Ibn Warraq

Last updated

Ibn Warraq
Ibn Warraq 2018.png
Warraq in 2018
Born1946 (age 77–78)
Rajkot, Gujarat, British India
OccupationAuthor
Education University of Edinburgh
Subject Criticism of Islam
Years active1995–present

Ibn Warraq (born 1946) is the pen name of an anonymous author critical of Islam. He is the founder of the Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society and used to be a senior research fellow at the Center for Inquiry, [1] [2] [3] focusing on Quranic criticism. [4] [5] Warraq is the vice-president of the World Encounter Institute. [6]

Contents

Warraq has written historiographies of the early centuries of the Islamic timeline and has published works which question mainstream conceptions of the period. The pen name Ibn Warraq (Arabic : ابن وراق, most literally "son of a papermaker") is used due to his concerns for his personal safety; Warraq stated, "I was afraid of becoming the second Salman Rushdie." [7] It is a name that has been adopted by dissident authors throughout the history of Islam. [2] The name refers to the 9th-century skeptical scholar Abu Isa al-Warraq. [8] Warraq adopted the pseudonym in 1995 when he completed his first book, entitled Why I Am Not a Muslim . [note 1]

He is the editor of several books, also including The Origins of the Koran (1998), The Quest for the Historical Muhammad (2000), What the Koran Really Says (2002) and the writer/editor Leaving Islam (2003). He is a controverisal figure among his contemporaries as many academic specialists in Islamic history consider him to be polemical, overly revisionist and lacking in expertise. [9] [10] [11]

Early life and education

Warraq claims to have been born in Rajkot, Gujarat in British India and his family migrated to the newly independent Pakistan in 1947. [2] [12] His family were of Kutchi origin. [12] Although born in India, he held a Pakistani passport. [13]

His mother died when he was an infant. He stated in an interview that he "studied Arabic and read the Qur'an as a young man in hopes of becoming a follower of the Islamic faith." [note 2] His father decided to send him to a boarding school in England, which in Warraq's opinion, was partly to circumvent a grandmother's effort to push an exclusively religious education on his son at the local madrasa. After his arrival in Britain, he only saw his father once more, when he was 14; his father died two years later. [14] At 18, he took part in the Bridge in Britain exchange in Israel, working on a kibbutz for six months. He had no idea that Pakistan had no relations with Israel and the scholarship embarrassed his father. He enjoyed the experience greatly. It also made him more aware of being from a Muslim background, as he met people of different religions in Israel. [13]

By 19, he had moved to Scotland to pursue his education at the University of Edinburgh, where he studied philosophy and Arabic with Islamic studies scholar W. Montgomery Watt. [14]

After graduating, Warraq was a primary school teacher in London for five years and moved to France with his wife in 1982, opening an Indian restaurant. He also worked as a courier for a travel agent. Warraq claims to have been "shy" for most of his youth. [14]

Career

Warraq claims to have been induced into writing against Islam due to the inclination of Western intellectuals in blaming Rushdie during the Satanic Verses controversy. [14] He noticed a lack of anti-Islam tracts in Free Inquiry , an American secular humanist publication, and wrote on topics such as "Why I am not Muslim." [14] [15] Warraq claims to have been hosted by David Frum, speech-writer of George W. Bush at the White House shortly after the 9/11; Frum maintains silence. [16] In March 2006, he co-signed a manifesto in response to violent protests in the Islamic world surrounding the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, declaring Islam as a totalitarian regime. [17]

In October 2007, Warraq participated in an Intelligence Squared debate, "We Should Not Be Reluctant to Assert the Superiority of Western Values," in London. He argued in favor of the motion; arguing on the same side as him were Douglas Murray and David Aaronovitch, while their opponents were Tariq Ramadan, William Dalrymple, and Charles Glass. [4] Although he does not subscribe to any particular religion, [7] he has a higher opinion of humanism than of Islam and has described himself as an atheist. [18] [note 3] He is the founder of the Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society (ISIS). He has also been on the advisory board of the International Free Press Society, [19] [20] and been associated with the counter-jihad movement. [21] [22]

Books and reception

Ibn Warraq continued writing with several works examining the historiography of the Qur'an and Muhammad. Other books treated the topic of secular humanist values among Muslims. In The Origins of The Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book, Ibn Warraq includes some of Theodor Nöldeke's studies. In 2005, Warraq spent several months working with Christoph Luxenberg, who wrote about Syriac vs. Arabic interpretation of Quranic verse. [23]

A pattern in Warraq's work is paying homage to earlier scholarly works on Christianity by borrowing their titles and applying them to Islam: Why I Am Not a Muslim is taken from Bertrand Russell's Why I Am Not a Christian (1927), The Quest for the Historical Muhammad is taken from Albert Schweitzer's The Quest of the Historical Jesus (1910), and What the Koran Really Says is taken from German author Manfred Barthel's Was wirklich in der Bibel steht ("What the Bible Really Says", 1980). [24]

Praise

In a 1996 review of Why I Am Not a Muslim , Daniel Pipes wrote that "With few exceptions, he [Warraq] relies almost entirely on the Western tradition of Islamic studies" but concluded that "Despite his anger, 'Ibn Warraq' has written a serious and thought-provoking book" calling for "an equally compelling response from a believing Muslim." [25] Pipes also described Why I am not a Muslim (1995) as "well-researched and quite brilliant." [26] David Pryce-Jones said that it was "a scrupulously documented examination of the life and teaching of the Prophet Muhammad, of the Qur'an and its sources, and the resulting culture." [27] Christopher Hitchens described Why I Am Not a Muslim as his "favorite book on Islam." [28]

In 2007, Douglas Murray described Ibn Warraq as:

the great Islamic scholar ... one of the great heroes of our time. Personally endangered, yet unremittingly vocal, Ibn Warraq leads a trend. Like a growing number of people, he refuses to accept the idea that all cultures are equal. Were Ibn Warraq to live in Pakistan or Saudi Arabia, he would not be able to write. Or if he did, he would not be allowed to live. Among his work is criticism of the sources of the Qur'an. In Islamic states this constitutes apostasy. [29]

In a 2008 review of Ibn Warraq's book, Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism, political scientist Peter Berkowitz described Warraq as a "worthy critic" for Edward Said. Berkowitz said that "with a rare combination of polemical zest and prodigious learning, it [Defending the West] is the first [book-length critique] to address and refute Said's arguments 'against the background of a more general presentation of salient aspects of Western civilization.'" [30] In a 2009 review of Defending the West A. J. Caschetta concluded that "Ibn Warraq's critique of Said's thought and work is thorough and convincing, indeed devastating to anyone depending on Saidism. It should do to Orientalism what Mary Lefkowitz's Not Out of Africa did to Martin Bernal's Black Athena." [31] Pryce-Jones said that it "demolishes in close detail the Saidian 'narrative.'" [27]

In a 2012 review of Ibn Warraq's book, Virgins? What Virgins, Rice University historian of Islam David Cook wrote: "As a scholar of Islam myself, I find Ibn Warraq's attitude to be very refreshing, and his scholarship for the most part to be accurate and devastating in pinpointing the weaknesses in Muslim orthodoxy." The book's third essay, Cook continues, "could almost serve as a history of our field, and of its systematic failure to critique the foundational texts of Islam as those of other faiths have been critiqued." [32]

Criticism

In reviewing Ibn Warraq's compilation The Origins of the Koran, religious studies professor Herbert Berg has labelled him as "polemical and inconsistent" in his writing. Berg lauded the inclusion of the essay by Theodor Nöldeke, but panned the inclusion of William St. Clair Tisdall's as "not a particularly scholarly essay". He concluded "[i]t seems that Ibn Warraq has included some of the essays not on the basis of their scholarly value or their status as 'classics', but rather on the basis of their hostility to Islam. This does not necessarily diminish the value of the collection, but the reader should be aware that this collection does not fully represent classic scholarship on the Quran." [33]

In reviewing Ibn Warraq's essay in his Quest for the Historical Muhammad (2001) Fred Donner, a professor in Near Eastern studies, notes his lack of specialist training in Arabic studies, citing "inconsistent handling of Arabic materials," and unoriginal arguments, and "heavy-handed favoritism" towards revisionist theories and "the compiler's [i.e. Ibn Warraq's] agenda, which is not scholarship, but anti-Islamic polemic." [9] Anthropologist and historian Daniel Martin Varisco has criticized Ibn Warraq's book Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism, writing that "This modern son of a bookseller imprints a polemical farce not worth the 500-plus pages of paper it wastes." [34]

His work, The Origins of the Koran, is itself based on a polemic by St. Clair Tisdall "The original sources of the Qur'an" which was described by François de Blois as a "decidedly shoddy piece of missionary propaganda". [35]

François de Blois in reviewing The Origins of the Koran, states that "it is surprising that the editor, who in his Why I am not a Muslim took a very high posture as a critical rationalist and opponent of all forms of obscurantism, now relies so heavily on writings by Christian polemicists from the nineteenth century". [35] Asma Afsaruddin states that "Ibn Warraq is not interested in debate; he wants nothing less than wholesale conversion to his point of view within the community of scholars of Islam" and added that his work, The Origins of the Koran, "needlessly poisons the atmosphere and stymies efforts to engage in honest scholarly discussion". [36]

Works

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ "There were several reasons, which are still valid. In 1993, I had begun writing my book Why I Am Not a Muslim; when it appeared in 1995, I was professor for British and American culture at the University of Toulouse. I was afraid to become the second Salman Rushdie, I did not want not to die and I had my family to protect. My brother and his family do not know until today that I wrote the book. I do not want that they have to suffer on my account." [7]
  2. ↑ The quote in German as printed in Der Spiegel is: "Ich bin nicht mit Religion indoktriniert worden" [7]
  3. ↑ The quote in German as printed in Der Spiegel is: "Heute bin ich ein Atheist." [7]

Related Research Articles

John Edward Wansbrough was an American historian of Islamic origins and Quranic studies and professor who taught at the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), where he was vice chancellor from 1985 to 1992.

<i>Why I Am Not a Muslim</i> 1995 book by Ibn Warraq

Why I Am Not a Muslim, a book written by Ibn Warraq, is a critique of Islam and the Qur'an. It was first published by Prometheus Books in the United States in 1995. The title of the book is a homage to Bertrand Russell's essay, Why I Am Not a Christian, in which Russell criticizes the religion in which he was raised.

<i>The Myth of Islamic Tolerance</i> Book by Robert Spencer

The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims is a collection of 63 essays edited by Robert Spencer. It deals with the history of non-Muslim populations during and after the conquest of their lands by Muslims.

<i>Leaving Islam</i> 2003 book by Ibn Warraq

Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out is a 2003 book, authored and edited by ex-Muslim and secularist Ibn Warraq, that researches and documents cases of apostasy in Islam. It also contains a collection of essays by ex-Muslims recounting their own experience in leaving the Islamic religion.

The historiography of early Islam is the secular scholarly literature on the early history of Islam during the 7th century, from Muhammad's first purported revelations in 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in 661, and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate, terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th century.

Criticism of Islam can take many forms, including academic critiques, political criticism, religious criticism, and personal opinions. Subjects of criticism include Islamic beliefs, practices, and doctrines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leone Caetani</span> Italian politician and scholar (1869–1935)

Leone Caetani, Duke of Sermoneta, was an Italian scholar, politician, and historian of the Middle East.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gerd R. Puin</span> German orientalist and palaeographer (born 1940)

Gerd Rüdiger Puin is a German scholar of Oriental studies, specializing in Quranic palaeography, Arabic calligraphy and orthography. He was a lecturer of Arabic language and literature at Saarland University in Saarbrücken, Germany. In regards to his approach of historical research, Puin is considered a representative of the "Saarbrücken School", which is part of the Revisionist School of Islamic Studies.

<i>The Origins of the Koran</i> 1998 book edited by Ibn Warraq

The Origins of The Koran: Classic Essays on Islam’s Holy Book is a 1998 book edited by Ibn Warraq. It contains a collection of 13 critical studies of the Qur'an written over the past two centuries by historians and scholars of the Middle East: Ibn Warraq, Theodor Nöldeke, Leone Caetani, Alphonse Mingana, Arthur Jeffery, David Samuel Margoliouth, Abraham Geiger, William St. Clair Tisdall, Charles Cutler Torrey and Andrew Rippin. Most of these authors wrote their essays on the Qur'an before World War II (1939–1945).

William St. Clair Tisdall (1859–1928) was a British Anglican priest, linguist, historian and philologist who served as the Secretary of the Church of England's Missionary Society in Isfahan, Persia.

<i>The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran</i> Book by Christoph Luxenberg

The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: A Contribution to the Decoding of the Language of the Koran is an English-language edition (2007) of Die syro-aramäische Lesart des Koran: Ein Beitrag zur Entschlüsselung der Koransprache (2000) by Christoph Luxenberg.

The Quran is viewed to be the scriptural foundation of Islam and is believed by Muslims to have been sent down by God and revealed to Muhammad by the angel Jabreel (Gabriel). The Quran has been subject to criticism both in the sense of being the subject of an interdisciplinary field of study where secular, (mostly) Western scholars set aside doctrines of its divinity, perfection, unchangeability, etc. accepted by Muslim Islamic scholars; but also in the sense of being found fault with by those — including Christian missionaries and other skeptics hoping to convert Muslims — who argue it is not divine, not perfect, and/or not particularly morally elevated.

The historicity of Muhammad refers to the study of Muhammad as a historical figure and critical examination of sources upon which traditional accounts are based.

<i>What the Koran Really Says</i> Book by Ibn Warraq

What the Koran Really Says: Language, Text and Commentary (2002) is a book edited by Ibn Warraq and published by Prometheus Books. The book is a collection of classical essays, some translated for the first time, that provide commentary on the traditions and language of the Koran, discussing its grammatical and logical discontinuities, its Syriac and Hebrew foreign vocabulary, and its possible Christian, Coptic and Qumranic sources. The title is taken from German author Manfred Barthel's 1980 book Was wirklich in der Bibel steht.

Christian influences in Islam can be traced back to Eastern Christianity, which surrounded the origins of Islam. Islam, emerging in the context of the Middle East that was largely Christian, was first seen as a Christological heresy known as the "heresy of the Ishmaelites", described as such in Concerning Heresy by Saint John of Damascus, a Syriac scholar.

This is a bibliography of literature treating the topic of criticism of Islam, sorted by source publication and the author's last name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Revisionist school of Islamic studies</span> Movement in Islamic studies

The revisionist school of Islamic studies is a movement in Islamic studies that questions traditional Muslim narratives of Islam's origins.

Abu Ubaid al-Qasim ibn Sallam al-Khurasani al-Harawi was an Arab philologist and the author of many standard books on lexicography, Qur’anic sciences, hadith, and fiqh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Historical reliability of the Quran</span> Aspect of Islam

Historical reliability of the Quran concerns the question of the historicity and plagiarism of the described or claimed events in the Quran.

References

  1. ↑ Douglas Murray (3 October 2007). "Don't be afraid to say it". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 Stephen Crittenden (10 October 2001). "Ibn Warraq: Why I am not a Muslim". The Religion Report. Retrieved 4 August 2019. Secularist Muslim intellectual Ibn Warraq – not his real name – was born on the Indian subcontinent and educated in the West. He believes that the great Islamic civilisations of the past were established in spite of the Koran, not because of it, and that only a secularised Islam can deliver Muslim states from fundamentalist madness.
  3. ↑ Ronald A. Lindsey (30 September 2010). "A Bittersweet Farewell". No Faith Value Blog. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  4. 1 2 "Intelligence Squared Debates on the topic "We should not be reluctant to assert the superiority of Western values"". The Spectator . 9 October 2007. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  5. ↑ "Religion, Ethics, and Society – Experts and Scholars". CFI website. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  6. ↑ "World Encounter Institute Mission Statement". New English Review. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Henryk M. Broder (12 August 2007). "Islamkritiker Ibn Warraq: "Dieser Kalte Krieg kann 100 Jahre dauern"". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  8. ↑ Hecht, Jennifer Michael (2003). Doubt: A History: The Great Doubters and Their Legacy of Innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson. Harper San Francisco. ISBN   0-06-009795-7.
  9. 1 2 Donner, Fred. (2001) Review: The Quest for the Historical Muhammad Archived 11 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, University of Chicago.
  10. ↑ Dutton, Y. (2000) Review: The Origins of the Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book. Journal of Islamic Studies.
  11. ↑ AbuKhalil, As'ad (2004). ""The Islam Industry" and Scholarship: Review Article". Middle East Journal. 58 (1). Middle East Institute: 130–137. JSTOR   329978.
  12. 1 2 Chesler, Phyllis (29 September 2014). "Interview: Ibn Warraq on the Judeo-Christian Sources of the Koran". Middle East Forum. Retrieved 20 April 2019. My mother tongue is Kutchi, a dialect linguistically related to Sindhi...I was born into a (Sunni) Muslim family in Rajkot, in the state of Gujarat, a town where Gandhi also grew up (though he was born elsewhere-Porbandar).
  13. 1 2 Ibn Warraq (2010). "On Becoming English". Virgins, what virgins?: and other essays. Prometheus Books. pp. 26–27. ISBN   9781616141707.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Priya Abraham, "Dissident voices," World Magazine , Vol. 22, No. 22, 16 June 2007 (Retrieved 1 January 2014; archive available at World Magazine "Dissident Voices" at the Wayback Machine (archived 11 November 2013))
  15. ↑ Lee Smith (August 2003). "Losing his religion". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 9 October 2003.
  16. ↑ Mooney, Chris (19 December 2001). "Holy War". The American Prospect . Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  17. ↑ "Writers issue cartoon row warning". BBC. 1 March 2006. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  18. ↑ Why I am not a Muslim, p. 116–23
  19. ↑ Sedgwick, Mark (2019). Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy. Oxford University. p. 280. ISBN   9780190877613.
  20. ↑ "International counter-jihad organisations". Hope not hate. January 2018.
  21. ↑ "Factsheet: Counter-jihad movement". Bridge Initiative. 17 September 2020.
  22. ↑ Mills, Tom; Griffin, Tom; Miller, David (2011). The Cold War on British Muslims: An examination of Policy Exchange and the Centre for Social Cohesion (PDF). Public Interest Investigations (Report). University of Bath. pp. 5, 18.
  23. ↑ Center for Inquiry Volume 9 Issue 5, July 2005. Qu'ranic "scholar Christoph Luxenberg has tried to demonstrate that many of the obscurities of the Qu'ran disappear if we read certain words as being Syriac and not Arabic. This would include, for example, reinterpreting the promise of virgins in the afterlife as a promise for chilled drinks and good food. Luxenberg's work has been well received among Islamic scholars, and the critic Ibn Warraq regards it as the most important book ever written on the Qu'ran. In a series of three lectures, Warraq, who has spent several months working with Luxenberg, will give a summary of Luxenberg's research."
  24. ↑ Ahmad, Ahrar (2004). "Warraq's War: A Critical Review". American Journal of Islam and Society. International Institute of Islamic Thought: 130. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  25. ↑ Daniel Pipes, "Why I Am Not a Muslim," Middle East Quarterly , Vol. III, Num. 1, March 1996
  26. ↑ Daniel Pipes, "Why I Am Not a Muslim," Weekly Standard , 22 January 1996 pg1 "Ibn Warraq brings a scholarly sledge-hammer to the task of demolishing Islam. Writing a polemic against Islam, especially for an author of Muslim birth, is an act so incendiary that the author must write under a pseudonym; not to do so would be an act of suicide. And what does Ibn Warraq have to show for this act of unheard-of defiance? A well-researched and quite brilliant, if somewhat disorganized, indictment of one of the world's great religions. While the author disclaims any pretense to originality, he has read widely enough to write an essay that offers a startlingly novel rendering of the faith he left."
  27. 1 2 David Pryce-Jones "Enough Said," The New Criterion , January 2008
  28. ↑ Christopher Hitchens, "Holy Writ," The Atlantic , 1 April 2003.
  29. ↑ Douglas Murray, "I am not afraid to say the West's values are better," The Spectator , 3 October 2007
  30. ↑ Peter Berkowitz, "Answering Edward Said: Peter Berkowitz on Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism by Ibn Warraq," Archived 2 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Policy Review number 149, 2 June 2008.
  31. ↑ A. J. Caschetta, "Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism," Middle East Quarterly , Vol. XVI, Num. 1, Winter 2009
  32. ↑ David Cook, "Ibn Warraq. Virgins? What Virgins? and Other Essays" in Reason Papers: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Normative Studies, vol. 34, no. 2 (October 2012), p. 235
  33. ↑ Berg, Herbert (1999). "Ibn Warraq (ed): The Origins of the Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 62 (3): 557–558. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00018693. JSTOR   3107591. S2CID   163148001.
  34. ↑ Varisco, Daniel Martin (September 2009). "Orientalism's Wake: The Ongoing Politics of a Polemic". Middle East Institute Viewpoints (12).
  35. 1 2 Blois, François de (2000). "Review of Ibn Warraq's The Origins of the Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . 10 (1): 88. doi:10.1017/S1356186300012013. S2CID   161107368.
  36. ↑ Asfaruddin, Asma; Warraq, Ibn (2001). "The Quest for the Historical Muhammad". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 121 (4). American Oriental Society: 728–729. doi:10.2307/606555. JSTOR   606555.
  37. ↑ Larcher, Pierre (2015). "[Review of Christmas in the Koran : Luxenberg, Syriac, and the Near Eastern and Judeo-Christian Background of Islam, by I. Warraq]". Arabica. 62 (5): 756–763. JSTOR   24811608.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.