| Alyssum serpyllifolium | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Near Madrid, Spain | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Brassicales |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
| Genus: | Alyssum |
| Species: | A. serpyllifolium |
| Binomial name | |
| Alyssum serpyllifolium | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
List
| |
Alyssum serpyllifolium, the thyme-leaved alison, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to the western Mediterranean region. [2] [1] It is adapted to serpentine soils. [3] The Royal Horticultural Society recommends it for rock gardens. [4] The flower color is yellow with green stems. Consists of lance-shaped leaves and It's soil requires dry areas, as well as drained areas. This plant is often used to help observe the relationship between hyperaccumulating plants which store and absorb metals in their tissues, vs. non-hyperaccumulating plants. [5] If soil is contaminated with high concentrations of metals this is likely because of mineral rock weathering or as a result of industrialization. [5] The discovery of the Alyssum plant has led to an easier process of detoxification of plant soil caused by mineral rock weathering or industrialization. [5]
It is from the family Brassicaceae and is found in Southwestern Europe. The Alyssum Serpyllifolium is mainly found in the Iberian Peninsula, Northeastern Portugal, and in Spain. [6]
One of the features that this plant developed was used to help it adapt to its soil which contains a high concentration of metals. It is considered to be a Metal hyperaccumulator (plants that can tolerate high amounts of metal within their system) [7] .This plant was used in a phytoremediation experiment to absorb the metal contaminated soil. [6] A form of phytoremediation is known as phytoextraction, which removes the metals from the contaminated soil by absorbing the metals through the roots. [8] It has the ability to uptake a high concentration of metals. This species of plant is a nickel hyperaccumulator, it mainly absorbs high levels of nickel because of the ultramafic rock found in its environment. [6]
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The leaves are simple, lack stipules, and appear alternately on stems or in rosettes. The inflorescences are terminal and lack bracts. The flowers have four free sepals, four free alternating petals, two shorter free stamens and four longer free stamens. The fruit has seeds in rows, divided by a thin wall.
Phytoremediation technologies use living plants to clean up soil, air and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants. It is defined as "the use of green plants and the associated microorganisms, along with proper soil amendments and agronomic techniques to either contain, remove or render toxic environmental contaminants harmless". The term is an amalgam of the Greek phyto (plant) and Latin remedium. Although attractive for its cost, phytoremediation has not been demonstrated to redress any significant environmental challenge to the extent that contaminated space has been reclaimed.
Serpentine soil is an uncommon soil type produced by weathered ultramafic rock such as peridotite and its metamorphic derivatives such as serpentinite. More precisely, serpentine soil contains minerals of the serpentine subgroup, especially antigorite, lizardite, and chrysotile or white asbestos, all of which are commonly found in ultramafic rocks. The term "serpentine" is commonly used to refer to both the soil type and the mineral group which forms its parent materials.
Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation in which fungi-based remediation methods are used to decontaminate the environment. Fungi have been proven to be a cheap, effective and environmentally sound way for removing a wide array of contaminants from damaged environments or wastewater. These contaminants include heavy metals, organic pollutants, textile dyes, leather tanning chemicals and wastewater, petroleum fuels, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, pesticides and herbicides in land, fresh water, and marine environments.
Noccaea caerulescens, the alpine penny-cress or alpine pennygrass, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is found in Scandinavia and Europe.
A hyperaccumulator is a plant capable of growing in soil or water with high concentrations of metals, absorbing these metals through their roots, and concentrating extremely high levels of metals in their tissues. The metals are concentrated at levels that are toxic to closely related species not adapted to growing on the metalliferous soils. Compared to non-hyperaccumulating species, hyperaccumulator roots extract the metal from the soil at a higher rate, transfer it more quickly to their shoots, and store large amounts in leaves and roots. The ability to hyperaccumulate toxic metals compared to related species has been shown to be due to differential gene expression and regulation of the same genes in both plants.
This list covers known nickel hyperaccumulators, accumulators or plant species tolerant to nickel.
This list covers hyperaccumulators, plant species which accumulate, or are tolerant of radionuclides, hydrocarbons and organic solvents, and inorganic solvents.
Rhizofiltration is a form of phytoremediation that involves filtering contaminated groundwater, surface water and wastewater through a mass of roots to remove toxic substances or excess nutrients.
Streptanthus polygaloides is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name milkwort jewelflower. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada foothills of California, where it grows in woodlands and chaparral, generally on serpentine soils.
Phytoextraction is a subprocess of phytoremediation in which plants remove dangerous elements or compounds from soil or water, most usually heavy metals, metals that have a high density and may be toxic to organisms even at relatively low concentrations. The heavy metals that plants extract are toxic to the plants as well, and the plants used for phytoextraction are known hyperaccumulators that sequester extremely large amounts of heavy metals in their tissues. Phytoextraction can also be performed by plants that uptake lower levels of pollutants, but due to their high growth rate and biomass production, may remove a considerable amount of contaminants from the soil.
Leucocroton havanensis is an endemic species to Cuba. It is located on serpentine soils and limestone rock in the western and central part of the country. It is an evergreen tree that has dioecious flowering, meaning the species has distinct male and female individuals. The plant only grows on a small serpentine island.
Pycnandra acuminata is a species of plant in the family of Sapotaceae. It is a rainforest shrub, endemic to New Caledonia, and is adapted to the nickel-rich ultramafic soils found there. Pycnandra acuminata is notable as one of the most prolific hyperaccumulators of trace metals known, actively absorbing nickel from the soil and concentrating it within the plant to a concentration of up to 25% nickel citrate as dry weight of the sap, which is turquoise-green in colour due to the nickel content. the only known plant with turquoise sap. An excellent photo can be seen at. The vernacular name in French is sève bleue.
Mycorrhizal amelioration of heavy metals or pollutants is a process by which mycorrhizal fungi in a mutualistic relationship with plants can sequester toxic compounds from the environment, as a form of bioremediation.
Phyllanthus balgooyi is an herbaceous plant in the family Phyllanthaceae, found in Palawan and Sabah. The plant is a hyperaccumulator of nickel, with a concentration of the metal exceeding 16% in the plant's phloem sap.
Bitinckë is a village in the Korçë County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Devoll. The village is at 700–1000 metres elevation above sea level.
Sapphoa is a genus of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, native to Cuba. Adapted to serpentine soils, they are nickel hyperaccumulators.
Odontarrhena is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae. They were originally a separate genus and then were amalgamated into the Alyssum genus, but then morphological and molecular evidence has reseperated them. Some of the genera are nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulators.
Agrostis castellana, the highland bent, dryland bent or dryland browntop, is a species of cool-season grass in the family Poaceae. It is native to Macaronesia and the Mediterranean, has been widely introduced elsewhere, and is considered an invasive species in some locales. It is a hyperaccumulator of zinc and lead.
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