Jean-Christophe [Kumpfler] Heyland (1791 Frankfurt – 29 August 1866 Genoa), was a Swiss engraver, watercolourist, and illustrator, who produced the plates for many botanical works such as the 1825-27 Plantes Rares du Jardin de Geneve by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle. [1] He lived in Geneva from 1803, and produced all illustrations for botanical memoirs published by Geneva botanists after 1820. [2] He also illustrated the work of Benjamin Delessert, Philip Barker-Webb, Giuseppe Giacinto Moris, Pierre Edmond Boissier and others. [3]
Baptised Jean-Christophe Kumpfler, he went to Geneva in his youth as an apprentice hairdresser to an uncle named Heyland, whose surname he subsequently adopted. He showed a keen interest in the graphic arts, and employed his leisure time in studying drawing and engraving. After spending a few years in London, where he was a designer of costumes for the theatre, he returned and settled in Geneva.
José Mariano Mociño and Martín de Sessé worked on a Flora Mexicana and after de Sessé's death in 1808, Mociño met de Candolle in 1816 in Montpellier and showed him the drawings they had produced for the planned work. De Candolle requested that the plates be copied by artists of the Geneva community. [4] Of these copied plates, the sixteen done by Heyland caught de Candolle's eye. Guided by de Candolle he became one of the leading botanical artists of the period, working for him for 24 years. [5] One of his students was Jean-Louis Berlandier who also showed great aptitude in his botanical illustrations.
Becoming a citizen of Geneva in 1819, Heyland was admitted to the Society of Arts and the Swiss Society of Natural Sciences. The Archduke Reynier, Viceroy of Lombardy, commissioned him in 1849 to work at the botanical garden in Monza. In 1859 he returned to Geneva, where he lived on the proceeds from the lessons he gave in drawing.
From 1835 he worked as principal artist on Charles Antoine Lemaire's Jardin Fleuriste. He drew and engraved 5 full-page illustrations, including Impatiens parviflora for de Candolle's Quatrieme Notice sur Les Plantes Rares. [6] Between 1839 and 1846 he produced the illustrations for volumes 4-5 of Icones selectae plantarum, another of de Candolle's projects in collaboration with Benjamin Delessert (1773-1847). He carried out several commissions for the Geneva Botanical Garden, and directed the engraving and printing in colour of the 180 plates used for 'Voyage botanique en Espagne'.
In his old age he suffered from trembling hands and failing eyesight, but retained his good humour to the end. His final contribution to botanical art was the 122 plates he produced for Pierre Edmond Boissier's 1866 work, "Icones Euphorbiarum".
Augustin Pyramus de Candolle created the genus Heylandia in 1825 in his honour, a genus which is now included in Crotalaria . [7]
Heyland died on 29 August 1866 at a village near Genoa, during a trip in Italy. [8] [9] He had married Louise Françoise Jouvet and had two sons, Jeanne Marie (1826) and Jacques François, both born in Geneva. Jaques François Kumpfler (alias Francesco Heyland), born in Geneva on 26 August 1830, became a daguerreotypist and photographer active in Milan (Italy), initially with his father ("Heyland et fils" = "Heyland e figlio"), [10] then in association with the French photographers Hippolyte and Victor Deroche (in the firm "Deroche & Heyland - Photographie Parisienne, al grand Mercurio"), and finally he worked on his own ("Francesco Heyland"). [11]
In 1877, Boissier & Reuter named an Iris after him Iris heylandiana in the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (J. Linn. Soc. Bot.) Vol.16 on page 142. [12]
Pierre-Joseph Redouté, was a painter and botanist from Belgium, known for his watercolours of roses, lilies and other flowers at the Château de Malmaison, many of which were published as large coloured stipple engravings. He was nicknamed "the Raphael of flowers" and has been called the greatest botanical illustrator of all time.
Augustin Pyramusde Candolle was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candolle had established a new genus, and he went on to document hundreds of plant families and create a new natural plant classification system. Although de Candolle's main focus was botany, he also contributed to related fields such as phytogeography, agronomy, paleontology, medical botany, and economic botany.
Jules Paul Benjamin Delessert was a French banker and naturalist. He was an honorary member of the Académie des Sciences and many species were named from his natural history collections.
Jean-Louis Berlandier was a French-Mexican naturalist, physician, and anthropologist.
Johann Müller was a Swiss botanist who was a specialist in lichens. He published under the name Johannes Müller Argoviensis to distinguish himself from other naturalists with similar names.
Pierre Edmond Boissier was a Swiss prominent botanist, explorer and mathematician. He was the son of Jacques Boissier (1784-1857) and Caroline Butini (1786-1836), daughter of Pierre Butini (1759-1838) a well-known physician and naturalist from Geneva. With his sister, Valérie Boissier (1813-1894), he received a strict education with lessons delivered in Italian and Latin. Edmond's interest in natural history stemmed from holidays in the company of his mother and his grandfather, Pierre Butini at Valeyres-sous-Rances. His hikes in the Jura and the Alps laid the foundation of his zest for later exploration and adventure. He attended a course at the Academy of Geneva given by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle.
Martín Sessé y Lacasta was a Spanish botanist, who relocated to New Spain during the 18th century to study and classify the flora of the territory. The standard author abbreviation Sessé is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
José Mariano Mociño Suárez Lozano, or simply José Mariano Mociño, was a naturalist from Mexico.
Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemin was a French botanist.
Atanasio Echeverría y Godoy was an 18th-century Mexican botanical artist and naturalist who trained at the Royal Art Academy in Mexico. The genus Echeveria was named in his honour by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle.
Charles Antoine Lemaire, was a French botanist and botanical author, noted for his publications on Cactaceae.
Jean Pierre Étienne Vaucher was a Swiss Protestant pastor and botanist who was a native of the Republic of Geneva.
Georges François Reuter was a French botanist and plant collector. He was born in Paris, and died in Geneva.
Bénédict Pierre Georges Hochreutiner (1873-1959) was a Swiss botanist and plant taxonomist.
The Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain was a scientific expedition to survey the flora and fauna of the territories of New Spain between 1787 and 1803 and to establish a botanical garden. It was sponsored by King Charles III of Spain and headed by physician Martín Sessé y Lacasta, who led a team of botanists that included José Mariano Mociño and is part of the crown's general program of economic revitalization, known as the Bourbon Reforms. The expedition, commonly referred to by botanists as the Sessé and Mociño expedition, identified many species new to science and brought back a large trove of valuable botanical illustrations. The expedition was "an undertaking that was to signal Spain's reassertion of its colonial might and of its relevance to the Enlightenment."
Adolphe François Delessert was a French explorer and naturalist. A nephew of Baron Benjamin Delessert, he accompanied Perrottet on a journey to India and Southeast Asia. During the course of five years that began on 24 April 1834, he collected several new species of plants and animals including the Wayanad laughingthrush which he collected on the slopes of the Nilgiris and was named by Thomas C. Jerdon as Garrulax delesserti in his honour. He travelled through Mauritius, Reunion Island, Penang, Pondicherry, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Java, and Madras returning on 30 April 1839.
Jean Étienne Duby was a Swiss clergyman and botanist.
Iris heylandiana is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the marshlands or fields of Iraq. It has short, linear or sickle shaped grey-green leaves, slender stem, a single flower in spring, which has a dingy-white, whitish, or pale background, which is covered in many spots or dark veining, in black-purple, brown-purple, or brown violet, or brown shades. It has a dark brown or burgundy brown signal patch and white tinged with yellow or orange white sparse beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.
Clara Pauline Filleul, also Clara Filleul de Pétigny, (1822–1878) was a French painter and children's writer. Together with the painter Raymond Monvoisin she travelled to South America in the late 1840s, becoming a successful portrait painter in Santiago. On returning to France, she exhibited in the Paris Salon from 1860. As an author, from 1846 she published a number of illustrated children's stories.
Digitalis cariensis is a species of flowering plant in family Plantaginaceae. It is a type of foxglove. It is native to southwestern to southern Turkey.