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X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of the X-ray diffraction, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal and the positions of the atoms, as well as their chemical bonds, crystallographic disorder, and other information.
In crystallography, polymorphism is the phenomenon where a compound or element can crystallize into more than one crystal structure.
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Diffraction topography is a imaging technique based on Bragg diffraction. Diffraction topographic images ("topographies") record the intensity profile of a beam of X-rays diffracted by a crystal. A topography thus represents a two-dimensional spatial intensity mapping (image) of the X-rays diffracted in a specific direction, so regions which diffract substantially will appear brighter than those which do not. This is equivalent to the spatial fine structure of a Laue reflection. Topographs often reveal the irregularities in a non-ideal crystal lattice. X-ray diffraction topography is one variant of X-ray imaging, making use of diffraction contrast rather than absorption contrast which is usually used in radiography and computed tomography (CT). Topography is exploited to a lesser extent with neutrons, and is the same concept as dark field imaging in an electron microscope.
The International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) is an organisation devoted to the international promotion and coordination of the science of crystallography. The IUCr is a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU).
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A crystallographic database is a database specifically designed to store information about the structure of molecules and crystals. Crystals are solids having, in all three dimensions of space, a regularly repeating arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules. They are characterized by symmetry, morphology, and directionally dependent physical properties. A crystal structure describes the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystal..
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In crystallography, mosaicity is a measure of the spread of crystal plane orientations. A mosaic crystal is an idealized model of an imperfect crystal, imagined to consist of numerous small perfect crystals (crystallites) that are to some extent randomly misoriented. Empirically, mosaicities can be determined by measuring rocking curves. Diffraction by mosaics is described by the Darwin–Hamilton equations.
Americium(III) bromide or americium tribromide is the chemical compound composed of americium and bromine with the formula AmBr3, with americium in a +3 oxidation state. The compound is a crystalline solid.
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Aafje Looijenga-Vos was a Dutch crystallographer. She was a professor for general chemistry and later for structural chemistry at the University of Groningen.
This is a timeline of crystallography.
Hans-Beat Bürgi is a Swiss chemist and crystallographer. He was a professor for crystallography at the University of Bern from 1979 to 2007.
John R. Helliwell is a British crystallographer known for his pioneering work in the use of synchrotron radiation in macromolecular crystallography.
References
- ↑ http://iccbm17.csp.escience.cn/dct/page/1 ICCBM17 website
- ↑ http://www.xray.cz/iccbm/ ICCBM16 website
- ↑ http://media.biochem.uni-luebeck.de/sites/iccbm15/iccbm/iccbm15.xhtml ICCBM15 meeting website
- ↑ https://twitter.com/iccbm14 Twitter account for ICCBM14 meeting
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110204092440/http://www.iccbm13.ie/ archive.org page for ICCBM13 meeting website
- ↑ "Virtual Issue 11: ICCBM14". pubs.acs.org.
- ↑ "Virtual Issue 7 - 13th International Conference on the Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules (ICCBM13)". pubs.acs.org.
- ↑ "Crystal Growth & Design (ACS Publications)". pubs.acs.org.
- ↑ "Crystal Growth & Design (ACS Publications)". pubs.acs.org.
- ↑ Crystallography, International Union of. "Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography". journals.iucr.org.
- ↑ IUCr (27 May 2015). "Acta Crystallographica Section D Volume 58, Part 10, Number 1 October 2002". journals.iucr.org.
- ↑ IUCr (20 March 2015). "Acta Crystallographica Section D Volume 50, Part 4, July 1994". journals.iucr.org.