Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo Mixed Wildlife Refuge

Last updated
Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo Mixed Wildlife Refuge
Refugio de Vida Silvestre Mixto Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)
Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo Mixed Wildlife Refuge
Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo Mixed Wildlife Refuge area.
Location Talamanca, Limón, Costa Rica
Nearest city Bribri, Talamanca
Coordinates 9°36′14″N82°38′31″W / 9.604°N 82.642°W / 9.604; -82.642
Area45.66 square kilometres (17.63 sq mi) (terrestrial), 59.23 square kilometres (22.87 sq mi) (marine)
Established29 October 1986
Governing body National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC)
Costa Rica relief location map.jpg
Red pog.svg
class=notpageimage|
Location in Costa Rica
Official nameGandoca–Manzanillo
Designated11 December 1995
Reference no.783 [1]

Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo Mixed Wildlife Refuge (Spanish : Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo), is a protected area in Costa Rica, managed under the Caribbean La Amistad Conservation Area, it was created in 1986 by decree. It protects both a land portion as well as a marine portion. In 2013 the refuge was renamed to honour the murdered environmentalist Jairo Mora Sandoval. In 2014 land along the coast containing a number of small towns was removed from the refuge, due to complaints from the local residents about evictions and destruction of property due to strict building codes. It is one of only two places in Costa Rica where manatees still occur. It is located in a coastal beach region, fronted by coral reefs and clothed in tropical forest, with 1950-3000mm yearly precipitation.

Contents

The Gandoca-Manzanillo Ramsar site is located in this refuge.

Location

Located in the Talamanca canton, the Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo Mixed Wildlife Refuge is found at the southernmost Atlantic coast of Costa Rica, next to the border with Panama. It has two entrances, the first and main access is at the village of Manzanillo which provides services to this area and is the terminus of Route 256, which has a junction with Route 36, which starts in Limón district. [2]

Route 256 runs along the coastline, and the end of it is almost completely encircled by the refuge -the marine part of the refuge includes the sea, and further inland west of the road is the land part of the refuge. It ends at the small town of Manzanillo, which likewise forms a salient almost completely encircled by the refuge. [3] This area includes hotels, rental homes, mini boutique resorts, restaurants, bakeries and beach bars, as well as a few public beaches at the villages of Punta Cocles, Playa Chiquita and Punta Uva. [3] [4] These villages were formerly part of the park, but were removed from the refuge to allow for local development. [5]

The second access is near the small town of Gandoca, which can be accessed from Route 36 near the border crossing with Panama over the Sixaola River. [2]

There are at least three small villages or populated areas within the refuge: Punta Mona and Mile Creek along the coast, and Finca Buena Fe along the Sixaola River. [3] The Gandoca-Manzanillo Ramsar site is located in this refuge. [1] There is a macaw rehabilitation centre and a Jaguar Rescue Center abutting the refuge near Route 256. [6] Further inland to the west from the town of Gandoca lies a Bribri reservation, [4] Kéköldi.

The larger area around the refuge is largely devoted to banana and plantain cultivation, both conventional plantations and mixed subsistence plots. [7]

History

northern tamandua anteater (Tamandua mexicana) in the Gandoca-Manzanillo Wildlife Refuge Northern Tamandua Anteater (Tamandua mexicana) in Costa Rica.JPG
northern tamandua anteater ( Tamandua mexicana ) in the Gandoca-Manzanillo Wildlife Refuge

The territory was originally inhabited by the Bribri people.

During the 1700s, Afro-descendant fishermen from the English colonies seasonally migrated up and down the Caribbean coast to hunt for sea turtles. In 1828 one of these fishermen brought his family up to Cahuita Point (now Cahuita National Park) and in the following years the coast was subsequently settled by other families. [5] Some historians allege that when in the early 20th century the US United Fruit Company moved into the country to begin banana plantations in the area, they murdered Bribri leaders and violently forced them off their land, causing them to flee away from the lowlands into the mountains. [7] Other historians say Bribri and Cabécar moved to the area in the 1920s, working as day-labourers on cocoa farms along the coast, eventually settling and establishing their own farms. As measles and other diseases struck the Cordillera de Talamanca in the 1930s, more people moved to the coastal region. [8]

The refuge was created in 1986 by national decree 16614-MAG. [3] [9] When it was created, the reserve originally included numerous small fishing villages along the coast inhabited by a population of the English-speaking Afro-Caribbean minority. The region never saw the historical development as elsewhere in Costa Rica, and flimsy bridges along dirt roads kept the capital city far away during much of the 20th century, which helped preserve the culture and nature. [5]

The 1992 novel The Madwoman of Gandoca (Spanish : La Loca de Gandoca), by Anacristina Rossi depicts the fights and efforts to create the refuge from an autobiographical point of view, as there were opposite private and government efforts to develop the area as a travel resort, [10] the book was required reading at high school (secondary level) in Costa Rica. [11]

On 2 September 2013 the refuge was renamed from the 'Gandoca-Manzanillo National Wildlife Refuge' to the present name, to honour the murdered environmentalist Jairo Mora Sandoval. [12] The formal posthumous homage ceremony was held in the refuge on 26 April 2014. [13]

Having their lands declared a nature reserve subjected the community which found itself inhabiting the refuge to strict and onerous building codes as well as Costa Rica's Maritime Law, and numerous houses or local businesses were notified of impending evictions and subsequent demolitions of their properties in the early 2010s, leading to resentment towards the refuge and complaints of greenwashing racism. [5] [14] In 2014 the Costa Rican legislature adopted Law 9223, Recognition of the Rights of Inhabitants of the South Caribbean, by which 900 acres of land along the coast were removed from the refuge in order to rectify this situation. [5]

Importance

In the early 1990s, the refuge was said to be economically important to local inhabitants for its fishing grounds, as fishing was a main source of revenue. [1]

Flora and habitats

sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) in the Gandoca-Manzanillo Wildlife Refuge Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pudica) in Costa Rica.JPG
sensitive plant ( Mimosa pudica ) in the Gandoca-Manzanillo Wildlife Refuge

The refuge protects mangroves, estuaries, seagrass, inundated forests, coral reefs, sea turtle nesting. [2] The palm Raphia taedigera , locally known as yolillo, and the trees Campnosperma panamensis (orey) and Prioria copaifera (cativo) are particularly common. [1]

There are some mangroves are present, [1] primarily in a wide channel in the mouth of the Río Gandoca near the village of Gandoca, where there are some 250ha. dominated by Rhizophora mangle . There are a number of other small patches up and down the coast, many in the process of enlargement. [15]

The beaches along this coast of Costa Rica are completely covered in seawater up to the treeline twice a day at high tide. [4] Much of the coastline suffers from coastal erosion, knocking over trees as the soil below their roots is eaten away. Common trees here are coconut and sea grape. Morinda citrifolia and Terminalia catappa , known locally as almendro de playa, are introduced species from Asia which have also become common, many of these almendros have grown into large-sized individuals. [15]

Yolillo is found in extensive palm brakes known locally as yolillales, where it is the dominant plant. This type of habitat forms on flat lowlands which are inundated by floodwaters for much of the year. Another palm species associated with these yolillo palms is the smaller Astrocaryum alatum (coquito). Other species occurring in these swamps are orey, cativo, Pterocarpus officinalis (sangrillo) and Carapa nicaraguensis (caobilla). [15]

A special forest ecosystem of some 400ha. occurs between Punta Mona and Middle Creek called cativales or cativera, which is named after the dominant tree here, cativo. This occurs in a flat, lowland area where the water level and the frequency of flooding are the greatest. The forest is somewhat open and the trees are short, allowing for a diverse composition of plant species, and enough light to reach the forest floor to allow an understory to develop consisting primarily of dwarf palms. [15]

An open herbaceous grassland swamp also occurs here, spreading over an area of 600ha. Besides grasses and floating vegetation, other common species are the trees Mimosa pigra (uña de gato) and Dalbergia brownei (varilla negra). [15]

Fauna

a red-tailed squirrel, Sciurus granatensis, in the refuge Sciurus granatensis.jpg
a red-tailed squirrel, Sciurus granatensis , in the refuge

Several animals inhabit the refuge, among them: [15] [16]

The refuge includes Crassostrea rhizophorae , the 'mangrove cupped oyster', these are the only known natural banks found in a coastline reef area. [2]

Three species of dolphin are known in the area. The Caribbean Sea hosts the common bottlenose dolphin and the Atlantic spotted dolphin. The freshwater Guiana dolphin, locally known as tucuxi, was only recently discovered to occur here. [17] Gandoca-Manzanillo is one of only two places in the country where manatees still occur. [15] In former times they were hunted, using a special technique, for their meat. [18]

The leatherback turtle, green turtle and hawksbill turtle all lay eggs at beaches within the refuge. [16]

An attempt has been made to reintroduce captive-bred great green macaws to the refuge, with 60 birds released as of 2019. [19] These macaws live in artificial nesting barrels hung from trees. [20]

Tourism

Access to the refuge is free. [2] [4] It is open from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. There are latrines, drinking water, a picnic area, parking areas, local guides and visitor assistance available. There are restaurants, and hotels and cabins for accommodation, located outside the refuge. There are paved and gravel access roads. [2]

Swimming with dolphins was a popular activity among tourists here, but Costa Rican law banned the practice in 2006 for the sake of the animals' health. [17]

Lionfish, Pterois miles and P. volitans, are an invasive species of fish in the seas off the eastern coast of the country since 2009. The introduction to the environment appears to have displaced the native population of spiny lobsters, previously one of the most important commercial catch species in the area. Despite having poisonous spines, it is quite tasty. The local Southern Caribbean Artisanal Fishermen Association has organised an annual snorkelling and harpooning competition since 2012. It is also caught in (modified, or not) lobster pots. The fish have begun to become popular dishes in local restaurants. [21]

Management

The refuge is managed by the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), a government agency, and is geographically categorised as within the greater Caribbean La Amistad Conservation Area. [3] [9]

Related Research Articles

Maquenque Wildlife Refuge, is a protected area in Costa Rica, managed under the Arenal Huetar Norte Conservation Area, it was created in 2005 by decree 32405-MINAE.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great green macaw</span> Species of bird

The great green macaw, also known as Buffon's macaw or the great military macaw, is a critically endangered Central and South America parrot found in Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia and Ecuador. Two allopatric subspecies are recognized; the nominate subspecies, Ara ambiguus ssp. ambiguus, occurs from Honduras to Colombia, while Ara ambiguus ssp. guayaquilensis appears to be endemic to remnants of dry forests on the southern Pacific coast of Ecuador. The nominate subspecies lives in the canopy of wet tropical forests and in Costa Rica is usually associated with the almendro tree, Dipteryx oleifera.

Ostional Mixed Wildlife Refuge, is an 85.7 km2 (33.1 sq mi) Wildlife refuge of Costa Rica, part of the Tempisque Conservation Area, was originally declared a protected area in 1982, and its status has been changed several times since then, including covering a larger area both on land and out to sea. It was created to protect important nesting beaches of the Olive ridley sea turtle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caribbean La Amistad Conservation Area</span> Conservation area in Costa Rica

Caribbean La Amistad Conservation Area is an administrative area which is managed by SINAC for the purposes of conservation in the eastern part of Costa Rica, on the Caribbean coast. It contains several national parks, and a number wildlife refuges and other types of nature reserve.

Talamanca is a canton in the Limón province of Costa Rica. The head city is Bribri, located in Bratsi district.

Formed in December 1999, Acción de Lucha Anti-Petrola (ADELA) is a Costa Rican grassroots environmental group created to oppose offshore oil exploration and drilling. Translated into English as "Anti-Petroleum Action," ADELA is named after a local indigenous woman who was "struggling to defend her culture and local environment against outside forces." ADELA initially consisted of 30 local citizen's groups ranging from farmers' organizations and the fisherman's union, to religious groups, small business owners, and marine biologists. ADELA now comprises over 100 local citizens' organizations. The various groups came together to form ADELA after becoming aware of the negative environmental impact of seismic reflection explorations being conducted by Harken Costa Rica Holdings in November 1999.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puerto Viejo de Talamanca</span> Town in Limón, Costa Rica

Puerto Viejo de Talamanca is a coastal town in Talamanca in Limón Province in southeastern Costa Rica, known simply as Puerto Viejo to locals. The town was originally called Old Harbour until the Costa Rican government institutionalized Spanish as the national language and changed the names of the towns and landmarks in the area from English to Spanish or Native American. Fields became Bri Bri. Bluff became Cahuita. There is another town commonly known as Puerto Viejo in northeastern Costa Rica, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí, which can confuse visitors. Buses leaving the same San José station for either of the Puerto Viejos display the same destination, "Puerto Viejo".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cahuita</span> District in Limón province, Costa Rica

Cahuita is a district of the Talamanca canton, in the Limón province of Costa Rica. It is located on the Caribbean coast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Ara Project</span> Zoo in Guanacaste, Costa Rica

The Ara Project was an NGO and former zoo run by a retired United States expatriate couple that existed in from the 1980s to 2008 as a private zoo under the name Amigos de las Aves. It was re-branded from 2009 to 2018 as "The Ara Project" with the goal of conserving the two native macaw species of Costa Rica: the great green macaw, known locally as lapa verde, and the scarlet macaw, known locally as lapa roja. It has since re-branded again.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Death of Jairo Mora Sandoval</span> Costa Rican environmentalist

Jairo Mora Sandoval was a Costa Rican environmentalist who was murdered while attempting to protect leatherback turtle nests. Just before midnight on May 30, 2013, Mora and four female volunteers were abducted by a group of masked men. The women eventually escaped and informed the police. Mora's bound and beaten body was found on the beach the next morning. An autopsy determined he died by asphyxiation after suffering a blow to the head.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anacristina Rossi</span> Costa Rican writer

Anacristina Rossi is a Costa Rican writer.

Caletas-Ario Mixed Wildlife Refuge, is a protected area in Costa Rica, managed under the Tempisque Conservation Area, it was created in 2006 by decree 33232-MINAE.

Golfito Mixed Wildlife Refuge, is a protected area in Costa Rica, managed under the Osa Conservation Area, it was created in 1986 by decree 16912-MAG.

Osa Mixed Wildlife Refuge, is a protected area in Costa Rica, managed under the Osa Conservation Area, it was created in 1999 by decree 27922-MINAE.

Preciosa-Platanares Mixed Wildlife Refuge, is a protected area in Costa Rica, managed under the Osa Conservation Area, it was created in 1998 by decree 26825-MINAE.

Quillotro Mixed Wildlife Refuge, is a protected area in Costa Rica, managed under the Osa Conservation Area, it was created in 1999 by decree 27923-MINAE.

Rancho La Merced Mixed Wildlife Refuge, is a protected area in Costa Rica, managed under the Osa Conservation Area, it was created in 1995 by decree 24638-MIRENEM.

La Ensenada Mixed Wildlife Refuge, is a protected area in Costa Rica, managed under the Central Pacific Conservation Area, it was created in 1998 by decree 27211-MINAE.

Portalón Mixed Wildlife Refuge, is a protected area in Costa Rica, managed under the Central Pacific Conservation Area, it was created in 1996 by decree 25139-MINAE.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bocas del Toro–San Bastimentos Island–San Blas mangroves</span>

The Bocas del Toro-San Bastimentos Island-San Blas mangroves ecoregion covers the mangrove habitats along the Caribbean Sea coast of Costa Rica and across the northern coast of Panama. An offshore reef and barrier islands of the region help protect the mangroves from destructive waves. The ecoregion has a high number of endangered and threatened species, including the loggerhead sea turtle, green sea turtle, and hawk's bill sea turtle.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Gandoca–Manzanillo". Ramsar Sites Information Service. 12 November 1995. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Gandoca-Manzanillo-Natural-Wildlife-Refuge" . Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Refugio de Vida Silvestre Mixto Gandoca-Manzanillo Map". SINAC. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Ray & Sue. "Gandoca Manzanillo Wildlife Refuge". Costa Rica Guide. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Clark, Adam Cernea (6 December 2017). "Greenwashing Away Minority Land Rights in Costa Rica". Huffington Post. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  6. 1 2 Lerum, Hazelle (28 January 2020). "The Big Release - Ara Manzanillo". Association El Proyecto Ara. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  7. 1 2 Deutsch, Nathan; Boe, Kaia; Davidson-Hunt, I.J.; Idrobo, C.J.; Joolia, Ackbar; Porras, Nazareth; Rodrigues, Mariana; Smith, Kevin; Suich, Helen; Sylvester, Olivia (2016). The Sixaola river basin, Costa Rica / Panama: People in nature interdisciplinary situation analysis (PDF) (Report). IUCN and CEESP. pp. 9, 10. People in nature Working Paper no. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  8. ↑ Palmer, Paula; Sánchez, Juanita; Mayorga, Gloria (1993). Taking care of Sibö's gifts : an environmental treatise from Costa Rica's KéköLdi Indigenous Reserve (2nd ed.). San José, Costa Rica: Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena Cocles/KéköLdi. p. 57. ISBN   9977880190. OCLC   30936235.
  9. 1 2 "Refugio de Vida Silvestre Mixto Gandoca-Manzanillo". Protected Planet. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  10. ↑ Rossi, Anacristina (2006). La Loca de Gandoca. ISBN   9780773456372.
  11. ↑ "Programa: I y II Ciclo de la Educación General Básica Abierta (Alcance Nº 33 a La Gaceta Nº 240)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Imprenta Nacional. 10 December 2010: 31. Retrieved 18 May 2021.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ↑ "Gandoca-Manzanillo Refuge renamed to honor slain Costa Rica conservationist". The Tico Times. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  13. ↑ Quesada, Jéssica (26 April 2014). "Refugio Silvestre Gandoca Manzanillo llevará el nombre de Jairo Mora". Telenoticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  14. ↑ "Demolition Orders Issued for Nine Buildings Deemed in Violation of Maritime Zone". Puerto Viejo Satellite. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "ontrato de Realización de los Diseños del Proyecto Específico de Senderización y Aprovechamiento Turístico Sostenible con Participación Comunitaria en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca – Manzanillo" (PDF) (in Spanish). INBio. May 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-15. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
  16. 1 2 Jordan, Sarah (July 31, 2021). "A Guide To Costa Rica's Gandoca-Manzanillo National Refuge". Tico Times. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  17. 1 2 Michelle (11 November 2021). "The Dolphins of Costa Rica". Southern Explorations. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  18. ↑ "The plight of the Costa Rican manatee". The Tico Times. Limón. 21 July 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  19. ↑ "Ara Manzanillo – Macaw Reintroduction Project". Association El Proyecto Ara. 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  20. ↑ Carmen (28 January 2020). "My experience as an Ara Manzanillo Volunteer". Association El Proyecto Ara. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  21. ↑ "The lionfish hunters". The Tico Times. Manzanillo, Limón. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.