Iranian presidential election, 1993

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Iranian presidential election, 1993
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←  1989 11 June 1993 1997  →
Registered 33,156,055 [1]
Turnout 50.66% [1] or 57.6% [2]

  Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Portrait (5).jpg Ahmad Tavakkoli Cropped.jpg
Nominee Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Ahmad Tavakkoli
Party CCA Independent
Popular vote10,449,933 3,972,201
Percentage64.0% 24.3%
President before election

Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
CCA

Elected President

Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
CCA

The Iranian presidential election of 1993 took place on June 11, 1993 which resulted in the re-election of the incumbent president, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. [2]

President of Iran position

The President of Iran is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The President is the highest ranking official of Iran. The President carries out the decrees, and answers to the Supreme Leader of Iran, who functions as the country's head of state. Unlike the executive in other countries, the President of Iran does not have full control over anything, as these are ultimately under the control of the Supreme Leader. Chapter IX of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran sets forth the qualifications for presidential candidates. The procedures for presidential election and all other elections in Iran are outlined by the Supreme Leader. The President functions as the executive of the decrees and wishes of the Supreme Leader. These include signing treaties and other agreements with foreign countries and international organizations, with Supreme Leader's approval; administering national planning, budget, and state employment affairs, as decreed by the Supreme Leader. The President also appoints the ministers, subject to the approval of Parliament, and the Supreme Leader who can dismiss or reinstate any of the ministers at any time, regardless of the president or parliament's decision. The Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei directly chooses the ministries of Defense, Intelligence and Foreign Affairs, as well as certain other ministries, such as the Science Ministry. Iran’s regional policy is directly controlled by the office of the Supreme Leader with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ task limited to protocol and ceremonial occasions. All of Iran’s ambassadors to Arab countries, for example, are chosen by the Quds Corps, which directly reports to the Supreme Leader.

Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Iranian politician, Shia cleric and Writer

Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani was an influential Iranian politician, writer and one of the founding fathers of the Islamic Republic who was the fourth President of Iran from 3 August 1989 until 3 August 1997. He was the head of the Assembly of Experts from 2007 until 2011, when he decided not to nominate himself for the post. He was also the chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council.

Contents

Rafsanjani's vote declined dramatically in comparison to the previous election amid a lower turnout. According to Anoushiravan Ehteshami, "little separated the candidates from each other" and "real choices and real alternatives" were absent. Discontent with the economic situation and voter apathy are the other reasons cited for the relatively low turnout in the election. [3]

In politics, voter apathy is perceived apathy among voters in an election. Voter apathy or lack of interest is often cited as a cause of low turnout among eligible voters in jurisdictions where voting is optional and the donkey vote where voting is compulsory. Voter fatigue describes a possible cause of voter apathy: elections that are held too frequently.

United Press International reported an independent survey have found "the bulk of those who stayed away did so because they were displeased with the clergy or did not believe their vote would make any difference to the government." [2]

United Press International company

United Press International (UPI) is an international news agency whose newswires, photo, news film, and audio services provided news material to thousands of newspapers, magazines, radio and television stations for most of the 20th century. At its peak, it had more than 6,000 media subscribers. Since the first of several sales and staff cutbacks in 1982, and the 1999 sale of its broadcast client list to its rival, the Associated Press, UPI has concentrated on smaller information-market niches.

In Shi'a Islam the guidance of clergy and keeping such a structure holds a great importance. The clergy structure depends on the branch of Shi'ism is being referred to.

Campaign

Ballot papers Iran Presidental Elections 1993 Ballot paper.jpg
Ballot papers

None of the candidates enjoyed comparable stature to the incumbent president. [4]

Economic situation was the main issue in the elections. Rafsanjani, whose economic liberalization and privatisation policies were ongoing, said he will concentrate on economics and 'reconstruction effort', despite the deteriorated situation. [4] Economist Ahmad Tavakkoli also ran on a platform of economic reform and more benefits for the working-class. [2]

Economic liberalization is the lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities; the doctrine is associated with classical liberalism. Thus, liberalization in short is "the removal of controls" in order to encourage economic development. It is also closely associated with neoliberalism.

Ahmad Tavakkoli Iranian politician

Ahmad Tavakkoli is an Iranian conservative populist politician, journalist and anti-corruption activist. He is currently managing-director of Alef news website and founder of the corruption watchdog, non-governmental organization Justice and Transparency Watch.

Welfare is a type of government support for the citizens of that society. Welfare may be provided to people of any income level, as with social security, but it is usually intended to ensure that the poor can meet their basic human needs such as food and shelter. Welfare attempts to provide poor people with a minimal level of well-being, usually either a free- or a subsidized-supply of certain goods and social services, such as healthcare, education, and vocational training.

The Freedom Movement and the Nation Party, called to boycott the election due to "lack of fundamental freedoms and the denial of official recognition to most political parties". [5]

Freedom Movement of Iran

The Freedom Movement of Iran (FMI) or Liberation Movement of Iran is an Iranian pro-democracy political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and Mossadeghists". It is the oldest party still active in Iran and has been described as a "semi-opposition" or "loyal opposition" party. It has also been described as a "religious nationalist party".

Party of the Iranian Nation or Nation Party of Iran or Iran Nation Party is an opposition party in Iran seeking to establish a secular democracy. Like the rest of the opposition parties, this party is presently banned from public activity in Iran, under the Islamic Regime.

Results

Party Candidate Nohen et al [6] ISSDP [1] UPI [2] / IRNA [7]
Votes % Votes % Votes %
Combatant Clergy Association Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 10,449,933 64 10,566,499 63 10,553,344 63.2
Independent Ahmad Tavakkoli 3,972,201 24.3 4,026,879 23.97 3,976,165 23.8
Independent Abdollah Jassbi 1,511,574 9.3 1,498,084 8.92 1,515,632 9.1
Independent Rajabali Taheri 394,981 2.4 387,655 2.31 401,579 2.4
Blank or invalid votes Not reported317,6701.89253,530 1.5
Totals 16,328,689 100.00 16,796,787 100.00 16,700,250 100.00

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References

  1. 1 2 3 "1993 Presidential Election", The Iran Social Science Data Portal, Princeton University, retrieved 17 June 2017
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Ralph Joseph (13 June 1993), "Rafsanjani wins 63 percent of popular vote", United Press International, retrieved 5 July 2017
  3. ↑ Anoushiravan Ehteshami (2002). After Khomeini: the Iranian Second Republic. Routledge. pp. 68–69. ISBN   9781134838851.
  4. 1 2 "Iran's leader set for poll victory with clerical help: President Rafsanjani expects voters to renew his mandate for economic reform", The Independent, 11 June 1993, retrieved 5 July 2017
  5. ↑ Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Iran: Chronology of Events: June 1989 - July 1994, 1 January 1995, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a8170.html [accessed 6 May 2016]
  6. ↑ Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof (2001). "Iran". Elections in Asia: A Data Handbook. I. Oxford University Press. p. 76. ISBN   0-19-924958-X.
  7. ↑ Anoushiravan Ehteshami (2002), After Khomeini: the Iranian Second Republic, Routledge, Table 11, p. 69, ISBN   9781134838851 – via Islamic Republic New Agency, 14 June 1993
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