Iris gatesii

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Iris gatesii
Curtis's botanical magazine (Tab 7867) (8346225971).jpg
Illustration from Curtis's Botanical Magazine in 1902
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Oncocyclus
Species:
I. gatesii
Binomial name
Iris gatesii
Synonyms [1]

None known

Iris gatesii is a species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkey and Iraq. It has long, narrow, grey-green or glaucous leaves. The strong, sturdy stem supports a single large flower in spring, between April and June. The large flowers are very variable in colouring, ranging from a pale greenish, grey, white, or creamy-yellow background colour, which is then covered with many purplish-brown, purple, or nearly black, spots, dots, short broken lines, or veining. They have a brownish purple or purple beard, over a dark signal patch. It can be cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, if it does not get too wet during summer.

Contents

Description

It has a small, [2] compact and stout rhizome, [3] [4] [5] which is about 2 cm in diameter. [4] They are very similar in form to Iris susiana . [5] They form creeping plants, [6] that can spread up to 1 or 2 feet wide. [7]

It has 5 to 7, greyish green, [2] [3] [4] or glaucous-green leaves, which are linear, [6] narrow and straight. [3] [8] They are in a distichous (two-ranked leaf arrangement) fan. [9] The leaves can grow up to between 30–60 cm (12–24 in) long, [6] [10] and between 0.5 and 1.1 cm wide. [3] [4] [8] They are semi-evergreen, [7] and fade in summer, to re-grow in winter. [2] They are a darker shade of green and smaller, shorter and narrower, than I. susiana. [5]

It has a stout stem or peduncle, [6] [8] [11] that can grow in March, [2] up to between 35–60 cm (14–24 in) tall. [12] [13] : 129  [14] The stem is also taller than the stem of I. susiana. [5]

The stem has pale green spathes, (leaves of the flower bud), that are between 10–12.5 cm (4–5 in) long. [5] [6]

The stems hold a single terminal (top of stem) flower, [2] [6] [9] blooming in late spring, [7] between April and June. [4] [15] [16] : 191 

The large flowers are between 13–20 cm (5–8 in) in diameter, [4] [11] [14] they are the largest of the Oncocyclus series, [10] (including I. susiana, [5] [17] ) and of all irises, [8] [15] [18] except the Japanese hybrids. [17]

The flowers are very variable in colouring, [8] [14] [19] ranging from a pale greenish, [13] : 76  [15] [20] grey, [11] [12] [19] silver, [17] white, [5] [7] [10] pinkish, [6] beige, [2] or creamy-yellow background colour. [4] [8] [9] Which is then covered with many brown, [11] purplish-brown, [19] [21] purple, [2] [9] [15] violet, [17] or nearly black, [4] spots, dots, [6] [9] short broken lines, [8] or veining. [2] [7] [11]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [16] : 17  The obovate (narrower end at the base) or elliptic shaped falls, can curl gently under, [12] [16] : 191  and they are 8–11 cm (3–4 in) long, [5] and 5–8 cm (2–3 in) wide. [4] [6] They can be more veined, speckled than the standards, [4] [16] : 191  or the falls having spots while the standards having vein markings. [5] The massed purple dots or lines on a creamy white background creates a soft grey flower, when seen from a distance. [18] The ovate or rounded shaped standards, [5] [15] are 8–13 cm (3–5 in) long, [5] [20] and 7–9 cm (3–4 in) wide, and slightly paler than the falls. [4]

In the centre of the falls, is a dark, [16] : 191  purple signal patch, [13] : 129  which is variable in size, (between large and very small, [8] [15] [21] ) and can be hidden under the beard. [5] [14] Also in the middle of the falls, is a sparse, [8] [16] : 191  [21] or broad, (2-2.5 cm wide, [4] [17] ) and long (halfway down the falls, [9] [17] ) row of short hairs called the 'beard', which are purple, [5] [9] brownish purple, [6] [11] [17] or yellow. [4] [8] [11]

It has style arms that are a similar colour to the standards, [4] [16] : 191  (including yellow or white spotted with purple, [5] [14] ) and 5 cm (2 in) wide, [6] with purple dots, [5] [14] or veining. [6]

It has a 12.5–17.5 cm (5–7 in) long pedicel, with a short perianth tube, [6] it has white filaments and anthers that are often tipped purple. [14]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, that is 7.5 cm (3 in) long and 2.5 cm wide. [4] [6]

Genetics

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [16] : 18  It has a chromosome count: 2n=20. [2] [19] It was counted in June 1956, I. gatesii, Iris susiana, Iris lortetii , and Iris sofarana were found to have exclusively chromosomes with sub-terminal centromeres. [22] It was also counted in 1977 by Avishai & Zohary. [14] [23] In 2014, it was found that the genome of the plastid, found in the iris, unlike orchid genomes, has little gene loss and rearrangement and is likely to be similar to other genomes from Asparagales order. [9]

Taxonomy

In America, it was once known as 'Monarch Iris', [14] [20] and as the 'Prince of Irises'. [5] [21]

The Latin specific epithet gatesii refers to Rev. Gates, [24] an American Missionary staying in Mardin, Northern Mesopotamia, [15] (now part of Turkey). Some sources name him as 'Rev. T. J. Gates', [15] others as 'Rev T.G. Gates', [5] [21] or 'Rev. F.S. Gates'. [6] [24] Caleb Frank Gates, Sr. (1847-1956) was a missionary at Mardin from 1881 to 1887. [25]

'Iris gatesii' was found near Mardin, [9] in the mountains of Kurdistan, [8] by the botanist, collector and bulb nurseryman Paul Sintenis, [8] who worked for Mr. Max Leichtlin (from Baden-Baden, Germany), [6] [8] with the help of Rev. Gates. [5]

It was then first published by Michael Foster in the 'Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society' (J. Roy. Hort. Soc.) Volume 11 on page 144 in 1889, [24] then in fully described in Gardeners' Chronicle series 3, Volume 8, page18 on 5 July 1890, [5] [26] with an illustration. [8]

It was later published in The Garden Feb 18 1893, page 130 (with illustration on plate 897), [5] in the Botanical Magazine 7867 in 1902 (with illustration) and in the 'Bulletin of the Alpine Garden Society' 39 page 287 in 1971. [3]

It gained an FCC ('First Class Certificate', awarded by the RHS, [27] ) in 1891 when shown by Van Tubergen (bulb nursery). [8] It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 1 December 2004. [26] It is listed in the Catalogue of Life, [28] and is a tentatively accepted name by the RHS. [29]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia, [26] mainly in Asia Minor. [20]

Range

Some sources state that it is found in Armenia, [5] [24] but it range is more to the north of that region, [6] in South-eastern Turkey, [19] [30] [31] (within the districts of Urfa, Mardin and Siirt). [4] It is also found in north-eastern Iraq. [11] [19] [30] (within the districts of Amadiya and Penjwin). [4]

Habitat

It grows on rocky limestone hillsides, [9] [11] on steppes, [8] on slopes and in rock crevices. [4] They can be found at an altitude of 1,050 to 2,000 m (3,440 to 6,560 ft) above sea level. [4] [8] [21]

Conservation

It is range and habitat is a small region, [9] and the plant was listed by the IUCN as 'rare'. [8] [32] As of September 2016, it was currently un-assessed, and the effects of the Gulf War are unknown and undetermined. [33]

Cultivation

Due to its range being much farther north than most Oncocyclus irises, [4] it is more hardy in cultivation, [8] than others. [17] It is hardy to between USDA Zone 8 to 9. [7]

It prefers to grow in well-drained soils, [7] [20] including light rich loam diluted with 1/3 old mortar rubble, [34] or rich compost. [35] It also likes a deep limestone gravel mulch. [7] [35]

It prefers sites in full sun, [7] [20] and can be grown in raised bed, [34] or an open border. [6] It likes moisture at the root tips, but the rhizomes are liable to rot in excessive water. [35]

It is recommended (by Dykes) to be planted in October, [15] with the rhizomes planted about 2 inches from the surface. [7]

It is susceptible to virus infections when in cultivation, [4] including from Iris mosaic virus. [36] Which produces some necrotic lesions in the leaves and then followed by systemic leaf chlorosis. This strain of virus also attacks Belamcanda chinensis , Iris pumila and Iris ricardi . [37]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [38] or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves. [39]

Hybrids and cultivars

In 1897, an illustration in The Garden magazine of 31 July, showed a border in Mr Van Tubergen's nursery with 400 flowers, which are the results of 3 seasons of cultivation of the irises. [5]

It has several cultivars such as 'Bailey's Cream', [40] 'Corn Yellow', 'Gatesii Ball', [41] and 'Hand Of God'. [14] [42]

It has also been used in several crosses with other irises. Including; 'I. gatesii' X Iris sari – 'Abou Ben Adhem', [43] 'I. gatesii' X Iris lortetii – 'Aphrodite' and 'Bedouin Queen', [44] 'I. gatesii' X Iris susiana – 'Tehama', [45] 'I. gatesii' X Iris haynei – 'Arabian Knight', [46] 'I. gatesii' X Iris mariae – 'Desert Gem', [47] 'I. gatesii' X Iris nazarena – 'Platinum Diamond', [48] 'I. gatesii' X Iris korolkowii – 'Dream Step', [49] and 'Eos'. [14] [50]

Tall Bearded Iris 'Parisiana' x 'I. gatesii' has been used in hybridization since the 1930s, [51] including Iris 'William Mohr'. [17] [52]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [53]

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<i>Iris iberica</i> Species of plant

Iris iberica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Armenia, eastern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan. It has narrow, glaucous, gray-green and sickle shaped leaves, short stem holding a single flower in late spring. Which has a pale background covered with heavy veining in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon or purple-brown. It has a black or dark purple signal patch and a brown or purple-brown beard. Although, it has many hybrid forms dues to its variability and has 2 known subspecies of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris iberica subsp. lycotis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it is hardier than other Oncocyclus species.

<i>Iris iberica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> elegantissima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima is a subspecies in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a subspecies of Iris iberica and is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Turkey and Iran. It has large, thin and falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, slender stem with a single flower between April and May. It has a white, cream or pale yellow ground, which is covered in dark veining or speckling in violet, mauve, purple or brown shades. The larger standards are paler, normally white and less veined. The falls, have darker veining and a dark signal patch and brown or purple beard. It is commonly known as Iris elegantissima, especially in Europe and Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but normally needs some protection during the winter period.

<i>Iris mariae</i> Species of plant

Iris mariae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the deserts of Israel and Egypt. It is fairly tall, with long and slender glaucous leaves, and in late spring, lilac-purple to pinkish or violet flowers with deeper veining and blackish-violet signal and dark purple beard.

<i>Iris lortetii</i> Species of plant

Iris lortetii is a species in the genus Iris. It has straight grey-green leaves, a 30–50 cm tall stem, and large showy flowers in late spring or mid-summer that come in shades of pink, from white, lilac, pale lavender and grey-purple. It is veined and dotted pink or maroon. It has a signal patch that is deep maroon and a sparse and brown, purple-brown or reddish beard.

<i>Iris paradoxa</i> Species of plant

Iris paradoxa is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia. It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals, which is unique amongst most iris forms. They come in various shades from white, lavender, mauve, medium purple, violet, dark purple to black. It has a black or purplish black beard on the lower petals. It comes from the region of Transcaucasia, and is found in the countries of Iran, Turkey, Armenia and in Azerbaijan.

<i>Iris susiana</i> Species of plant

Iris susiana, commonly known as the mourning iris, is a species of perennial plant in the family Iridaceae. The mourning iris is native to the Middle East. It grows in Lebanon, Syria and Turkey, although it is believed to be extinct in the wild. It is popular as a cut flower as the flowers can easily span 12 centimeters. The survival of the species is seriously threatened by excessive picking.

<i>Iris sari</i> Species of plant

Iris sari is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in section Oncocyclus. It is from the rocky steppes and hills of Turkey. It has curved or straight leaves, cream, greenish or yellowish flowers which are variable and veined with crimson, purple-brown, reddish brown, reddish-purple or black. It has a dark maroon, rich crimson or brown signal patch and gold or yellow beard.

<i>Iris sprengeri</i> Species of plant

Iris sprengeri is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the mountain slopes of Turkey. It has large flowers which are white, silver-white or cream, with purple-red or reddish-brown veining and a golden yellow beard and a dark purple or deep purple-brown signal patch.

References

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  22. ↑ Mitra, Jyotirmay (June 1956). "Karyotype Analysis of Bearded Iris". Botanical Gazette. 117 (4): 265–293. doi:10.1086/335916. JSTOR   2473138. S2CID   85117341.
  23. ↑ Avishai, Michael; Zohary, Daniel (1977). "Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises". Botanical Gazette. 138 (4): 502–511. doi:10.1086/336956. JSTOR   2473887. S2CID   84941000.
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  25. ↑ Dr. Caleb Frank Gates, president of Robert College, 1903-1932 : an appreciation.
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  27. ↑ Currier McEwen The Japanese Iris , p. 114, at Google Books
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  29. ↑ "Iris gatesii". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
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  31. ↑ Dominguez, Rafael Diez (25 November 2005). "Iris gatesii". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  32. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre, ed. (5 February 1991). "Gulf War Environmental Information Service Impact On The Land And Atmosphere" (PDF). unep.org. United Nations Environment Programme . Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  33. ↑ "Environmental Effects of the Gulf War Part 2" (PDF). World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 5 February 1991. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  34. 1 2 Balimgardt, John Philip (1970). Bulbs for Summer Bloom.
  35. 1 2 3 Taggart, D. (5 January 2010). "Iris gatesii". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  36. ↑ Bbierley, Philip (15 October 1936). "A Mosaic Disease Of Iris" (PDF). Journal of Agricultural Research. 53 (8). Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  37. ↑ Brunt, A. A.; Derks, A. F. L. M.; Barnett, O. W. "Iris severe mosaic virus". dpvweb.net. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  38. ↑ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  39. ↑ Waters, Tom (December 2010). "Growing Irises from Seed". telp.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  40. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Bailey's Cream') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  41. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Gatesii Ball') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  42. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Hand of God') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  43. ↑ "Aril Iris ('Iris Abou Ben Adhem')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  44. ↑ "Aril Iris ('Iris BedouinQueen')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  45. ↑ "Aril Iris ('Iris Tehana')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  46. ↑ "Aril Iris ('Iris Arabian Knight')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  47. ↑ "Aril Iris ('Iris Desert Gem')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  48. ↑ "Aril Iris ('Iris Platinum Diamond')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  49. ↑ "Aril Iris ('Iris Dream Step')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  50. ↑ "Aril Iris ('Iris Eos')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  51. ↑ F. Wynn Hellings The Modern Flower Garden 5. Irises – With Chapters on the Genus and its Species and Raising Seedlings (1822) , p. 45, at Google Books
  52. ↑ "Aril Iris ('Iris 'William Mohr')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  53. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books

Sources

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