Jacqueline Beggs

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Jacqueline Rae Beggs (born 1962) is a New Zealand entomologist and ecologist specialising in biodiversity and biosecurity.

Contents

Beggs is a professor at the University of Auckland. Her research includes managing the impact of invasive invertebrates on the biosystem. She has also researched the identification of drivers of pollination and evaluated the use of the molecular approach (DNA barcoding) to identify possible causes of detrimental changes in the environment. Beggs is associated with organisations focused on raising awareness of a wide range of issues relevant to biosecurity and advises New Zealand government agencies.

Beggs has also written on the value of recognising the importance of mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) in ecological research.

Biography

Beggs was born in Palmerston North and educated at Waiouru Primary School, Linden Primary School, Tawa College and Rangitoto College. [1] She is of Ngāti Awa descent.[ citation needed ]

Following an undergraduate and master's degree at the University of Auckland, Beggs completed a PhD part-time at the University of Otago in 1999. [2]

From 1992 to 2003 Beggs was employed by Landcare Research in Nelson, [3] and since then has been a professor based at the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Auckland. She is currently the academic leader of the Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour group, and director of the Centre for Biodiversity and Biosecurity, a joint research centre between Landcare Research and the University of Auckland. [4] [5] [6]

Research

Ecological impact of invasive species

Research by Beggs has largely focussed on the impact of invasive species of wasps on the New Zealand ecosystem, particularly around the beech ( Nothofagus spp.) forests in New Zealand's upper South Island, where scale insects ( Ultracoelostoma assimile ) produce honeydew that both native birds and invasive Vespula wasps feed on. [7] [8] [9]

In an interview on 95bFM, Beggs explained that invasive wasps became a problem in New Zealand because there were no native predators, the climate was suitable and good quantities of sugary food, such as honeydew produced by native species on beech trees, were available. She noted that the impact of the wasps on the ecosystem was on many levels, including feeding on native invertebrates such as spiders and caterpillars, robbing native birds of food and attacking nestling birds. [10] This confirmed previous research in which Beggs had been involved, which explored the impact of wasps on invertebrate abundance and the reduction of food that would otherwise be eaten by the South Island robin (Petroica australis australis), [11] and, along with stoats, in a decline of South Island kākā. [12]

In 2011, Beggs co-authored a review that assessed the "distribution, abundance, impact and management of the invasive Vespidae worldwide", noting that the problem had become greater due to increased global trade. [13] : p 506  The review highlighted the challenges of preventing invasions "[because] the very characteristics that help to make them invasive, i.e. the social structure of colonies and their high reproductive efficiency, also means management at the population level will be difficult." [13] : p 520  When the Environmental Protection Society gave approval for two foreign organisms to be imported into New Zealand in February 2021 to help combat the problem of invasive wasp species, Beggs said that these introduced species would result in a significant reduction in numbers with relatively small risks to the ecosystem. [10] She told Kathryn Ryan on RNZ in 2019 that there had been some progress made in reducing the number of invasive wasps in New Zealand by the effective use of poison baiting. [14] She explained that other management alternatives were being explored in the National Science Challenge, [15] and from work on offshore islands [16] that had indicated wasp density reduced in an area with less human modification of the environment and a higher amount of tree cover. [17] [18]

A 2021 study co-authored by Beggs mapped and collected 64 active wasp nests from the Great Mercury Island (Ahuahu) extracting DNA from faecal material to identify what the wasps were preying on. Using DNA bar-coding, samples were compared to the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) to match the codes to species in New Zealand. The wasps were found to be preying on many native animals having an ecological impact on the island. Beggs said: "This study has real implications for our understanding of how invasive species interact as well as for invasive wasp control in New Zealand...[and]...by understanding their combined ecological impact, at least we have a better chance of developing strategies to better protect our valuable native species." [19]

Pollination

In 2016, Beggs took part in research looking at animal-mediated pollination, in particular how the hairiness of the pollinator can predict the effectiveness of the process. The report, co-authored by Beggs, suggested that "the match between pollinator body region hairiness and plant reproductive structure morphology is a powerful predictor of pollinator effectiveness...[which is important because]...identifying and accurately measuring key traits that drive ecosystem processes is critical as global change increasingly alters ecological communities, and subsequently, ecosystem functions worldwide." [20] Later research in which she participated investigated the degree to which changes of natural habitats to agricultural land can contribute to a decline in effective pollination rates. The report noted that while pollination rates increased as there was more conversion to agricultural land, "pollination service delivery became increasingly dominated by a few exotic fly species that were active throughout the day, compared to native species, which had more constrained activity patterns." It was suggested that it was important to restore and manage diverse natural habitats but that in cases where pollination has been disturbed by human intervention, exotic pollinators can be effective, and careful decisions need to be made about the use of pesticides to maintain pollinator communities whether they are native or exotic. [21]

Use of a molecular approach to research

Beggs has been involved in research that showed the effectiveness of DNA metabarcoding of larval faeces to gather data on the interactions between different invasive species and what they fed on. One study, using this methodology obtained high-resolution diet inventories that showed invasion by wasps had a considerable effect on the ecology, with evidence that they ate native and endemic invertebrates. It concluded that information gathered in this way was valuable in assessing the "cumulative effects of multiple invaders on the recipient community." [22] Earlier research had shown how the use of high-throughput DNA sequencing to analyse stomach content of faeces of Hymenoptera, was able to provide evidence that Polistes wasps fed on agricultural pests. The study concluded that this methodology is "readily applicable to other nest-building Hymenoptera and has the potential to provide comprehensive knowledge about their diet with minimum sampling effort...[and]...such knowledge is essential to measure the ecological impact of invasive Vespidae and support the conservation of native invertebrate biodiversity." [23]

Acknowledging mātauranga Māori in ecological research

In 2005, the Ministry of Research, Science and Technology (New Zealand) released Vision Mātauranga, a policy paper to "provide strategic direction for research of relevance to Māori...with a mission to 'unlock the innovation potential of Mäori knowledge, resources and people to assist New Zealanders to create a better future'." [24] Beggs was one academic who challenged the premise in the document that Performance Based Research Funding (PBRF) would provide good returns for Māori and in a paper she co-authored, identified problems resulting from this that "[would create] significant barriers to increasing the volume, scope and quality of environmental research for Māori." [25] In 2019, Beggs collaborated with two other academics to review the level of leadership and diversity in the New Zealand Ecology Society through tracking how often the Society's journal publications used terms such as 'Māori', 'culture' and 'mātauranga' to track the incorporation of indigenous views and mātauranga Māori into New Zealand ecological research. The conclusion was that at the time there were very few articles published by the organisation that reflected these aspects of research into biodiversity. [26] The subsequent volume of this Journal became a 'Mātauranga Māori special issue' with articles that acknowledged the importance of mātauranga Māori and kaupapa Māori in ecological research. [27]

For this edition, Beggs contributed to editorials that stressed the importance of the inclusion of mātauranga Māori in New Zealand ecological research while noting that there needed to be institutional and systemic support for scientific researchers to change practices and recognise the contribution it could make. [28] [29] She co-authored a further study for the issue that used narratives to explore how kaitiakitanga, as an example of managing the natural environment, could inform urban restoration projects by recognising and harnessing indigenous knowledge and values into New Zealand research policy. [30]

Public policy positions

Awards

In 2015, Beggs was awarded the Te Tohu Taiao award for ecological excellence from the New Zealand Ecological Society. [36]

Associations

Selected works

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Invasive species</span> Non-native organism causing damage to an established environment

An invasive or alien species is an introduced species to an environment that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment. Invasive species adversely affect habitats and bioregions, causing ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage. The term can also be used for native species that become harmful to their native environment after human alterations to its food web – for example, the purple sea urchin which has decimated kelp forests along the northern California coast due to overharvesting of its natural predator, the California sea otter. Since the 20th century, invasive species have become a serious economic, social, and environmental threat worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vespidae</span> Family of insects

The Vespidae are a large, diverse, cosmopolitan family of wasps, including nearly all the known eusocial wasps and many solitary wasps. Each social wasp colony includes a queen and a number of female workers with varying degrees of sterility relative to the queen. In temperate social species, colonies usually last only one year, dying at the onset of winter. New queens and males (drones) are produced towards the end of the summer, and after mating, the queens hibernate over winter in cracks or other sheltered locations. The nests of most species are constructed out of mud, but polistines and vespines use plant fibers, chewed to form a sort of paper. Many species are pollen vectors contributing to the pollination of several plants, being potential or even effective pollinators, while others are notable predators of pest insect species, and a few species are invasive pests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kererū</span> Species of pigeon native to New Zealand

The kererū or New Zealand pigeon is a species of pigeon native to New Zealand. Johann Friedrich Gmelin described the bird in 1789 as a large, conspicuous pigeon up to 50 cm (20 in) in length and 550–850 g (19–30 oz) in weight, with a white breast and iridescent green–blue plumage. Two subspecies have been recognised; the second—the Norfolk pigeon of Norfolk Island—became extinct in the early 20th century. Kererū pairs are monogamous, breeding over successive seasons and remaining together when not breeding. They construct nests with twigs in trees, with a single egg clutch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Invasive species in Australia</span>

Invasive species in Australia are a serious threat to the native biodiversity, and an ongoing cost to Australian agriculture. Numerous species arrived with European maritime exploration and colonisation of Australia and steadily since then.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Invasive species in New Zealand</span>

A number of introduced species, some of which have become invasive species, have been added to New Zealand's native flora and fauna. Both deliberate and accidental introductions have been made from the time of the first human settlement, with several waves of Polynesian people at some time before the year 1300, followed by Europeans after 1769.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research</span> New Zealand research institute

Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research is a New Zealand Crown Research Institute whose focus of research is the environment, biodiversity, and sustainability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Habitat destruction</span> Process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species

Habitat destruction is the process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species. The organisms that previously inhabited the site are displaced or dead, thereby reducing biodiversity and species abundance. Habitat destruction is the leading cause of biodiversity loss. Fragmentation and loss of habitat have become one of the most important topics of research in ecology as they are major threats to the survival of endangered species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Restoration ecology</span> Scientific study of renewing and restoring ecosystems

Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. It is distinct from conservation and preservation in that it is an "attempt to co-design nature with nonhuman collaborators." Ecological restoration can reverse biodiversity loss, combat climate change, and support local economies. The United Nations named 2021-2030 the Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beekeeping in New Zealand</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ocean Mercier</span> New Zealand academic

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dana Bergstrom</span> Australian ecologist

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anna Traveset</span> Spanish ecologist

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metabarcoding</span> Genetic technique for identifying organisms in mixed samples

Metabarcoding is the barcoding of DNA/RNA in a manner that allows for the simultaneous identification of many taxa within the same sample. The main difference between barcoding and metabarcoding is that metabarcoding does not focus on one specific organism, but instead aims to determine species composition within a sample.

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Mātauranga is a modern term for the traditional knowledge of the Māori people of New Zealand. Māori traditional knowledge is multi-disciplinary and holistic, and there is considerable overlap between concepts. It includes environmental stewardship and economic development, with the purpose of preserving Māori culture and improving the quality of life of the Māori people over time.

In July 2021, in the context of a review of the secondary school curriculum National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA), seven University of Auckland professors and emeriti professors published a letter titled "In Defence of Science" in the current affairs magazine New Zealand Listener, which generated considerable controversy for claiming indigenous knowledge "falls far short of what can be defined as science itself."

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References

  1. ↑ Komako. "Jacqueline Rae Beggs" (A bibliography of writing by Maori in English). komako.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  2. ↑ "Jacqueline Beggs". orchid. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  3. ↑ Barton, Kerry. Haere ra Jacqueline (Stowaways Newsletter: Number 3, October 2003). Landcare. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  4. ↑ "Entomological Society of America - Dr. Jacqueline Beggs - University of Auckland". Entomological Society of America. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  5. ↑ 2016 XXV International Congress of Entomology. "Dr. Jacqueline Beggs University of Auckland". orlando.org. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ "Professor Jacqueline Beggs - The University of Auckland". unidirectory.auckland.ac.nz. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  7. ↑ "Insects and forest ecosystems". Science Learning Hub. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  8. ↑ Irwin, Ben (17 December 2017). "Wasps destroying native insect population". Newshub. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  9. ↑ Bohny, Skara (17 December 2017). "Wasps are wiping out New Zealand's native bugs, experts believe". Stuff. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  10. 1 2 "Combating Invasive Wasps w/ Jacqueline Beggs: February 19th, 2021" (Interview on Radio 95bFM). 95bFM. 19 February 2021. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  11. ↑ Barr, Kirsty; et al. (January 1996). "Impacts of introduced common wasps (Vespula vulgaris) on experimentally placed mealworms in a New Zealand beech forest". Oecologia. 105 (2): 266–270. Bibcode:1996Oecol.105..266B. doi:10.1007/BF00328556. PMID   28307092. S2CID   13531867.
  12. ↑ Beggs, Jacqueline R.; Wilson, Peter R. (1991). "The kaka Nestor meridionalis, a New Zealand parrot endangered by introduced wasps and mammals". Biological Conservation. 56 (1): 23–38. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90086-O.
  13. 1 2 Beggs, Jacqueline R.; et al. (2011). "Ecological effects and management of invasive alien Vespidae". Journal of the International Organization for Biological Control. Springer. 56 (4): 505–526. doi:10.1007/s10526-011-9389-z. ISSN   1386-6141. S2CID   6165865.
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  17. ↑ Schmack, Julia; et al. "Managing Invasive Social Wasps on Offshore Islands in New Zealand" (Project notes). Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  18. ↑ Schmack, Julia M.; Schleuning, Mattias; Ward, Darren; Beggs, Jacqueline (April 2020). "Biogeography and anthropogenic impact shape the success of invasive wasps on New Zealand's offshore islands". Diversity and Distributions. 26 (1): 441–452. doi: 10.1111/ddi.13021 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2022.
  19. ↑ "Invasive wasps share resources on offshore island". University of Auckland. 18 March 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  20. ↑ Stavert, Jamie R.; et al. (2016). "Hairiness: the missing link between pollinators and pollination". PeerJ. 4:e2779: e2779. doi: 10.7717/peerj.2779 . PMC   5180583 . PMID   28028464.
  21. ↑ Stavert, Jamie R.; et al. (22 January 2018). "Exotic flies maintain pollination services as native pollinators decline with agricultural expansion". Journal of Applied Ecology. 55 (4): 1737–1746. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13103 . S2CID   90918320.
  22. ↑ Schmack, Julia Marion; et al. (17 March 2021). "DNA metabarcoding of prey reveals spatial, temporal and diet partitioning of an island ecosystem by four invasive wasps" (PDF). Journal of Applied Ecology. 58 (6): 1199–1211. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13856. S2CID   233701612.
  23. ↑ Lefort, Marie-Caroline; Beggs, Jacqueline; et al. (13 November 2020). "A molecular approach to study Hymenoptera diets using wasp nests". Neobiota. 63: 57–79. doi: 10.3897/neobiota.63.58640 . hdl: 10652/5407 . S2CID   228885694. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  24. ↑ Vision Mätauranga Unlocking the Innovation Potential of Mäori Knowledge, Resources and People (PDF). NZ Government. March 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  25. ↑ Roa, Tom; et al. (4 December 2009). "New Zealand's Performance Based Research Funding(PBRF) model undermines Maori research". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 39 (4): 233. Bibcode:2009JRSNZ..39..233R. doi: 10.1080/03014220909510587 . hdl: 10289/3461 . S2CID   129383247 . Retrieved 22 June 2021.
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  29. ↑ McAllister, Tara G.; Beggs, Jacqueline R.; et al. (2019). "Kua takoto te mānuka: mātauranga Māori in New Zealand ecology" (Published online 4 February 2020). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 43 (3). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
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  47. ↑ Harris, R.J.; Read, P.E.C (June 1991). Enhanced biological control of wasps (Science for Conservation presents the results of investigations by DOC staff, and by contracted science providers outside the Department of Conservation. This publication originated from work done under Department of Conservation Investigation no. 2081). Department of Conservation P.O. Box 10-420 Wellington, New Zealand. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
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