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The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th centuries AD. According to European tradition, they were first reported living east of the Volga River, in an area that was part of Scythia at the time. By 370 AD, the Huns had arrived on the Volga, causing the westwards movement of Goths and Alans. By 430, they had established a vast, but short-lived, empire on the Danubian frontier of the Roman empire in Europe. Either under Hunnic hegemony, or fleeing from it, several central and eastern European peoples established kingdoms in the region, including not only Goths and Alans, but also Vandals, Gepids, Heruli, Suebians and Rugians.
The Hunnic language, or Hunnish, was the language spoken by Huns in the Hunnic Empire, a heterogeneous, multi-ethnic tribal confederation which invaded Eastern and Central Europe, and ruled most of Pannonian Eastern Europe, during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. A variety of languages were spoken within the Hun Empire. A contemporary report by Priscus has that Hunnish was spoken alongside Gothic and the languages of other tribes subjugated by the Huns.
The Akatziri, Akatzirs or Acatiri were a tribe that lived north of the Black Sea, though the Crimean city of Cherson seemed to be under their control in the sixth century. Jordanes called them a mighty people, not agriculturalists but cattle-breeders and hunters. Their ethnicity is undetermined: the 5th-century historian Priscus describes them as ethnic Scythians, but they are also referred to as Huns. Their name has also been connected to the Agathyrsi. However, according to E. A. Thompson, any conjectured connection between the Agathyrsi and the Akatziri should be rejected outright.
Balamber was ostensibly a chieftain of the Huns, mentioned by Jordanes in his Getica. Jordanes simply called him "king of the Huns" and writes the story of Balamber crushing the tribes of the Ostrogoths in the 370s; somewhere between 370 and more probably 376 AD.
Ascum was a general of the Byzantine Empire, active early in the reign of Justinian I. He was in command of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum. His name is reported by John Malalas. Both Theophanes the Confessor and George Kedrenos render his name "Ακούμ" (Acum).
Hunas or Huna was the name given by the ancient Indians to a group of Central Asian tribes who, via the Khyber Pass, entered the Indian subcontinent at the end of the 5th or early 6th century. The Hunas occupied areas as far south as Eran and Kausambi, greatly weakening the Gupta Empire. The Hunas were ultimately defeated by a coalition of Indian princes that included an Indian king Yasodharman and the Gupta emperor, Narasimhagupta. They defeated a Huna army and their ruler Mihirakula in 528 CE and drove them out of India. The Guptas are thought to have played only a minor role in this campaign.
Xiongnu, also referred to as Xiong-nu, Hsiung-nu, or Asian Hunnic is the language(s) presumed to be spoken by the Xiongnu, a people and confederation which existed from the 3rd century BCE to 100 AD. It is sparsely attested, and the extant material available on it composes of about 150 words, as well as what may be a two-line text transcribed using Chinese characters, which the Xiongnu may have used themselves for writing their language.
Laudaricus was a prominent Hunnic chieftain and general active in the first half of the 5th century.
The Saragurs or Saraguri was a Eurasian Oghur (Turkic) nomadic tribe mentioned in the 5th and 6th centuries. They may be the Sulujie mentioned in the Chinese Book of Sui. They originated from Western Siberia and the Kazakh steppes, from where they were displaced north of the Caucasus by the Sabirs.
The origin of the Huns and their relationship to other peoples identified in ancient sources as Iranian Huns such as the Xionites, the Alchon Huns, the Kidarites, the Hephthalites, the Nezaks, and the Huna, has been the subject of long-term scholarly controversy. Ancient Greek and Roman sources do not provide any information on where the European Huns came from, besides that they suddenly appeared in 370 CE. However, there are some possible mentions of the Huns or tribes related to them that pre-date 370. Chinese sources, meanwhile, indicate several different, sometimes contradictory origins for the various "Iranian Hun" groups. In 1757, Joseph de Guignes first proposed that the Huns and the Iranian Huns were identical to the Xiongnu. The thesis was then popularized by Edward Gibbon. Since that time scholars have debated the proposal on its linguistic, historical, and archaeological merits. In the mid-twentieth century, the connection was attacked by the Sinologist Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen and largely fell out of favor. Some recent scholarship has argued in favor of some form of link, and the theory returned to the mainstream, but there is no consensus on the issue. It also remains disputed whether the various “Iranian Huns” belonged to a single or multiple ethnic groups.
Aigan or Aïgan was a Hun general serving as a cavalry commander for the Byzantine Empire, active in the early 6th century.
Kursich was a Hun general and royal family member. He led a Hunnish army in the Hunnic invasion of Persia in 395 AD.
Berichus or Berik was a Hun nobleman, ambassador, and lord, said to have "ruled over many villages".
Oebarsius or Aybars was a Hun nobleman, brother of Mundzuk and uncle of Bleda and Attila.
Emnetzur was a Hun nobleman and a blood relative of Attila.
Ultzindur was a Hun nobleman and a blood relative of Attila.
Hormidac was a military leader of the Huns, who commanded an expedition against the Eastern Roman Empire in the winter of 466/467. He raided Dacia mediterranea before being defeated by Anthemius.
Vadamerca or Valadamarca may have been a Gothic princess and Goth royal family member by birth, and consort of the Rex Hunnorum Balamber, possibly the first ruler of the Huns. The only extant source that mentions her or Balamber is Jordanes' Getica, and it is possible that both are unhistorical.
There are two sources for the material culture and art of the Huns: ancient descriptions and archaeology. Unfortunately, the nomadic nature of Hun society means that they have left very little in the archaeological record. Indeed, although a great amount of archaeological material has been unearthed since 1945, as of 2005 there were only 200 positively identified Hunnic burials producing Hunnic material culture. It can be difficult to distinguish Hunnic archaeological finds from those of the Sarmatians, as both peoples lived in close proximity and seem to have had very similar material cultures. Kim thus cautions that it is difficult to assign any artifact to the Huns ethnically. It is also possible that the Huns in Europe adopted the material culture of their Germanic subjects. Roman descriptions of the Huns, meanwhile, are often highly biased, stressing their supposed primitiveness.
References
- 1 2 3 "The Greco-Roman and Chinese Ancient Worlds in Comparative Perspective". University of Melbourne. 17 May 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ↑ "Book Review of The Huns (Peoples of the Ancient World) by Hyun Jin Kim". www.unrv.com. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ↑ Vankeerberghen, Griet (2021). Rulers and Ruled in Ancient Greece, Rome, and China. Cambridge University Press. p. 10. ISBN 9781108485777 . Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ↑ Almagor, Eran; Skinner, Joseph (2013). Ancient Ethnography New Approaches. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472537591 . Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ↑ Pyrros, John (16 December 2014). "Ancient Greek picking up in numbers". Neos Kosmos . Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ↑ Drake, Harold Allen; Raphals, Lisa Ann; Pu, Muzhou (2017). Old Society, New Belief Religious Transformation of China and Rome, Ca. 1st-6th Centuries. Oxford University Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780190278359 . Retrieved 10 November 2022.
[Kim] is Senior Lecturer in Classics at the University of Melbourne. He took his DPhil from the University of Oxford [...]
- ↑ Horesh, Niv (June 2021). Empires in World History Commonality, Divergence and Contingency. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 53. ISBN 9789811615405 . Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ↑ Roussinos, Aris (27 July 2022). "The fate of Europe lies in the steppes". UnHerd . Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ↑ Kim, Hyun Jin; Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan; Ferruh Adali, Selim (2017). Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-19041-2.
- ↑ "Fellow Profile: Hyun Jin Kim". Australian Academy of the Humanities. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
- ↑ "New Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities announced". University of Melbourne. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ↑ Sweet, Michael (30 April 2015). "Greek culture first global culture". Neos Kosmos . Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ↑ Barbieri-Low, Anthony J. (17 July 2021). Ancient Egypt and Early China State, Society, and Culture. University of Washington Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780295748900 . Retrieved 9 November 2022.
Hyun Jin Kim has recently published a book which compares the Greek and Chinese portrayals of the barbarian"other"
- ↑ Jamieson Beecroft, Alexander (December 2011). "Review". International Journal of the Classical Tradition. 18 (4). Springer: 606–610. JSTOR 41474743.
- ↑ Sheldon, J. S.; Mackerras, C. P. (July 2010). "Review of Books". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . 20 (3). Cambridge University Press: 370–377. doi:10.1017/S135618631000009X. JSTOR 25700462. S2CID 162525320 . Retrieved 10 November 2022.
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