Iris heylandiana

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Iris heylandiana
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Oncocyclus
Species:
I. heylandiana
Binomial name
Iris heylandiana
Synonyms [1]

Iris maculataBaker

Iris heylandiana is a species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus Iris , and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the marshlands or fields of Iraq. It has short, linear or sickle shaped grey-green leaves, slender stem, a single flower in spring, which has a dingy-white, whitish, or pale background, which is covered in many spots or dark veining, in black-purple, brown-purple, or brown violet, or brown shades. It has a dark brown or burgundy brown signal patch and white tinged with yellow or orange white sparse beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

Contents

Description

It has a short, [2] brown rhizome, [3] that is creeping and stoloniferous. [2] [3] It has 5-7 leaves, [4] which are linear in the middle, but falcate or sickle-shaped, [3] on the outside. [2] [4] [5] They are similar in form to Iris sari but are narrower. [6] The glaucescent, [5] greyish green leaves, [3] can grow up to between 20–23 cm (8–9 in) long, [2] [5] and between 0.8mm and 1.2 cm wide. [2] [4] [5] After flowering they begin to fade away, before regrowing in spring. [3] It has a slender stem or peduncle, that can grow up to between 15–45 cm (6–18 in) tall. [7] [8] [9] The flowers are high above the foliage. [3] The stem has 1 green, lanceolate, membranous, [5] spathes (leaf of the flower bud), [2] which is 7.5 cm (3 in) long. [2] [5] The stem has a terminal (top of stem) flower, blooming in Spring between April, [2] and June. [3] [4] The flowers are 8–9 cm (3–4 in) in diameter, [4] they have a dingy-white, [5] [6] whitish, [4] [9] or pale background, [8] [10] which has many spots and dark veining, [8] [10] in black-purple, [5] [6] brown-purple, [9] or brown violet, [4] [6] or brown shades. [3] Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [11] The obovate or cuneate (wedge shaped) falls, [2] are 5.5–7.5 cm (2–3 in) long and 3.5–4 cm wide. [4] In the centre of the fall, is a signal patch, which is dark brown, [2] [9] or burgundy brown, [3] and in the middle of the falls, it has a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which is sparse, [2] [4] and white with a slightly yellow tint, [5] [6] or orange-white. [3] It has broader standards, [2] [4] [5] which are orbicular (rounded), [5] or unguiculate (narrow stalk-like), [2] they are 5.5–7.5 cm (2–3 in) cm long and 4.5–5 cm wide. [4] It has short, 3.5 to 5 cm long, [2] broad and crenulated crests, [5] and a 2.5 cm long perianth tube. [2] [5] After the iris has flowered, it produces a trigonal (narrow at both ends) and 6 cm (2 in) long seed capsule. [4]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [11] It has a chromosome count: 2n=20, [3] similar to other Oncocyclus irises. [12]

Taxonomy

The Latin specific epithet heylandiana refers to the German botanical artist Jean-Christophe Heyland (1791-1866), he lived mainly in Switzerland, working for Delessert, Webb, Boissier and other botanists. [13]

It was originally found in Mesopotamia, [5] [6] [7] and then called Iris iberica var. heylandiana by John Gilbert Baker in 1877 in the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (J. Linn. Soc., Bot.) Vol.16 on page 142. [2] [14] [15] It was then soon re-named as Iris heylandiana in 1882 by Boiss. in Fl. Orient. Vol.5 on page 130, (edited by Reut.). [5] [15] In 1893, Foster described the species in The Garden (journal) of 18 February, but in 1977 S. A Chaudhary worked out that one of these was instead Iris gatesii . It was found that Boissier & Reuter had named two specimens Iris heylandiana, but one of these was also determined to be I. gatesii by Chaudhary. [2] It has also been confused with Iris nectarifera , as both of these species have been found in the Derbassieh area in Syria. Although I. nectarifera is mainly from adjacent Turkey. [4]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then altered on 2 December 2004. [14]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life, [16] and in the Catalogue of Life. [17]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia. [14]

Range

It is found in Iraq, [18] [19] [20] from Mosul to Baghdad. [4] [7] It is also once thought to occur in north-east Syria, [4] and found in Palestine in 1888. [21]

Iris maculata (a synonym for the iris) was found in Turkey, [3] [9] near Mardin. [22]

Habitat

It grows on drained marshlands, [7] and fields. [2]

Conservation

It was listed as Endangered in 1991. [18]

Cultivation

In general, 'Oncocyclus Section' Irises need good drainage, [23] minimal summer rainfall and dry winters. [3] In temperate areas (such as the Europe and America), they are only suitable for growing by specialist iris growers, within a bulb frame or greenhouse. [23] [24] They can be grown under glass (in frames), to protect the irises from excess moisture (especially during winter times) and also to ensure the (shallow planted) rhizomes get the best temperatures during the growing season. [3] [25] They can be grown in pots (especially in deep ones known as 'long toms'), but they need re-potting, every 2 years and extra feeding. Watering is one of the most critical aspects of iris cultivation. [25] It can suffer from aphids, viruses and rots. [23] A herbarium specimen can be found in Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. [16]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [26] or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves. [27]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [28]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Iris atrofusca</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris atropurpurea</i> Species of flowering plant

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Iris basaltica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the basalt deserts and hillsides of eastern Syria. It has many falcate long leaves, and long stem. Between March and April, it has white or pale green flowers covered in thick purple or black veining and dots or spots. It also has a purple or maroon beard, tipped with yellow. It is rare cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

<i>Iris bismarckiana</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris bostrensis</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris gatesii</i> Species of plant

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Iris grossheimii is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. It has sickle shaped leaves, which are as long as the short stem, which carries one flower in spring. It is beige, pink or brown covered in dark lines that are, purple-brown or brown. It has a large blackish brown signal patch and brown or black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris haynei</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris haynei, the Gilboa iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the shrublands and mountainsides in Palestine and Israel, in the Gilboa mountain. It has smooth, linear or lanceolate, greyish-green leaves. Long slender stem and in Spring, large, fragrant flowers in shades of deep purple, violet, purple, brownish purple or dusky lilac veining or speckling over a pale ground. It has a dark purple, black-brown, to blackish signal patch, and a beard, which is variable from dark purple, white, or dark tipped yellow. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris hermona</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hermona, the Golan iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris, and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the pastures and meadows of the Golan Heights in Israel and Syria. It has linear, upright leaves, tall slender stem holding a bi-coloured flower, having a pale lilac, cream-yellow, light tan, or white background, which is then covered in purple brown, or purple, or purple-pink veining, spots or speckling. It has a round purple-brown or almost black signal patch, and a sparse purple brown or almost black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris iberica</i> Species of plant

Iris iberica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Armenia, eastern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan. It has narrow, glaucous, gray-green and sickle shaped leaves, short stem holding a single flower in late spring. Which has a pale background covered with heavy veining in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon or purple-brown. It has a black or dark purple signal patch and a brown or purple-brown beard. Although, it has many hybrid forms dues to its variability and has 2 known subspecies of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris iberica subsp. lycotis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it is hardier than other Oncocyclus species.

<i>Iris iberica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> elegantissima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima is a subspecies in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a subspecies of Iris iberica and is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Turkey and Iran. It has large, thin and falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, slender stem with a single flower between April and May. It has a white, cream or pale yellow ground, which is covered in dark veining or speckling in violet, mauve, purple or brown shades. The larger standards are paler, normally white and less veined. The falls, have darker veining and a dark signal patch and brown or purple beard. It is commonly known as Iris elegantissima, especially in Europe and Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but normally needs some protection during the winter period.

<i>Iris lortetii</i> Species of plant

Iris lortetii is a species in the genus Iris. It has straight grey-green leaves, a 30–50 cm tall stem, and large showy flowers in late spring or mid-summer that come in shades of pink, from white, lilac, pale lavender and grey-purple. It is veined and dotted pink or maroon. It has a signal patch that is deep maroon and a sparse and brown, purple-brown or reddish beard.

<i>Iris sari</i> Species of plant

Iris sari is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in section Oncocyclus. It is from the rocky steppes and hills of Turkey. It has curved or straight leaves, cream, greenish or yellowish flowers which are variable and veined with crimson, purple-brown, reddish brown, reddish-purple or black. It has a dark maroon, rich crimson or brown signal patch and gold or yellow beard.

Iris westii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the mountain sides of Lebanon. It has curved grey-green leaves, a stem carrying one flower in shades of lilac, white or beige with spotting or veins in a darker shade or violet. The lower petals have deep velvety chocolate or deep violet-black signal patch and a purple beard. It rare and threatened due to habitat destruction, from military actions, overgrazing by goats and other factors.

References

  1. ↑ "Iris heylandiana Boiss. & Reut. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Pries, Bob (30 July 2016). "(SPEC) Iris heylandiana Boiss. & Reut". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Chapter I (Part 5) Oncocyclus II" (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation , p. 76-77, at Google Books
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Richard Lynch The Book of the Iris (1904) , p. 111, at Google Books
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 John Weathers The Bulb Book (1911) , p. 303, at Google Books
  7. 1 2 3 4 Stevens, Michelle L.; Alwash, Suzie (January 2003). "Draft Report Biological Characteristics Mesopotamian Marshlands Of Southern Iraq" (PDF). The Iraq Foundation. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 127. ISBN   0-88192-089-4.
  10. 1 2 Kramb, D. (3 December 2003). "Iris heylandiana". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  11. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN   0881927309.
  12. ↑ Avishai, Michael; Zohary, Daniel (1977). "Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises". Botanical Gazette. 138 (4): 502–511. doi:10.1086/336956. JSTOR   2473887. S2CID   84941000.
  13. ↑ "Iris heylandiana". ldlp-dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 "Iris heylandiana". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  15. 1 2 "Iridaceae Iris heylandiana Boiss. & Reut". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  16. 1 2 "Iris heylandiana". eol.org. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  17. ↑ Govaerts, R. (5 September 2014). "Accepted scientific name: Iris heylandiana Boiss. & Reut. (accepted name)". catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  18. 1 2 World Conservation Monitoring Centre, ed. (5 February 1991). "Gulf War Environmental Information Service Impact On The Land And Atmosphere" (PDF). unep.org. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  19. ↑ "Iraq". lntreasures.com. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  20. ↑ Al-Lami, A.; Butrus, D.; Abdulhadi, R.; Rossi, A. (March 2014). "Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Ministry of Environment, Iraq". Ministry of Environment. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4225.3209 . Retrieved 5 November 2016.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. ↑ Henry C. Stewardson (Editor) Palestine Exploration Fund The Survey of Western Palestine: A General Index to 1. The Memoirs ..., Volume 1 (1888) , p. 26, at Google Books
  22. ↑ Talin, W. H. (7 September 1892). "Iris Lorteti". Garden and Forest. 5 (237). Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  23. 1 2 3 Archibald, Jim (September 1999). "Silken Sad Uncertain Queens" (PDF). 67. Retrieved 9 July 2016.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ↑ Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises . Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p.  18. ISBN   0715305395.
  25. 1 2 "Oncocyclus, Regelia and Reglio-cyclus Irises, The Plantsmen, Buckshaw Gardens, Holwell, Sherborne, Dorset" (PDF). srgc.net (Scottish Rock Garden Club). Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  26. ↑ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  27. ↑ Waters, Tom (December 2010). "Growing Irises from Seed". telp.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  28. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books

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