Iranian legislative election, 1988

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Iranian legislative election, 1988

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All 270 seats of Islamic Consultative Assembly
136 seats needed for a majority
Registered 27,986,736 [1]
Turnout 59.72% [1]

 Majority partyMinority party
  Karubi2.jpg Mahdavi Kani in 1981.jpg
Leader Mehdi Karoubi Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani
Party Association of Combatant Clerics
Combatant Clergy Association
Alliance Left Right
Leader's seat Tehran, Rey and Shemiranat Tehran, Rey and Shemiranat (defeated)
Seats won≈160 [2] ≈90 [2]
Prime Minister before election

Mir-Hossein Mousavi
Independent

Elected Prime Minister

Mir-Hossein Mousavi
Independent

Ruhollah Khomeini casts his vote for Iranian legislative election, 1988. Ruhollah Khomeini casts his vote for Iranian legislative election, 1988.jpg
Ruhollah Khomeini casts his vote for Iranian legislative election, 1988.

Parliamentary elections were held in Iran on 8 April 1988, with a second round on 13 May. [3] The result was a victory for leftist politicians who later emerged as reformists. [4] The number of clerics elected to the Majlis was reduced by over a third. [5]

Iran Country in Western Asia

Iran, also called Persia, and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th most populous country. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center.

Iranian Reformists political movement in Iran to change the system to include more freedom and democracy

The Iranian reformists are a political faction in Iran that support former President Mohammad Khatami's plans to change the Iranian political system to include more freedom and democracy. Iran's "reform era" is sometimes said to have lasted from 1997 to 2005—the length of Khatami's two terms in office. The Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front is the main umbrella organization and coalition within the movement; however, there are reformist groups not aligned with the council, such as the Reformists Front.

Contents

Electoral system

The constitution approved in a December 1979 referendum provided for a 270-seat Majlis, with five seats reserved for minority groups including Jews, Zorastrians, Armenians from the north and south of the country and one jointly elected by Assyrians and Chaldeans. [6]

Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran National constitutional law

The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran was adopted by referendum on 2 and 3 December 1979, and went into force replacing the Constitution of 1906. It was amended on 28 July 1989. The constitution has been called a "hybrid" of "theocratic and democratic elements". While articles One and Two vest sovereignty in God, article six "mandates popular elections for the presidency and the Majlis, or parliament." However main democratic procedures and rights are subordinate to the Guardian Council and the Supreme Leader, whose powers are spelled out in Chapter Eight.

Persian Jews

Persian Jews or Iranian Jews are Jews historically associated with the Persian Empire, whose successor state is Iran. The Biblical Book of Esther contains references to the experiences of the Jews in Persia. Jews have had a continuous presence in Iran since the time of Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire. Cyrus invaded Babylon and freed the Jews from Babylonian captivity.

The elections were conducted using a two-round system, with the number of candidates progressing to the second round being double the number of seats available. Candidates required an absolute majority to win a seat in the first round, and plurality to win in the second round. [6]

Two-round system voting system used to elect a single winner where a second round of voting is used if no candidate wins an absolute majority in the first round

The two-round system is a voting method used to elect a single winner, where the voter casts a single vote for their chosen candidate. However, if no candidate receives the required number of votes, then those candidates having less than a certain proportion of the votes, or all but the two candidates receiving the most votes, are eliminated, and a second round of voting is held.

Campaign

Around 1,400 candidates contested the elections, including around 30 women. [6] 188 seats were won in the first round of voting. [6] There were three main groups contesting in the elections, namely: [7] [8]

Association of Combatant Clerics

The Association of Combatant Clerics is an Iranian reformist clerical political party.

Combatant Clergy Association

The Combatant Clergy Association is a politically active group in Iran, but not a political party in the traditional sense.

Coalition of the Oppressed and Deprived was the political alliance of three Iranian Islamic leftist groups contesting in the Iranian legislative election, 1988. Coalition members were Islamic Association of Teachers, Worker House and Office for Strengthening Unity.

Freedom Movement of Iran boycotted the elections. [9]

Freedom Movement of Iran

The Freedom Movement of Iran (FMI) or Liberation Movement of Iran is an Iranian pro-democracy political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and Mossadeghists". It is the oldest party still active in Iran and has been described as a "semi-opposition" or "loyal opposition" party. It has also been described as a "religious nationalist party".

Results

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Unknown270–
Invalid/blank votes220,872–––
Total17,004,4031002700
Registered voters/turnout––
Source: IPU

Aftermath

The newly elected Majlis met for the first time on 28 May, and elected Mir-Hossein Mousavi as Prime Minister on 30 June. [6]

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References

  1. 1 2 "1988 Parliamentary Election", The Iran Social Science Data Portal, Princeton University, retrieved 10 August 2015
  2. 1 2 Bahman Bakhtiari (1993), "Parliamentary elections in Iran", Iranian Studies, Routledge, 24 (3–4): 375–388, doi:10.1080/00210869308701808 – via Tandfonline (subscription required), By the end of September 1989, the radicals had close to 160 supporters, around 90 deputies belonged to the pragmatists' camp, the rest were "fence-sitters."
  3. ↑ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 68 ISBN   0-19-924958-X
  4. ↑ Zandi, Mohammad Ali. "3rd Islamic Consultative Assembly elections" (in Persian). Baqir al-Ulum Research Institute. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  5. ↑ James W. Heslep The Decline of Clerics in the Iranian Majles
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Iran IPU
  7. ↑ Beheshti, Ebrahim (4 January 2016) [14 Dey 1394]. "گزارش "ایران" از صف‌آرایی گروه‌های سیاسی در ۹ دوره انتخابات مجلس" (in Persian) (6116). Iran. 109221. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  8. ↑ "تحليل هشت دوره مجلس شورای اسلامی" (in Persian). Jaam-e Jam. 24 February 2012. 671189238744517772. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  9. ↑ Tom Landford (2012), "Iran", Political Handbook of the World 2012, SAGE, p. 656, ISBN   9781608719952
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