Hypoallergenic dog food

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Allergies affect many different dog breeds, but collies are one of the breeds that are commonly affected Collie Strider Puppy.JPG
Allergies affect many different dog breeds, but collies are one of the breeds that are commonly affected

Hypoallergenic dog food diets are created for dogs that experience food-related allergies causing adverse effects to their physical health.Super Hypoallergenic is enzymatic hydrolyzed hypoallergenic ostrich protein. The molecules that usually become allergens are intact proteins [2] or glycoproteins. [3] Hypoallergenic dog food diets offer a variety of protein sources that are unique by using proteins that are not recognized by the dog's antibodies as being antigens, minimizing allergic reactions for example Ostrich meat, bones and sinews. [3] Adding novel protein sources, such as novel meats that a dog or its ancestors have never been exposed to is one method. [3] Novel proteins can also be created by chemically modifying well known protein sources using hydrolysis techniques, rendering proteins unrecognizable by the gastrointestinal tract. [4] Not all antigens are specific to proteins, however, and it is possible for anything that the body ingests to become an allergen. [5] Providing diets with a limited amount of ingredients can be used for diagnostic purposes, as well as for dogs who are allergic to the common ingredients that are used in pet food. [4] Certain nutrients are commonly incorporated into hypoallergenic dog food to help alleviate the symptoms of an allergic reaction. These ingredients include omega-3 fatty acids, [6] Vitamins A and E, [6] zinc, [6] novel carbohydrates, [7] and fiber. [8]

Contents

Allergen responses and symptoms

Rashes are common in dogs suffering from food-related allergic reactions Contact allergic dermatitis.jpg
Rashes are common in dogs suffering from food-related allergic reactions

Allergens can elicit both immunologic and non-immunologic responses. [2] Immunologic reactions, also known as Type 1 reactions, [10] are caused by the binding of ingested molecules to specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. [11] Once binding occurs, mast cell degranulation follows, releasing granules that initiate the symptoms of an allergic reaction in the body. [2] These immunological reactions are almost instantaneous, [10] and it is widely accepted that the molecules which bind to IgE antibodies are usually intact proteins. [2] Non-immunologic, or non-IgE mediated reactions are less understood, but are known to present similar symptoms as immunologic reactions. [3] These reactions can be classified under food sensitivities, and it is argued that they are not truly allergenic. [2] Whether a reaction is truly allergenic in nature or a sensitivity, it is important that hypoallergenic dog foods provide the ingredients necessary to keep canines from experiencing discomfort.

The signs of a canine food allergy or sensitivity vary greatly, but the most common to look for include rashes, swelling, itchy or tender skin, and gastrointestinal upsets. [9] These signs are very similar to, but should not be confused with canine atopic dermatitis, which is not caused by food allergies. [9]

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Diet types

Hydrolyzed protein diets

One of the possible causes of food allergies in dogs is a reaction of the dog's immune system to the proteins in a diet. [12] One method that may be used to try and combat this immunologic response in dogs with food allergies is the use of hydrolyzed proteins in the diet. Whole proteins are composed of single amino acids organized into a chain, which then interact in order to fold the protein into its final three-dimensional structure. [13] Hydrolyzed proteins are whole proteins that have been broken down into smaller polypeptides through a process called protein hydrolysis. One method of protein hydrolysis involves the use of enzymes specific to proteins called proteases. [14] Proteases act by cleaving or cutting whole proteins at specific amino acids within their structure in order to form multiple small polypeptides from a single whole protein. [14] Different proteases are specific to different amino acids, and as such multiple proteases may be used in order to cut a protein at several different locations. [14] The theory behind the use of these small peptides in food as an alternative to whole proteins is that their small size will prevent them from stimulating the immune system of the gut, thereby reducing and/or preventing an allergic reaction. [12] When hydrolyzed proteins are used in hypoallergenic canine diets it is with the hopes of avoiding an immunologic reaction both in dogs that have consumed the whole protein previously and in dogs whose intestinal tract has never seen the whole protein before but has been known to react to other protein types. [2]

Novel protein diets

Beef, soy, chicken, turkey and egg products are commonly used ingredients in commercial dog foods as a source of protein. [3] [15] These protein sources have been proven to elicit an allergic response in dogs with food allergies. [3] Novel sources of protein can be used in place of these allergenic ingredients to meet the feeding requirements for a dog, while minimizing or eliminating the chances of an allergic response. For a protein to be considered novel, it must be one that the dog has not consumed before. [16] Novel protein sources include venison, veal, kangaroo and fish, such as salmon. [17]

Limited ingredient diets

Introducing a food that consists of limited ingredients is a common method of reducing the occurrence of food related allergic reactions in dogs. Limited ingredient diets are made up of fewer ingredients, typically limiting the formula to one protein, carbohydrate, and/or fat. [18] This is an attempt to improve digestion and reduce the likelihood of a reaction ensuing in dogs with sensitivities to common ingredients found in most commercial dog foods. [19] These diets will avoid protein and carbohydrate sources, such as beef, dairy, poultry, barley, and wheat. [4] There are many feed ingredients that have been observed to predispose animals to diet related reactions. This is due to their frequent exposure to such ingredients, which makes it likely for them to adopt sensitivities and allergies to commercial dog foods. [20] Studies have shown that it is possible for dogs to have symptoms caused by more than one ingredient in a given diet, this makes the use of a limited ingredient diet relevant as a result of the inclusion of single protein and carbohydrate sources. [20] If symptoms of food allergies persist after the introduction of this type of diet, it can also be helpful for determining the new allergen that is causing the adverse reaction due to the limited number of ingredients. [4] Although these diets consist of fewer dietary ingredients, they still provide all the necessary nutrients to meet the animal's requirements.

Nutrients included in hypoallergenic diets

Omega-3 fatty acids

Essential n-3 fatty acids in dog food help to treat the inflammation associated with allergic reactions. [6] These essential fatty acids help to manage inflammatory responses by changing the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids produced during a reaction. [6] They also help to maintain healthy skin and to maintain cell structure. [6] These n-3 fatty acids are usually incorporated into dog food diets by using ingredients like fish oil. [21]

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is involved in cell growth and division, as well as hair growth and skin maintenance. [6] Since some of the key symptoms of food allergies include damage to the skin, [9] it is important to include Vitamin A in hypoallergenic diets to help clear up the damage done by any previous allergic reactions a dog may have had. Ingredients in dog food that function as a source of vitamin A are fish oils such as cod oil.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is an antioxidant which has important functions in immune health. [6] These compounds scavenge for free radicals, protecting cell membranes from damage caused by lipid oxidation. [6] This is beneficial to have in hypoallergenic dog food diets to help maintain cell integrity in case damage does occur due to a reaction. Vitamin E is commonly found just as a vitamin supplement in diets, but it is also present in other food ingredients such as soybean oil, [22] corn oil, [23] olive oil, [24] and sunflower oil. [25]

Zinc

Zinc supplementation in hypoallergenic dog foods aids in the maintenance of skin and coat health. [6] Zinc also plays a role in mitigating inflammatory and immune reactions. [6] Zinc can be found supplemented as a mineral in the diet, but it can also be added in the diet through lamb meat, as this ingredient is known to be high in zinc. [26]

Novel carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are large macronutrients which supply energy to the organism consuming them, and include nutrients such as sugars, oligosaccharides, and starches. [27] Dogs may become sensitive or allergic to certain carbohydrate sources in their diet, and novel carbohydrates may be used in an attempt to avoid this reaction. [7] Novel carbohydrates are carbohydrates which the dog they are being fed to has never consumed before. Some examples of novel carbohydrate ingredients include brown rice and sweet potato, [3] as well as brewer's rice. [28]

Fiber

Negative digestive effects that accompany dietary food allergies can be reduced by including soluble and insoluble fibers. Insoluble fibers have a relatively low fermentability, which help to decrease the negative digestive effects such as gas and soft stools. [8] When soluble fibers are mixed with water they form a gel-like substance which helps to reduce gastric emptying in order to increase the time available for nutrients to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. [8] Compounds called fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are found in various soluble fibers, which aid in promoting intestinal health. [29] FOS act as a prebiotic to increase the growth of beneficial bacteria and hinder the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the animal's digestive tract. Common ingredients in dog food that provide such fibers include beet pulp, cellulose and chicory root. [29]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kitten</span> Juvenile cat

A kitten is a juvenile cat. After being born, kittens display primary altriciality and are fully dependent on their mothers for survival. They normally do not open their eyes for seven to ten days. After about two weeks, kittens develop quickly and begin to explore the world outside their nest. After a further three to four weeks, they begin to eat solid food and grow baby teeth. Domestic kittens are highly social animals and usually enjoy human companionship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dog food</span> Food intended for consumption by dogs usually made from meat

Dog food is food specifically formulated and intended for consumption by dogs and other related canines. Dogs are considered to be omnivores with a carnivorous bias. They have the sharp, pointed teeth and shorter gastrointestinal tracts of carnivores, better suited for the consumption of meat than of vegetable substances, yet also have ten genes that are responsible for starch and glucose digestion, as well as the ability to produce amylase, an enzyme that functions to break down carbohydrates into simple sugars – something that obligate carnivores like cats lack. Dogs evolved the ability living alongside humans in agricultural societies, as they managed on scrap leftovers and excrement from humans.

Hypoallergenic, meaning "below average" or "slightly" allergenic, is a term meaning that something causes fewer allergic reactions. The term was first used in 1953 in an advertising campaign for cosmetics or perhaps as early as 1940.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cat food</span> Food for consumption by cats

Cat food is food specifically designed for consumption by cats. As obligate carnivores, cats have specific requirements for their dietary nutrients, namely nutrients found only in meat, such as taurine, arginine, and Vitamin B6. Certain nutrients, including many vitamins and amino acids, are degraded by the temperatures, pressures and chemical treatments used during manufacture, and hence must be added after manufacture to avoid nutritional deficiency.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypoallergenic dog breed</span> Type of dog

A hypoallergenic dog breed is a dog breed that is purportedly more compatible with allergic people than are other breeds. However, prominent allergen researchers have determined that there is no basis to the claims that certain breeds are hypoallergenic and, while allergen levels vary among individual dogs, the breed is not a significant factor.

Hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP) products are foodstuffs obtained by protein hydrolysis and are used as ingredients to create a bouillon (broth) taste without the vegetables, bones, simmering, or other standard elements of creating bouillon from scratch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dog health</span> Health of dogs

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cat health</span> Health of domestic cats

The health of domestic cats is a well studied area in veterinary medicine.

Dogs are susceptible to allergies much like their human companions. Most allergies occur in dogs over 6 months old. A dog that is repeatedly exposed to a particular allergen becomes sensitized to it, and the immune system overreacts to a subsequent exposure, most commonly manifesting in the form of skin irritation. Some of the signs are redness, itching, hair loss, and recurring skin infections from the irritation. Skin irritation may be generalized or localized. The dog may be more prone to scratching and licking at the irritated site, further exacerbating the problem.

Fish protein powder (FPP) describes a food grade powder product designated primarily for human consumption applications. It differs significantly from fish meal products which are designated for animal feed applications. Fish protein powders have various sanitary processing, purity and functional characteristics which establish them as human food ingredients. Production plants registered for the USA market are located in Peru and France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puppy nutrition</span>

The developmental life stage of dogs requires a specific intake of nutrients to ensure proper growth and development and to meet energy requirements. Despite the fact that puppies have different nutritional requirements compared to their adult counterparts, of the 652 breeders surveyed in the United States and Canada in 2012, 8.7% report feeding puppies commercial diets not intended for the developmental life stage of canines. Large and small dog breeds have even more specific nutrient requirements during growth, such as adjusted calcium to phosphorus ratio, and as such should receive a breed specific growth formula. Feeding diets formulated by a nutritionist for specific breeds and life stage differences in nutrient requirements ensures a growing puppy will receive the proper nutrition associated with appropriate skeletal, neurological and immune development. This includes nutrients such as protein, fibre, essential fatty acids, calcium and vitamin E. It is therefore important to feed puppies a diet that meets the minimum and/or maximum requirements established by the National Research Council.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Senior dog diet</span>

Senior dog food diets are pet foods that are catered toward the senior or mature pet population. The senior dog population consists of dogs that are over the age of seven for most dog breeds, though in general large and giant breed dogs tend to reach this life stage earlier when compared to smaller breed dogs. Senior dog foods contain nutrients and characteristics that are used to improve the health of the aging dog. Aging in dogs causes many changes to occur physiologically that will require a change in nutrient composition of their diet. A major change that occurs is the decrease in energy requirements which is addressed by lowered caloric content of senior pet foods. Although energy requirements decrease, protein requirements increase as the dog ages. Senior dog foods include a higher protein content as well as highly digestible protein sources to deal with this. Nutrients included for joint and bone health include glucosamine, chondroitin, omega-3 fatty acids as well as two main minerals; calcium and phosphorus. Sources of fiber included in senior dog foods include beet pulp and flax seed as well as fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and mannanoligosaccharides (MOS). These act to increase gastrointestinal health. Brain and cognitive health decline as the dog ages which leads to the inclusion of vitamin E and L-carnitine in senior dog diets to combat this decline. Skin and coat health can also decline in older dogs due to various reasons. The inclusion of linoleic acid as well as vitamin A into senior dog diets helps to improve or maintain the skin and coat of senior dogs. Immune system health is important to maintain in older dogs to prevent the development of various diseases. By including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, vitamin E, β-carotene as well as pre- and pro-biotics, the immune system can be boosted and maintained to help improve overall health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allergies in cats</span>

Cats exposed to allergens may develop allergies or allergic reactions. Allergies tend to become evident and intensify over extended periods of time and can take years to develop. Some allergic diseases and allergies in cats include feline atopic dermatitis, flea allergy dermatitis, feline-mosquito hypersensitivity, and food-induced allergy. In the case of feline atopy, hypersensitivity to allergens is due to genetic predisposition. However, various allergies may arise due to environmental factors. Allergens, ingested, inhaled, or airborne, can be seasonal or non-seasonal, similar to allergies in humans. Suspected seasonal allergens include but are not limited to pollen, fleas, and mosquito bites; suspected non-seasonal allergens include but are not limited to plastic materials, food, dust, trees, and grass. After exposure to suspected allergens, symptoms may be immediate or delayed, arising within a few minutes to two hours. Symptoms can include both dermatological and gastrointestinal signs such as itchy skin, hair loss and excessive scratching. In cases of feline atopic dermatitis or atopy in cats, pruritic skin diseases may result; however, signs can also include miliary dermatitis, symmetrical alopecia, and lesions of the eosinophilic granuloma complex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vegetarian and vegan dog diet</span> Adequate meat-free or animal-free nutrition

As in the human practice of veganism, vegan dog foods are those formulated with the exclusion of ingredients that contain or were processed with any part of an animal, or any animal byproduct. Vegan dog food may incorporate the use of fruits, vegetables, cereals, legumes including soya, nuts, vegetable oils, as well as any other non-animal based foods.

References

  1. ↑ Verlinden, A.; Hesta, M.; Millet, S.; Janssens, G. P.J. (2007). "Food Allergy in Dogs and Cats: A Review". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 46 (3): 259–273. doi:10.1080/10408390591001117. PMID   16527756. S2CID   32026297.
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  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kennis, Robert, A. (2006). "Food Allergies: Update of Pathogenesis, Diagnoses, and Management". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 36 (1): 175–184. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.09.012. PMID   16364783.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Verlindin, A., Hesta, M., Millet, S., Janssens, G.P.J. (2007). "Food Allergy in Dogs and Cats: A Review". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 46 (3): 259–273. doi:10.1080/10408390591001117. PMID   16527756. S2CID   32026297.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  13. ↑ Murphy, KP (2001). "Stabilization of protein structure". Protein structure, stability, and folding . Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp.  1–16.
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  15. ↑ Jensen-Jarolim, Erika (2017). Comparative Medicine: Disorders Linking Humans with Their Animals. Springer. p. 121.
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  17. ↑ Holowinski, Margaret (2011). The Everything Rottweiler Book: A Complete Guide to Raising, Training, and Caring for Your Rottweiler. Simon and Schuster.
  18. ↑ Sarah Wooten DVM, "What's The Purpose Of Limited Ingredient Dog Food?", The Idle Pup
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  21. ↑ Stoeckel, K., Nielson, L.H., Fuhrmann, H., Bachmann, L. (2011). "Fatty acid patterns of dog erythrocyte membranes after feeding of a fish-oil based DHA-rich supplement with a base diet low in n-3 fatty acids versus a diet containing added n-3 fatty acids". Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 53 (1): 57–68. doi:10.1186/1751-0147-53-57. PMC   3213045 . PMID   22024384 – via Scholar's Portal.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ Teixeira, P. D., Ferreira, A. V. P., Neto, O. R. M., Gionbelli, M. P., and Santos, L. R. (2017). "Fatty acid profile of omasum from cattle fed with soybean oil, selenium and vitamin E". Journal of Animal Science. 95: 267–268. doi:10.2527/asasann.2017.547. hdl: 11449/159789 . ProQuest   1947372553.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ↑ Valls, V., Goicoechea, M., Muniz, P., Saez, G.T., and Cabo, J.R. (2003). "Effect of corn oil and vitamin E on the oxidative status of adipose tissues and liver in rat". Food Chemistry. 81 (2): 281–286. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00425-9.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ↑ Kirimlioglu, V., Kirimliogu, H., Yilmaz, S., Ozgor, D., Coban. S., Karadag, N., and Yologlu, S. (2006). "Effect of Fish Oil, Olive Oil, and Vitamin E on Liver Pathology, Cell Proliferation, and Antioxidant Defense System in Rats Subjected to Partial Hepatectomy". Transplantation Proceedings. 38 (2): 564–567. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.02.005. PMID   16549176.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ↑ Narimani-Rad. M., Nobakht, A., and Lotfi, A. (2011). "Influence of dietary supplemented semi-refined sunflower oil with vitamin E on some of serum biochemical and immunological measures in laying hens". Advances in Environmental Biology. 5: 1955–1959 – via InfoTrac.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ↑ Hazell, Terrence (1982). "Iron and zinc compounds in the muscle meats of beef, lamb, pork, and chicken". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 33 (10): 1049–1056. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740331017. PMID   7176546 – via Wiley Online Library.
  27. ↑ Knapp, Brenda K; Parsons, Carl M; Swanson, Kelly S; Fahey, George C (2008). "Physiological responses to novel carbohydrates as assessed using canine and avian models". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (17): 7999–8006. doi:10.1021/jf801042b. PMID   18707118.
  28. ↑ Knapp, B.K., Parsons, C.M., Swanson K.S., and Fahey, G.C. (2008). "Physiological Responses to Novel Carbohydrates as Assessed using Canine and Avian Models". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (17): 7999–8006. doi:10.1021/jf801042b. PMID   18707118.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. 1 2 Skaer Veterinary Clinic. (n.d.). Common Pet Food Ingredients. Retrieved from: http://www.skaervet.com/documents/Common%20Pet%20Food%20Ingredients.pdf
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