herbarium sheet.jpg
caption=Setaria distantiflora (A.Rich.) Pilg., herbarium sheet
Setaria sp. inflorescence.jpg

Setaria is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family. [5] [6] The name is derived from the Latin word seta, meaning "bristle" or "hair", which refers to the bristly spikelets. [7]

Contents

The genus includes over 100 species distributed in many tropical and temperate regions around the world, [8] and members are commonly known as foxtail or bristle grasses. [2] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Description

The grass is topped by a cylindrical long-haired head, which tend to droop when ripe. The seeds are less than 6 millimetres (14 inch) in length. [14]

Species

Currently accepted [15] [4] [16] [17]
Formerly included [4]

Numerous species were once considered members of Setaria but have since been reassigned to the following genera: Brachiaria , Dissochondrus , Echinochloa , Holcolemma , Ixophorus , Oplismenus , Panicum , Paspalidium , Pennisetum , Pseudoraphis , Setariopsis , and Urochloa

Uses

The grains can be eaten raw, though are hard and can be bitter; boiling can reduce both of these properties. [14]

Several species have been domesticated and used as staple crops throughout history: foxtail millet (S. italica), korali ( S. pumila ) in India, and, before the full domestication of maize, Setaria macrostachya in Mexico. [18] Several species are still cultivated today as food or as animal fodder, such as foxtail millet and korali ( S. pumila ), while others are considered invasive weeds. [19] S. italica and S. viridis are being developed as genetic model systems for the study of monocots and bioenergy grasses. [20]

Other species that have been cultivated as crops include S. palmifolia (highland pitpit) of Papua New Guinea, where it is cultivated as a green vegetable; S. parviflora (knot-root foxtail), historically cultivated in Mesoamerica; and S. sphacelata (African bristle grass) of Sudan, a "lost millet" of Nubia. [21]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Calamagrostis</i> Genus of grasses

Calamagrostis is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae, with about 260 species that occur mainly in temperate regions of the globe. Towards equatorial latitudes, species of Calamagrostis generally occur at higher elevations. These tufted perennials usually have hairless narrow leaves. The ligules are usually blunt. The inflorescence forms a panicle. Some may be reed-like.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foxtail millet</span> Species of grass

Foxtail millet, scientific name Setaria italica, is an annual grass grown for human food. It is the second-most widely planted species of millet, and the most grown millet species in Asia. The oldest evidence of foxtail millet cultivation was found along the ancient course of the Yellow River in Cishan, China, carbon dated to be from around 8,000 years before present. Foxtail millet has also been grown in India since antiquity.

<i>Cenchrus</i> Genus of grasses

Cenchrus is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family. Its species are native to many countries in Asia, Africa, Australia, the Americas, and various oceanic islands.

<i>Deschampsia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae

Deschampsia is a genus of plants in the grass family, commonly known as hair grass or tussock grass. The genus is widespread across many countries.

<i>Coelorachis</i> Genus of grasses

Coelorachis is a genus of plants in the grass family, widespread across much of Asia, Africa, Australia and the Americas.

<i>Urochloa</i> Genus of grasses

Urochloa is a genus of plants in the grass family, native to Eurasia, Africa, Australia, Mexico, and the Pacific Islands. Common names include signalgrass.

<i>Leptochloa</i> Genus of grasses

Leptochloa is a widespread genus of Asian, African, Australian, and American plants in the grass family.

<i>Setaria viridis</i> Species of grass

Setaria viridis is a species of grass known by many common names, including green foxtail, green bristlegrass, and wild foxtail millet. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of Setaria italica. It is native to Eurasia, but it is known on most continents as an introduced species and is closely related to Setaria faberi, a noxious weed. It is a hardy grass which grows in many types of urban, cultivated, and disturbed habitat, including vacant lots, sidewalks, railroads, lawns, and at the margins of fields. It is the wild antecedent of the crop foxtail millet.

References

  1. Tropicos, Setaria Ach. ex Michx.
  2. 1 2 "Genus: Setaria P. Beauv". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
  3. lectotype designated by Hitchcock, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22(3): 156 (1920)
  4. 1 2 3 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  5. Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie page 51 in Latin
  6. Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie plate XIII (13), figure III (3) line drawing of Setaria viridis
  7. Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Vol. 4: R-Q. CRC Press. p. 2470. ISBN   0-8493-2673-7.
  8. Aliscioni, S., et al. An overview of the genus Setaria (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) in the Old World: Systematic revision and phylogenetic approach. Abstract. Botany 2004. Salt Lake City. August 3, 2004.
  9. Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 1, 499, 531 狗尾草属 gou wei cao shu Setaria P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 51. 1812
  10. Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
  11. Altervista Flora Italiana Archived 2015-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
  12. Atlas of Living Australia
  13. Sanbi Red List of South African Plants
  14. 1 2 The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 56. ISBN   978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC   277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  15. The Plant List search for Setaria
  16. "Setaria". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 2013-11-16.
  17. "GRIN Species Records of Setaria". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  18. Diao, Xianmin; Jia, Guanqing (2017). "Origin and Domestication of Foxtail Millet". Genetics and Genomics of Setaria. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. Vol. 19. pp. 61–72. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45105-3_4. ISBN   978-3-319-45103-9. ISSN   2363-9601.
  19. Dekker, Jack (29 February 2004). "4". In Inderjit (ed.). Weed Biology and Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 65–67. ISBN   9781402017612.
  20. Li, P.; Brutnell, T. P. (2011-03-31). "Setaria viridis and Setaria italica, model genetic systems for the Panicoid grasses". Journal of Experimental Botany. 62 (9): 3031–3037. doi:10.1093/jxb/err096. ISSN   0022-0957.
  21. Fuller, Dorian Q. (2014). "Millets: Origins and Development". Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 4945–4948. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2181. ISBN   978-1-4419-0426-3. S2CID   129203615.