Related Research Articles
Stuttering, also known as stammering, is a speech disorder characterized externally by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.
Lip reading, also known as speechreading, is a technique of understanding a limited range of speech by visually interpreting the movements of the lips, face and tongue without sound. Estimates of the range of lip reading vary, with some figures as low as 30% because lip reading relies on context, language knowledge, and any residual hearing. Although lip reading is used most extensively by deaf and hard-of-hearing people, most people with normal hearing process some speech information from sight of the moving mouth.
A language delay is a language disorder in which a child fails to develop language abilities at the usual age-appropriate period in their developmental timetable. It is most commonly seen in children ages two to seven years-old and can continue into adulthood. The reported prevalence of language delay ranges from 2.3 to 19 percent.
Specific language impairment (SLI) is diagnosed when a child's language does not develop normally and the difficulties cannot be accounted for by generally slow development, physical abnormality of the speech apparatus, autism spectrum disorder, apraxia, acquired brain damage or hearing loss. Twin studies have shown that it is under genetic influence. Although language impairment can result from a single-gene mutation, this is unusual. More commonly SLI results from the combined influence of multiple genetic variants, each of which is found in the general population, as well as environmental influences.
Language development in humans is a process which starts early in life. Infants start without knowing a language, yet by 10 months, babies can distinguish speech sounds and engage in babbling. Some research has shown that the earliest learning begins in utero when the fetus starts to recognize the sounds and speech patterns of its mother's voice and differentiate them from other sounds after birth.
Language disorders or language impairments are disorders that involve the processing of linguistic information. Problems that may be experienced can involve grammar, semantics (meaning), or other aspects of language. These problems may be receptive, expressive, or a combination of both. Examples include specific language impairment, better defined as developmental language disorder, or DLD, and aphasia, among others. Language disorders can affect both spoken and written language, and can also affect sign language; typically, all forms of language will be impaired.
Speech–language pathology (a.k.a. speech and language pathology or logopedics) is a healthcare and academic discipline concerning the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of communication disorders, including expressive and mixed receptive-expressive language disorders, voice disorders, speech sound disorders, speech disfluency, pragmatic language impairments, and social communication difficulties, as well as swallowing disorders across the lifespan. It is an allied health profession regulated by professional bodies including the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) and Speech Pathology Australia. The field of speech-language pathology is practiced by a clinician known as a speech-language pathologist (SLP) or a speech and language therapist (SLT). SLPs also play an important role in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), often in collaboration with pediatricians and psychologists.
Auditory processing disorder (APD), rarely known as King-Kopetzky syndrome or auditory disability with normal hearing (ADN), is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting the way the brain processes sounds. Individuals with APD usually have normal structure and function of the ear, but cannot process the information they hear in the same way as others do, which leads to difficulties in recognizing and interpreting sounds, especially the sounds composing speech. It is thought that these difficulties arise from dysfunction in the central nervous system. This is, in part, essentially a failure of the cocktail party effect found in most people.
Stuttering therapy is any of the various treatment methods that attempt to reduce stuttering to some degree in an individual. Stuttering can be seen as a challenge to treat because there is a lack of consensus about therapy.
Developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD), also known as childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and developmental apraxia of speech (DAS), is a condition in which an individual has problems saying sounds, syllables and words. This is not because of muscle weakness or paralysis. The brain has problems planning to move the body parts needed for speech. The individual knows what they want to say, but their brain has difficulty coordinating the muscle movements necessary to say those words.
A late talker is a toddler experiencing late language emergence (LLE), which can also be an early or secondary sign of an autism spectrum disorder, or other developmental disorders, such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, learning disability, social communication disorder, or specific language impairment. Lack of language development, comprehension skills, and challenges with literacy skills are potential risks as late talkers age. Outlook for late talkers with or without intervention is generally favorable. Toddlers have a high probability of catching up to typical toddlers if early language interventions are put in place. Language interventions include general language stimulation, focused language stimulation and milieu teaching.
Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is identified when a child has problems with language development that continue into school age and beyond. The language problems have a significant impact on everyday social interactions or educational progress, and occur in the absence of autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability or a known biomedical condition. The most obvious problems are difficulties in using words and sentences to express meanings, but for many children, understanding of language is also a challenge. This may not be evident unless the child is given a formal assessment.
Susan Ellis Weismer is a language and communication scientist known for her work on language development in children with specific language impairment and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). She is the Oros Family Chair and Professor of Communication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she is a Principal Investigator and Director of the Language Processes Lab. She has also served as the Associate Dean for Research, College of Letters and Sciences at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
James Bruce Tomblin is a language and communication scientist and an expert on the epidemiology and genetics of developmental language disorders (DLD). He holds the position of Professor Emeritus of Communication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Iowa.
Marilyn Adrienne Nippold is language and communications scientist with expertise in adolescent language development and disorders. She is Professor in Communication Disorders and Sciences at the University of Oregon. Nippold is author of several books on adolescent language development, including Later Language Development: The School-age and Adolescent Years and Language Sampling with Adolescents: Implications for Intervention.
Laura M. Justice is a language scientist and expert on interventions to promote children's literacy. She is the EHE Distinguished Professor of Educational Psychology at Ohio State University, where she also serves as the Executive Director of the A. Sophie Rogers School for Early Learning.
Elena Margaret Plante is a researcher and speech-language pathologist specializing in developmental language disorders in children and adults. She holds the position of Professor and previously was Head of the Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences (SLHS) at the University of Arizona (UA). She is the principal investigator at the eponymous Plante Laboratory at UA. Plante is also affiliated with the Cognitive Science program at UA.
Sandra Gordon-Salant is an American audiologist. She is a professor at the University of Maryland, College Park, where she is also director of the doctoral program in clinical audiology. Gordon-Salant investigates the effects of aging and hearing loss on auditory processes, as well as signal enhancement devices for hearing-impaired listeners. She is the senior editor of the 2010 book, The Aging Auditory System. Gordon-Salant has served as editor of the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research.
Rhea Paul is an American clinical language scientist known for her work in the field of speech-language pathology. She was Founding Chair in the Department of Speech-Language Pathology in the College of Health Professions at Sacred Heart University and a research scientist and affiliate of Haskins Laboratories at Yale University.
Cynthia K. Thompson is a neurolinguist and cognitive neuroscientist most known for her research on the brain and language processing and the neurobiology of language recovery in people with aphasia. She served as a member of the faculty at Northwestern University (NU) for 30 years as a Distinguished Ralph and Jean Sundin Professor in the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders. She also directed the Aphasia and Neurolinguistics Research Laboratory (ANRL) and the Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery (CNLR) and is a Distinguished Ralph and Jean Sundin Professor Emerita at NU.
References
- ↑ "Betsey Brodahl Hall expansion groundbreaking". Augustana College. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- 1 2 "Janna Oetting". Louisiana State University: Communication Sciences and Disorders. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
- ↑ "Language-impaired and normally developing children's acquisition of English plural". Kanas University Library. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
- ↑ "D4 Child Language Lab". D4 Child Language Lab. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
- 1 2 "SC State Student's Hometown Dialect Leads to Meaningful Opportunity". South Carolina State University. August 6, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ↑ "Janna Oetting". Grantome. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
- ↑ "Janna Oetting - Fellowship Recipients of the Association". American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Retrieved May 4, 2020.
- ↑ "New Editors join ASHA journals". The ASHA Leader. 15: 3–6. 2010. doi:10.1044/leader.AN1.15012010.3.
- ↑ "Fellow of the Association". Louisiana Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
- ↑ "Honors of the Association". Louisiana Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
- ↑ "Jeannette-Laguaite Award". LSHA.org. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
- ↑ "Janna Oetting Academic CV". Louisiana State University: Communication Sciences and Disorders. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
- ↑ "Obituary of Jason Oetting". Legacy.com. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
