International Organization for Biological Control

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The International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC), is an organization, affiliated with the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS), organised to promote and study biological pest control, integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated production.

Contents

Introduction

The IOBC serves as a resource for international organizations, for example: the European Commission on sustainable use of pesticides [1] and the status of IPM in Europe, [2] the EC Regulation of Biological Control Agents with regard to invertebrate biological control agents, [3] the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research on IPM, [4] the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization on biological control agents [5] and the Food and Agriculture Organization with respect to the Convention on Biological Diversity. [6] [7]

History and structure

A complete history of the IOBC was published in 1988. [8] Briefly, in 1948, the idea of an international organization on biological control was conceived. By 1950, the IUBS decided to support the establishment of a "Commission Internationale de Lutte Biologique" (CILB) as part of the IUBS Division of Animal Biology and a committee was established to further this concept. In 1955, the statutes of the new organization were ratified by the IUBS and the first plenary session of the CILB took place at Antibes, France. In 1965, CILB changed its name from "Commission" to "Organization" thus becoming the "International Organization of Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants". In 1969, under the auspices of the IUBS, an agreement was reached among organizations to merge IOBC and the "International advisory committee for biological Control" (active in English-speaking countries) into a single international organization under the name IOBC. The scientific journal Entomophaga was the official journal of the organization, until superseded by BioControl. In 1971, Global IOBC was established and the former IOBC became the West Palearctic Regional Section.

There are six regional sections world-wide:

Goals and purpose

The IOBC promotes the development of biological control and its application in integrated pest management and international cooperation to these ends.

The IOBC collects, evaluates and disseminates information about biological control and promotes national and international action concerning research, training of personnel, coordination of large-scale application and public awareness of the economic and social importance of biological control.

The IOBC arranges conferences, meetings and symposia, and takes other actions to implement its general objectives.

Global IOBC

In addition to serving as an umbrella organization for the six regional sections, the global organization publishes proceedings of meetings, a newsletter, books, and has 10 working groups. These groups meet to discuss specific topics, usually agricultural pests which may often have a global impact.

Quality Control Standards

A set of standards were developed for assessing the quality control of commercially produced biological control agents. [15] [16] These guidelines have been used. [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]

Commission on Biological Control and Access and Benefit Sharing

Under the 1993 Convention on Biological Diversity, countries have sovereign rights over their genetic resources, such as species collected for potential use in biological control. This convention was put in place because the profits from prospecting biodiversity have disproportionately benefited corporations from developed countries. Because researchers and Western businesses complained that giving developing countries such rights is problematic due to the new difficulties in legally acquiring potentially profitable species in several countries, [22] the Commission on Biological Control and Access and Benefit Sharing was established in 2008 to allow such parties access to these resources, with the supposition that any benefits arising from such access should be shared. [23] Parties continue to complain they need more access to the genetic resources of other countries than these standards allow. [24]

West Palaearctic Regional Section

The West Palaearctic Regional Section (i.e. Europe) is the most active of the regional sections with 20 working groups (that focus on crops, agricultural pests, and other topics) and five commissions which usually meet in different locations in member countries. It produces the IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, which in 2007 was listed as one of the top research journals for the organic industry. [25]

Pesticide side-effects standards

The "Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms working group" is made up of scientists from many countries. They establish standards, which are periodically updated, for testing the side effects of pesticides on a large range of natural enemies of crop pests, and rank those effects. [26] [27] [28] [29] The purpose of establishing these standards is to be able to compare pesticides by their effect on beneficial organisms throughout all regions of the world. With the results obtained from these standardized tests, the best pesticides can be identified which enable enhanced survival of non-target organisms and the most biological control due to reduced impact on beneficial organisms. [30] These standards have been adopted a number of scientists worldwide. [31] [32] [33] [34]

Integrated Production

One of the working groups is on Integrated Pest Management and Integrated Production, [35] a concept of agriculture based on the sustainable use of natural resources. [36] [37] This group has established crop specific guidelines for pome fruits, stone fruits, grapes, soft fruits, olives, citrus and field grown vegetables in Europe. [38] [39]

Official languages

The Organization's official languages are English and French, although other languages may be spoken in some regional meetings.

See also

Related Research Articles

Biosecurity refers to measures aimed at preventing the introduction and/or spread of harmful organisms to animals and plants in order to minimize the risk of transmission of infectious disease. In agriculture, these measures are aimed at protecting food crops and livestock from pests, invasive species, and other organisms not conducive to the welfare of the human population. The term includes biological threats to people, including those from pandemic diseases and bioterrorism. The definition has sometimes been broadened to embrace other concepts, and it is used for different purposes in different contexts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pesticide</span> Substance used to destroy pests

Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests. This includes herbicide, insecticide, nematicide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, microbicide, fungicide, and lampricide. The most common of these are herbicides, which account for approximately 50% of all pesticide use globally. Most pesticides are intended to serve as plant protection products, which in general, protect plants from weeds, fungi, or insects. As an example, the fungus Alternaria solani is used to combat the aquatic weed Salvinia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Insecticide</span> Pesticide used against insects

Insecticides are pesticides used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are claimed to be a major factor behind the increase in the 20th-century's agricultural productivity. Nearly all insecticides have the potential to significantly alter ecosystems; many are toxic to humans and/or animals; some become concentrated as they spread along the food chain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Integrated pest management</span> Approach for economic control of pests

Integrated pest management (IPM), also known as integrated pest control (IPC) is a broad-based approach that integrates both chemical and non-chemical practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL). The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization defines IPM as "the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms." Entomologists and ecologists have urged the adoption of IPM pest control since the 1970s. IPM allows for safer pest control.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pest control</span> Control of species that are harmful to health, economy or ecology

Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest; such as any animal, plant or fungus that impacts adversely on human activities or environment. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to completely eradicate the pest. Pest control measures may be performed as part of an integrated pest management strategy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Plant Protection Convention</span> International treaty on pests & diseases

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is a 1951 multilateral treaty overseen by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization that aims to secure coordinated, effective action to prevent and to control the introduction and spread of pests of plants and plant products. The Convention extends beyond the protection of cultivated plants to the protection of natural flora and plant products. It also takes into consideration both direct and indirect damage by pests, so it includes weeds. IPPC promulgates International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs).

A biopesticide is a biological substance or organism that damages, kills, or repels organisms seen as pests. Biological pest management intervention involves predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships.

Integrated Farming (IF), integrated production or Integrated Farm Management is a whole farm management system which aims to deliver more sustainable agriculture. Integrated Farming combines modern tools and technologies with traditional practices according to a given site and situation, often employing many cultivation techniques in a small growing area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sunn pest</span> Common name for certain true bugs

A sunn pest is an insect belonging to a group representing several genera of the 'shield bug' (Scutelleridae) and 'stink bug' (Pentatomidae) Families, with the species Eurygaster integriceps being the most economically important. Sunn pests are found in parts of North Africa, throughout West Asia and many of the new independent states of Central Asia.

Dan James Pantone is an American ecologist and conservationist with a Ph.D. from the University of California, Davis. A former professor at Texas A&M University, Dr. Pantone is a researcher who has published numerous refereed articles on agroecology and sustainable agriculture. In addition, he is a specialist in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) which he has used to help conserve endangered species. Dr. Pantone has established his broad experience in numerous scientific disciplines by publishing diverse articles ranging from the biological control of pests to the conservation biology of endangered species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tephritid Workers Database</span>

The Tephritid Workers Database is a web-based database for sharing information on tephritid fruit flies. Because these species are one of the most economically important group of insect species that threaten fruit and vegetable production and trade worldwide, a tremendous amount of information is made available each year: new technologies developed, new information on their biology and ecology; new control methods made available, new species identified, new outbreaks recorded and new operational control programmes launched. The TWD allows workers to keep up-to-date on the most recent developments and provides an easily accessible and always available resource.

The environmental impact of agriculture is the effect that different farming practices have on the ecosystems around them, and how those effects can be traced back to those practices. The environmental impact of agriculture varies widely based on practices employed by farmers and by the scale of practice. Farming communities that try to reduce environmental impacts through modifying their practices will adopt sustainable agriculture practices. The negative impact of agriculture is an old issue that remains a concern even as experts design innovative means to reduce destruction and enhance eco-efficiency. Though some pastoralism is environmentally positive, modern animal agriculture practices tend to be more environmentally destructive than agricultural practices focused on fruits, vegetables and other biomass. The emissions of ammonia from cattle waste continue to raise concerns over environmental pollution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LUBILOSA</span>

LUBILOSA was the name of a research programme that aimed at developing a biological alternative to the chemical control of locusts. This name is an acronym of the French title of the programme: Lutte Biologique contre les Locustes et les Sauteriaux. During its 13-year life, the programme identified an isolate of an entomopathogenic fungus belonging to the genus Metarhizium and virulent to locusts, and went through all the necessary steps to develop the commercial biopesticide product Green Muscle based on its spores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California Department of Pesticide Regulation</span>

The California Department of Pesticide Regulation, also known as DPR or CDPR, is one of six boards and departments of the California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA).

<i>Rickettsia parkeri</i> Species of bacterium

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The International Pesticide Application Research Consortium (IPARC), previously the International Pesticide Application Research Centre and before that the Overseas Spray Machinery Centre (OSMC), has focused on pesticide application methods appropriate for smallholder farmers since 1955. It is now a research and training group whose purpose is to promote practical and cost-effective techniques, wherever possible reducing the use of chemical pesticides, as part of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). IPARC has been an integral part of pesticide research and teaching at Silwood Park and has specialised in the needs of small-holder farmers, application techniques for migrant pests and control of disease vectors. IPARC is a World Health Organization (WHO) collaborating centre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tritrophic interactions in plant defense</span> Ecological interactions

Tritrophic interactions in plant defense against herbivory describe the ecological impacts of three trophic levels on each other: the plant, the herbivore, and its natural enemies. They may also be called multitrophic interactions when further trophic levels, such as soil microbes, endophytes, or hyperparasitoids are considered. Tritrophic interactions join pollination and seed dispersal as vital biological functions which plants perform via cooperation with animals.

<i>Dalotia coriaria</i> Species of beetle

Dalotia coriaria, the greenhouse rove beetle, is a species of staphylinid rove beetle in the subfamily Aleocharinae. It is used as a predatory biological control agent for the management of pest insects.

Marjorie Ann Hoy was an American entomologist and geneticist known for her work using integrated pest management (IPM) and biological control in agriculture. She was Professor and Eminent Scholar at the University of Florida, Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society of London, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Entomological Society of America. She was known as a pioneer in using genetic engineering to reduce the impact of agricultural pests, including developing pesticide resistant predators to control populations of destructive pests in areas where pesticides are applied. Her books include the textbook Insect Molecular Genetics, the third edition of which was published in 2013.

Aschersonia aleyrodis is a fungal pathogen affecting various species of insect. It has been shown to control the silverleaf whitefly in laboratory and greenhouse conditions.

References

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  2. ↑ Agra CEAS (2002). "Integrated crop management systems in the EU" (PDF).
  3. ↑ "Regulation if invertebrate biological control agents in Europe: review and recommendations in its pursuit of a harmonised regulatory system" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  4. ↑ "CGIAR Systemwide Program on Integrated Pest Management (SP-IPM)". Archived from the original on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  5. ↑ "2nd Joint EPPO/IOBC Panel Meeting on Biological Control Agents". 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-02-23. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
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  7. ↑ Cock, M.J.W., van Lenteren, J.C., Brodeur, J.; et al. (2010). "The use and exchange of biological control agents for food and agriculture" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[ permanent dead link ]
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  9. ↑ "ATRS | Afrotropical Regional Section of IOBC-Global, International Organisation for Biological Control".
  10. ↑ "APRS | Asia and the Pacific Regional Section of IOBC-Global, International Organisation for Biological Control".
  11. ↑ "EPRS | East Palearctic Regional Section of IOBC-Global, International Organisation for Biological Control".
  12. ↑ "Home". iobcnrs.com.
  13. ↑ "NTRS | Neotropical Regional Section of IOBC-Global, International Organisation for Biological Control".
  14. ↑ "Home". iobc-wprs.org.
  15. ↑ Bigler, F. (1992). Report of the sixth workshop of the IOBC global working group "Quality control of mass reared arthropods". pp. 1–26.
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  22. ↑ Cock, M.J.W., van Lenteren, J.C., Brodeur, J.; et al. (2010). "Do new Access and Benefit Sharing procedures under the convention on Biological Diversity threaten the future of biological control?". BioControl. 55 (2): 199–218. doi:10.1007/s10526-009-9234-9. S2CID   30735425.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ↑ Barratt, B.I.P. (2009). "A review of access and benefit-sharing for biological control: What does it mean for New Zealand?". New Zealand Plant Protection. 62: 152–155. doi: 10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4770 .
  24. ↑ Haas, F., Lohr, B., Munyi, P.; et al. (2007). "Access to biocontrol agents to combat invasive alien species and the Access and Benefit Sharing regulations" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[ permanent dead link ]
  25. ↑ http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/ofp/ofpjournals.shtml USDA Journal List
  26. ↑ Hassan, E., Oomen, P.A., Overmeer, P.; et al. (1985). "Standard methods to test the side-effects of pesticides on natural enemies of insects and mites developed by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'". EPPO Bulletin. 15 (2): 214–255. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1985.tb00224.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[ dead link ]
  27. ↑ Hassan, S.A.; Bigler, F.; Bogenschutz, H.; et al. (1994). "Results of the sixth joint pesticide testing programme of the IOBC/WPRS-working group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'". BioControl. 39: 107–119. doi:10.1007/bf02373500. S2CID   5723268.
  28. ↑ Sterk, G., Hassan, S.A., Baillod, M.; et al. (1999). "Results of the seventh joint pesticide testing programme carried out by the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'". BioControl. 44: 99–117. doi:10.1023/A:1009959009802. S2CID   11648542.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ↑ Candolfi, M.P., Blumel, S., Forester, R.; et al. (2000). "Guidelines to evaluate side-effects of plant protection products to non-target arthropods Joint initiative IOBC, BART and EPPO" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-05-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ↑ Bellows, T.S.; Fisher, T.W. (1999). Chapter 13 Enhanced Biological Control through Pesticide Selectivity. In: Bellows, T.S.; Fisher, T.W. Handbook of Biological Control. Academic Press.
  31. ↑ Sabahi, Q, Rasekh, A., Sanqaki, A.H., and Garjan, A. (2009). "The persistence toxicity of three insecticides against adult of a thelytokous parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)". Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 74 (1): 159–164. PMID   20218524.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ↑ Venkatesan, T., Jalali, S.K., Murthy, K.S.; et al. (2009). "Occurrence of insecticide resistance in field populations of Chrysoperla zastrowi arabica (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in India". Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 79: 910–912.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ↑ Giolo, F.P., Medina, P., Grutzmacher, A.D.; et al. (2009). "Effects of pesticides commonly used in peach orchards in Brazil on predatory lacewing Chrysoperla carnea under laboratory conditions". BioControl. 54 (5): 625–635. doi:10.1007/s10526-008-9197-2. S2CID   11497065.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ↑ Nash, M., Hoffmann, A. & Thomson, L. (2010). "Identifying signatures of pesticide applications on indigenous and invasive non-target arthropod communities from vineyards". Ecological Applications. 20 (6): 1693–1703. doi:10.1890/09-1065. PMID   20945768.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[ permanent dead link ]
  35. ↑ "IP & IPM: Integrated Production and Integrated Pest Management - IOBC/WPRS, International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control, West Palaeartic Regional Section". Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  36. ↑ "Washington State University Organic & Integrated Fruit Production". Archived from the original on 2010-05-31. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  37. ↑ Vereijken (1990). chapter 18 Research on integrated arable farming and organic mixed farming in The Netherlands. In: Edwards, C.A., Lal, R., Madden, P.; et al. (June 1990). Sustainable Agricultural Systems. United States Agency for International Development. ISBN   978-0-935734-21-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ↑ Dickler (1992). "Current situation of integrated plant-protection (IPP) in orchards in IOBC WPRS". ACTA Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica. 27: 23–28.
  39. ↑ Galli (1992). "Present status of guidelines for integrated fruit production and marketing in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)". ACTA Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica. 27: 251–256.
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