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The Sko or Skou languages are a small language family spoken by about 7000 people,mainly along the Vanimo coast of Sandaun Province in Papua New Guinea,with a few being inland from this area and at least one just across the border in the Indonesian province of Papua.
The Philippine languages or Philippinic are a proposed group by R. David Paul Zorc (1986) and Robert Blust that include all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi,Indonesia—except Sama–Bajaw and a few languages of Palawan—and form a subfamily of Austronesian languages. Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Formosa,there is little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages,suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages.
The fifteen Katuic languages form a branch of the Austroasiatic languages spoken by about 1.3 million people in Southeast Asia. People who speak Katuic languages are called the Katuic peoples. Paul Sidwell is the leading specialist on the Katuic languages. He notes that Austroasiatic/Mon–Khmer languages are lexically more similar to Katuic and Bahnaric the closer they are geographically. He says this geographic similarity is independent of which branch of the family each language belongs to. He also says Katuic and Bahnaric do not have any shared innovations,so they do not form a single branch of the Austroasiatic family,but form separate branches.
The Lakes Plain languages are a family of Papuan languages,spoken in the Lakes Plain of Indonesian New Guinea. They are notable for being heavily tonal and for their lack of nasal consonants.
Robert A. Blust was an American linguist who worked in several areas,including historical linguistics,lexicography and ethnology. He was Professor of Linguistics at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Blust specialized in the Austronesian languages and made major contributions to the field of Austronesian linguistics.
The Greater Awyu or Digul River languages,known in earlier classifications with more limited scope as Awyu–Dumut (Awyu–Ndumut),are a family of perhaps a dozen Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in eastern West Papua in the region of the Digul River. Six of the languages are sufficiently attested for a basic description;it is not clear how many of the additional names may be separate languages.
The Gorontalo–Mongondow languages are a group of Austronesian languages spoken in northern Sulawesi,Indonesia.
The Sangiric languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in North Sulawesi,Indonesia and several small islands to the north which belong to the Philippines. They are classified as a branch of the Philippine subgroup.
The Minahasan languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken by the Minahasa people in northern Sulawesi,Indonesia. They belong to the Philippine subgroup.
The Muna–Buton languages are a group of languages spoken on the islands of Muna and Buton off the coast of South East Sulawesi province,Indonesia. They belong to the Celebic subgroup of the Austronesian family.
The Celebic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken on the island of Sulawesi,formerly called Celebes. Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages are located in South Sulawesi province. By number of languages,Celebic is the largest subgroup of Austronesian languages on Sulawesi.
On the Indonesian island of Sulawesi,114 native languages are spoken,all of which belong to the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family. With a total number of 17,200,000 inhabitants,Sulawesi displays a high linguistic diversity when compared with the most densely populated Indonesian island Java,which hosts 4–8 languages spoken by 145,100,000 inhabitants.
The North Halmahera languages are a family of languages spoken in the northern and eastern parts of the island of Halmahera and some neighboring islands in Indonesia. The southwestern part of the island is occupied by the unrelated South Halmahera languages,which are a subgroup of Austronesian. They may be most closely related to the languages of the Bird's Head region of West Papua,but this is not well-established.
Mandobo,or Kaeti,is a Papuan language of Mandobo District in Boven Digoel Regency,Papua,Indonesia.
Bambam is an Austronesian language of West Sulawesi,Indonesia. It is spoken in the Mambi and Tabang districts of Mamasa Regency,and in the Matangnga district of Polewali Mandar Regency. Together with Aralle-Tabulahan,Ulumanda',Pannei and Dakka,Bambam belongs to the Pitu Ulunna Salu languages,which form a subbranch within the Northern branch of the South Sulawesi subgroup.
Coastal Konjo is an Austronesian language of Sulawesi,Indonesia,which belongs to the Makassaric branch of the South Sulawesi subgroup. It is spoken along the coast in the southeastern corner of South Sulawesi in the regencies of Sinjai,Bulukumba and Bantaeng. It is closely related to,but distinct from Highland Konjo,which also belongs to the Makassaric languages.
Tondano is an Austronesian language spoken in the Tondano area of northeast Sulawesi,Indonesia. It is most similar to Tombulu and to Tonsea.
Tonsawang,also known as Tombatu,is an Austronesian language of the northern tip of Sulawesi,Indonesia. It belongs to the Minahasan branch of the Philippine languages.
The Proto-Philippine language is a reconstructed ancestral proto-language of the Philippine languages,a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian languages which includes all languages within the Philippines as well as those within the northern portions of Sulawesi in Indonesia. Proto-Philippine is not directly attested to in any written work,but linguistic reconstruction by the comparative method has found regular similarities among languages that cannot be explained by coincidence or word-borrowing.
The East Asian languages are a language family proposed by Stanley Starosta in 2001. The proposal has since been adopted by George van Driem.
References
- 1 2 "The Team". Bahasakita.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020.
- ↑ Hugh Stretton (2005). Australia Fair. UNSW Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-539-1.
- ↑ Sneddon, James N. 1978. Proto-Minahasan: phonology, morphology, and wordlist. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- ↑ Sneddon, James N. (1984). Proto-Sangiric and the Sangiric languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
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