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Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, better known by his nickname Caracalla, was Roman emperor from 198 to 217 AD. He was a member of the Severan dynasty, the elder son of Emperor Septimius Severus and Empress Julia Domna. Proclaimed co-ruler by his father in 198, he reigned jointly with his brother Geta, co-emperor from 209, after their father's death in 211. His brother was murdered by the Praetorian Guard later that year under orders from Caracalla, who then reigned afterwards as sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Caracalla found administration to be mundane, leaving those responsibilities to his mother. Caracalla's reign featured domestic instability and external invasions by the Germanic peoples.
Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture. Roman architecture flourished in the Roman Republic and to even a greater extent under the Empire, when the great majority of surviving buildings were constructed. It used new materials, particularly Roman concrete, and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make buildings that were typically strong and well-engineered. Large numbers remain in some form across the former empire, sometimes complete and still in use today.
Ostia Antica was an ancient Roman city and the port of Rome located at the mouth of the Tiber River. It is near modern Ostia, 25 kilometres southwest of Rome. Due to silting and the invasion of sand, the site now lies 3 km (2 mi) from the sea. The name Ostia derives from Latin os 'mouth'.
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Hazel Dodge is senior Lecturer of Roman Archaeology at Trinity College, Dublin. She holds her degrees from the University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne and her research interests include the Eastern Roman Empire, the Roman construction industry and the city of Rome. Her PhD concerns the use and distribution of marble from the Eastern Empire. She has published extensively on Roman archaeology often in collaboration with colleagues such as Peter Connolly and Jon Coulston to whom she is married. One of her most notable publications is "the Archaeology of the City of Rome" and most recently she has published a volume on spectacle in the Roman World for Bristol Classical Press. A new source book on Rome with Jon Coulston and Christopher Smith is forthcoming. In 2010/11 she was a guest lecturer with the Archaeological Institute of America.
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The preservation and extensive excavations at Ostia Antica have brought to light 26 different bath complexes in the town. These range from large public baths, such as the Forum Baths, to smaller most likely private ones such as the small baths. It is unclear from the evidence if there was a fee charged or if they were free. Baths in Ostia would have served both a hygienic and a social function like in many other parts of the Roman world. Bath construction increased after an aqueduct was built for Ostia in the early Julio-Claudian Period. Many of the baths follow simple row arrangements, with one room following the next, due to the density of buildings in Ostia. Only a few, like the Forum Baths or the Baths of the Swimmers, had the space to include palestra. Archaeologist name the bathhouses from features preserved for example the inscription of Buticoso in building I, XIV, 8 lead to the name Bath of Buticosus or the mosaic of Neptune in building II, IV, 2 lead to the Baths of Neptune. The baths in Ostia follow the standard numbering convention by archaeologists, who divided the town into five regions, numbered I to V, and then identified the individual blocks and buildings as follows: (region) I, (block) I, (building) 1.
The Baths of Nero or Baths of Alexander were a complex of ancient Roman baths on the Campus Martius in Rome, built by Nero in either 62 or 64 and rebuilt by Alexander Severus in 227 or 229. It stood between the Pantheon and the Stadium of Domitian and were listed among the most notable buildings in the city by Roman authors and became a much-frequented venue. These thermae were the second large public baths built in Rome, after the Baths of Agrippa, and it was probably the first "imperial-type" complex of baths, with a monumental scale and symmetrical, axially-planned design. While in the sixteenth century the foundations of the caldarium were still visible, nothing else of the structure remains above ground except some fragments of walls incorporated into the structure of Palazzo Madama.
Lynne C. Lancaster is an American Roman archaeologist specializing in Roman architecture and the topography of Rome.
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The Stabian Baths are an ancient Roman bathing complex in Pompeii, Italy, the oldest and the largest of the 5 public baths in the city. Their original construction dates back to ca. 125 BC, making them one of the oldest bathing complexes known from the ancient world. They were remodelled and enlarged many times up to the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD.
References
- ↑ DeLaine, Janet (1992). "Design and construction in Roman imperial architecture : the Baths of Caracalla in Rome / Janet DeLaine" . Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ↑ Newbold, Ron. "Classics in the University of Adelaide, Part II: 1976-2008" (PDF). University of Adelaide.
- ↑ DeLaine, Janet (1992). Design and construction in Roman imperial architecture : the Baths of Caracalla in Rome / Janet DeLaine (Thesis thesis).
- ↑ "James R. Wiseman Book Award". Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ↑ DeLaine, Janet (1997). The Baths of Caracalla: A Study in the Design, Construction, and Economics of Large-scale Building Projects in Imperial Rome. Journal of Roman Archaeology. ISBN 978-1-887829-25-0.
- ↑ "Dr Janet DeLaine". www.classics.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ↑ "Dr Janet DeLaine". Society of Antiquaries of London. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ↑ "Corresponding Members". Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ↑ Hori, Yoshiki (January 2015). "Special Lecture by Dr Janet DeLaine" (PDF). Kyushu University Advanced Asian Archaeological Research Center NEWSLETTER.
- ↑ "BSR and the Commonwealth « The British School at Rome" . Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ↑ DeLaine, Janet (November 2001). "Hugh Last Fellowships: The urban development of Ostia: a reappraisal". Papers of the British School at Rome. 69: 399–400. doi:10.1017/S0068246200001914. ISSN 2045-239X. S2CID 130762522.
- ↑ "Janet DeLaine". IMDb. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
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