James R. Carey | |
---|---|
Occupation(s) | Entomologist, biodemographer, author and academic |
Title | Distinguished Professor of Entomology, University of California, Davis Senior Scholar, Center for the Economics and Demography of Aging, University of California, Berkeley |
Academic background | |
Education | Iowa State University (BS, 1973; MS, 1975) University of California, Berkeley (PhD, 1980) |
Doctoral advisor | Robert van den Bosch Carl Huffaker Harold Gordon |
Academic work | |
Discipline | Biodemography |
Notable works | Carey's Equality (Stationary population identity) Biodemography:An Introduction to Concepts and Methods (Princeton University Press,2020) |
James R. Carey is an entomologist,biodemographer,author and academic. He is Distinguished Professor of Entomology at the University of California,Davis and Senior Scholar in the Center for the Economics and Demography of Aging (CEDA) at UC Berkeley. [1]
Carey is most known for his research on biodemography and fruit fly invasion biology. The Stanford University and Elsevier Press ranking system for scientists that lists most-cited authors in 2021-22 listed him in the top 2% of most cited entomologists worldwide. [2] He has demographer-named mathematical discovery,known as the Carey Equality,which equates years lived and years left in replacement populations. [3] He is a co-author of the book Biodemography:An Introduction to Concepts and Methods with Deborah A. Roach,and Longevity Records:Life Spans of Mammals,Birds,Amphibians and Reptiles with Debra S. Judge as well as the author of other books,including Applied Demography for Biologists,and Longevity:The Biology and Demography of Life Span,along with over 200 journal articles and book chapters. He is the recipient of C. W. Woodworth Award, [4] Distinguished Service Award, [5] and Distinguished Teaching Award [6] from the UC Davis Academic Senate,and Two Distinguished Teaching Awards from the Entomological Society of America. [7]
Carey is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS),Gerontological Society of America (GSA),California Academy of Science (CAS),and the Entomological Society of America (ESA). [8] He serves as a Co-designer and Adviser for the Cameroon-based NGO Agriculture for Africa. [9]
Carey earned his Bachelor of Science in Fisheries and Wildlife Biology from Iowa State University in 1973,followed by a Master of Science in entomology in 1975. He pursued his Ph.D. in entomology at the University of California,Berkeley,completing the program in 1980 [10] under the mentorship of Robert van den Bosch and Carl Huffacker. During the 1978 academic year,he was a visiting Ph.D. student at Harvard University,working in the laboratories of population biologists Richard Lewontin and Richard Levins. [11]
After joining the University of California,Davis as an assistant professor in 1980,Carey was promoted to associate professor in 1987 and then to Professor in 1992. From 1989 to 2005,he served as the Principal Investigator for the NIH/NIA Duke-based project,Oldest Old Mortality. [12] Additionally,from 2003 to 2013,he held the position of Program Director for the NIH/NIA Aging in the Wild project. [4]
Additionally,he has been a Senior Scholar at the Center on the Economics and Demography of Aging at the University of California,Berkeley,since 1996,and Distinguished Professor of Entomology at the University of California since 2014. [13]
Carey has conducted research on insect demography,mortality dynamics,insect invasion biology,and biodemography. [2]
In the early 1990s,Carey shifted from insect ecology to biodemography,completing a demography-based PhD,teaching insect demography,and authoring a book on biological demography,Applied Demography for Biologists with special emphasis on insects. This 1993 book was the first to apply demographic tools to a nonhuman species,covering standard techniques,and addressing unique demographic problems. A review in the European Journal of Entomology praised its comprehensive coverage, [14] and William J. Cromartie,reviewing for The Quarterly Review of Biology,underscored that,"This book treats demography more completely than any general ecology or population biology volume." He also added,"Carey introduces a range of demographic literature not included in most intermediate and advanced textbooks on ecology and entomology." [15]
Carey integrated biology with human demography. He is the lead author of the book Biodemography:An Introduction to Concepts and Methods,with Deborah Roach,published in 2020. This book has covered baseline models,biodemographic applications,and drawn from diverse species' datasets. [11] A review published in Trends in Ecology and Evolution lauded him and Roach for delivering an excellent introduction to the concepts and methods that underpin biodemography. [16]
Carey also produced a video guidebook on UC Berkeley's Population Sciences website,comprising 175 presentations covering the entire textbook. This resource integrated biology,mathematics,and demography,covering life tables,applied demography,and visualization strategies. [17]
Carey's highly cited paper on "slowing of mortality at older ages," has centered around his discovery that mortality slows at advanced ages. [18] The UC Davis College of Agriculture and Environmental Science acknowledged this as one of the "100 Ways in Which Our College Has Shaped the World." [4] In a 1998 collaborative work,he explored increased old-age survival,investigated extended postreproductive life,and suggested studying death rate correlation and fertility-longevity interactions,noting nongenetic factors in longer human life-spans without explicitly mentioning "Biodemographic Trajectories." [19]
While attempting to develop a method for estimating the age structure of insect populations by monitoring the remaining lifespans of randomly capture fruit flies of unknown ages,Carey discovered a mathematical relationship in a life table population to which the mathematical demographer James Vaupel,assigned the eponym Carey's Equality. [20] [21] In his 2013 inaugural address to the Evolutionary Demography Society,Vaupel expressed that Carey's Equality is one of the most remarkable discoveries related to life tables. This relationship,now more generally known as the Stationary Population Identity (SPI),equates two distributions in closed,replacement populations:the distributions of age and of remaining lifespans. [22] The model states:"In closed stationary populations with fixed birth and death rates the fraction of individuals age x equals the fraction of individuals with x years yet to live". For example,if 15% of a population are 65 years and older,then the SPI model shows that exactly 15% of this population have 65 or more years remaining to live. The reciprocity of life lived and left establishes the identity—i.e.,each value can be derived from the other. From the perspective of estimating age structure in wild populations,this means that,hypothetically due to the requirement of population stationarity,a populations age structure can be estimated from only the remaining life distribution of individuals captured in the wild without knowing the age of any. [23]
Carey has made contributions to the field of arthropod demography,and published the world's largest compendium of documented vertebrate life spans,titled Longevity Records:Life Spans of Mammals,Birds,Amphibians and Reptiles covering 3000+ species and noting wild or captive status across mammals,birds,reptiles,amphibians,and fish. [24]
Carey has also researched the demography and invasion biology of tephritid fruit flies. In particular,his work in invasion biology focused on researching and advocating for California's invasive pests—the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (medfly) and the Light Brown Apple Moth (LBAM). For these efforts,he received the UC Davis Academic Senate Distinguished Scholarly Public Service Award. [5] His analysis of the medfly infestation has been covered in newspapers including The Miami Herald, [25] Los Angeles Times, [26] [27] and New York Times. [28]
Carey has conducted research on the threats posed by invasive species to California's agricultural industry. His research has shown that these pests resist eradication,persisting and spreading despite over 30 years of intervention and nearly 300 state programs. [29] In 1989,as part of the state's Medfly Science Advisory Panel,he testified to the California State Assembly that the medfly was established,and eradication would be extraordinarily difficult. [30]
Concerns about the nature of the invasion prompted him to write in a paper for Science [31] on medfly establishment. [32] This 1991 work generated discussions within the entomological community on eradication definitions,subdetectable levels of invasive pests,and the necessity for a paradigm shift in invasion biology of economically and medically significant arthropod pests. [13] The coverage by New York Times' Retro Reports in 2014 highlighted his role,leading to the cancellation of the state's aerial Malathion spraying. [33] [28]
Alongside Bruce Hammock and Frank Zalom,he wrote to the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture,disputing a proposed method's validity and asserting that LBAM is not a significant pest. In 2022,he lead-authored a paper highly critical of the decision makers in the LBAM program that was titled:Failure by design:Lessons from the recently rescinded light brown apple moth eradication program in California. [34]
In a 2013 publication,Carey and his colleagues disclosed that at least five,potentially up to nine,fruit fly species of 17 studied are permanently established in California and likely cannot be eradicated. [35] Presenting these findings to international fruit fly entomologists in Crete,his subsequent paper, [36] published in October 2013 in the journal American Entomologist,has remained significant. Science magazine covered his key role in medfly and LBAM science policy at UC Davis. [37]
•Carey,J. R. 1991. Establishment of the Mediterranean fruit fly in California. Science,253,1369-1373. •Carey,J. R.,Liedo,P.,Orozco,D.,&Vaupel,J. W. (1992). Slowing of mortality rates at older ages in large medfly cohorts. Science,258(5081),457-461. •Carey,J. R.,Liedo,P.,Müller,H. G.,Wang,J. L.,&Vaupel,J. W. (1998). Dual modes of aging in Mediterranean fruit fly females. Science,281(5379),996-998. •Carey,J. R.,Papadopoulos,N. T.,Müller,H. G.,Katsoyannos,B. I.,Kouloussis,N. A.,Wang,J. L.,... &Liedo,P. (2008). Age structure changes and extraordinary lifespan in wild medfly populations. Aging Cell,7(3),426-437. •Carey,J. R.,Silverman,S.,&Rao,A. S. S. (2018). The life table population identity:discovery,formulations,proof,extensions,and applications. In Handbook of statistics,39,155-186. •Carey,J. R.,&Judge,D. S. (2001). Life span extension in humans is self‐reinforcing:a general theory of longevity. Population and Development Review,27(3),411-436. •Carey,J. R. (2003). Life span:a conceptual overview. Population and Development Review,29,1-18. •Vaupel,J. W.,Carey,J. R.,Christensen,K.,Johnson,T. E.,Yashin,A. I.,Holm,N. V.,... &Curtsinger,J. W. (1998). Biodemographic trajectories of longevity. Science,280(5365),855-860. •Carey,J. R. (2001). Insect biodemography. Annual review of entomology,46(1),79-110. •Roach,D. A.,&Carey,J. R. (2014). Population biology of aging in the wild. Annual review of ecology,evolution,and systematics,45,421-443. •Carey,J. R.,Eriksen,B. &Rao,A. S. R. S. 2024. Government as population:Demographic perspectives on the U.S. Judiciary,Legislature and Presidency. In:RAO,A. S. R. S. (ed.) Handbook of Statistics:Long term data modelling. -:Elsevier LTC.
Maximum life span is a measure of the maximum amount of time one or more members of a population have been observed to survive between birth and death. The term can also denote an estimate of the maximum amount of time that a member of a given species could survive between birth and death,provided circumstances that are optimal to that member's longevity.
The USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology is one of the seventeen academic divisions of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles,focusing on undergraduate and graduate programs in gerontology.
The light brown apple moth is a leafroller moth belonging to the lepidopteran family Tortricidae.
Biodemography is a multidisciplinary approach,integrating biological knowledge with demographic research on human longevity and survival. Biodemographic studies are important for understanding the driving forces of the current longevity revolution,forecasting the future of human longevity,and identification of new strategies for further increase in healthy and productive life span.
Ceratitis capitata,commonly known as the Mediterranean fruit fly or medfly,is a yellow-and-brown fly native to sub-Saharan Africa. It has no near relatives in the Western Hemisphere and is considered to be one of the most destructive fruit pests in the world. There have been occasional medfly infestations in California,Florida,and Texas that require extensive eradication efforts to prevent the fly from establishing itself in the United States.
Aonidiella aurantii or red scale is an armored scale insect and a major pest of citrus. It is thought to be a native of South China but has been widely dispersed by the agency of man through the movement of infected plant material. In the United States it is known as California red scale. It was first found in California between 1868 and 1875,apparently brought there on planting material imported from Australia.
Biodemography is the science dealing with the integration of biological theory and demography.
Bactrocera dorsalis,previously known as Dacus dorsalis and commonly referred to as the oriental fruit fly,is a species of tephritid fruit fly that is endemic to Southeast Asia. It is one of the major pest species in the genus Bactrocera with a broad host range of cultivated and wild fruits. Male B. dorsalis respond strongly to methyl eugenol,which is used to monitor and estimate populations,as well as to annihilate males as a form of pest control. They are also important pollinators and visitors of wild orchids,Bulbophyllum cheiri and Bulbophyllum vinaceum in Southeast Asia,which lure the flies using methyl eugenol.
James W. Vaupel was an American scientist in the fields of aging research,biodemography,and formal demography. He was instrumental in developing and advancing the idea of the plasticity of longevity,and pioneered research on the heterogeneity of mortality risks and on the deceleration of death rates at the highest ages.
Scirtothrips dorsalis,the chilli thrips or yellow tea thrips,is an extremely successful invasive species of pest-thrips which has expanded rapidly from Asia over the last twenty years,and is gradually achieving a global distribution. It has most recently been reported in St. Vincent (2004) Florida (2005),Texas (2006),and Puerto Rico (2007). It is a pest of economic significance with a broad host range,with prominent pest reports on crops including pepper,eggplant,mango,citrus,strawberry,grapes,cotton,tea,peanuts,blueberry,and roses. Chilli thrips appear to feed preferentially on new growth,and infested plants usually develop characteristic wrinkled leaves,with distinctive brown scarring along the veins of leaves,the buds of flowers,and the calyx of fruit. Feeding damage can reduce the sale value of crops produced,and in sufficient numbers,kill plants already aggravated by environmental stress. This thrips has also been implicated in the transmission of three tospoviruses,but there is some controversy over its efficiency as a vector.
Anastrepha ludens,the Mexican fruit fly or Mexfly,is a species of fly of the Anastrepha genus in the Tephritidae family. It is closely related to the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa,and the papaya fruit fly Anastrepha curvicauda.
Lynn Kimsey is an entomologist,taxonomist,director of the Bohart Museum of Entomology and professor of entomology at the University of California,Davis since 1989. Her specialties are bees and wasps;and insect diversity and evolution.
In 1989,a sudden invasion of Mediterranean fruit flies appeared in California and began devastating crops. Scientists were puzzled and said that the sudden appearance of the insects "defies logic",and some speculated "biological terrorists" were responsible. Analysis suggested that an outside hand played a role in the dense infestation.
Robert E. Page Jr. is one of the foremost honey bee geneticists in the world and a Foundation Chair of Life Sciences of Arizona State University. An author of more than 250 research papers and articles,his work on the self-organizing regulatory networks of honey bees has been outlined in his book,"The Spirit of the Hive:The Mechanisms of Social Evolution," published by Harvard University Press in 2013. Page currently holds the titles of Arizona State University Provost Emeritus and Regents Professor Emeritus. He is also chair and professor emeritus at the University of California-Davis and an external professor at the Santa Fe Institute.
The Human Mortality Database (HMD) is a joint initiative of the Department of Demographics at the University of California,Berkeley in the United States and the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research in Rostock,Germany that provides detailed mortality and population data to researchers,students,journalists,policy analysts,and others interested in the history of human longevity. The key people involved are John R. Wilmoth (Director) from the University of California,Berkeley,Vladimir Shkolnikov (Co-Director) from Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research,and Magali Barbieri from the University of California,Berkeley,and INED,Paris.
Walter Soares Leal is a Brazilian biochemist and entomologist who is known for identifying pheromones and mosquito attractants,and elucidating a mechanism of action of the insect repellent DEET.
Mary Foley Benson was an American scientific illustrator and fine artist. She specialized in detailed,realistic watercolor paintings of plants and insects.
Dr. Bruce Hammock is an American entomologist,chemist and toxicologist. He is known for his research regarding improving pest control agents,monitoring and determining the human and environmental health effects of pesticides and in medicine work on the inflammation resolving branch of the arachidonate cascade leading to a drug candidate to treat pain and inflammatory disease. Additionally,he made many advances in U.S. agriculture which led to him receiving the Frasch and Spencer Awards of the ACS and the Alexander von Humboldt Award in Agriculture. His early work tested the basic hypothesis in both insects and mammals that regulation of chemical mediators could be as much by specific degradation as by biosynthesis. He exploited this fundamental knowledge both in agriculture and in human pharmacology.
The 2020 table grape harvest was worth $2.12 billion while wine grapes brought in $1.7 billion,down 15.3% year-on-year. By weight this was 17% lower versus 2018. The next year,2021 saw a much better yield. From 829,000 acres (335,000 ha) viniculturists got 6.94 short tons per acre (15.6 t/ha) for a total harvest of 5,755,000 short tons (5,221,000 t). At an average of $909 per short ton ($1,002/t) they were paid $5,229,902,000 for the season. Of that,4,844,600 short tons (4,394,900 t) were for destined for processing industries and at $835 per short ton ($920/t) that was worth $4,046,382,000. The fresh harvest was 910,400 short tons (825,900 t) and selling at a price of $1,300 per short ton ($1,433/t),this sector was worth $1,183,520,000 for the season.