Iris bismarckiana

Last updated

Iris bismarckiana
Iris bismarckiana (7071447621).jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Oncocyclus
Species:
I. bismarckiana
Binomial name
Iris bismarckiana
Synonyms [2]
  • Iris nazerena(Foster) Dinsm.
  • Iris sari var. nazerenaFoster
  • Iris sari-nazarensFoster

Iris bismarckiana, the Nazareth iris, is a species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountainsides of Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. It has stoloniferous, spreading rhizomes, long, sword shaped, bright green leaves, long slender stem (taller than the leaves) and 1 flower in Spring (between March and April). The large flower is pale yellow, creamy-white, or white background. Which is covered with reddish-brown, maroon brown, purple-brown, purple, blue-purple, or blue veins, markings or spots. It has a dark signal patch and dark purple to black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions (i.e. Europe or America), as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

Contents

Description

Iris bismarckiana is similar in growth to Iris susiana and Iris lortetii , (both also Oncocyclus Irises), they only differ in the colour of the flowers. [3]

It is a geophyte, [4] [5] [6] It has short, [7] stoloniferous rhizomes, [8] [9] which are narrow, around 1.5 cm in diameter. [10] It forms long thin stolons, that can reach up to a few meters, [5] into the ground, seeking minerals. The rhizomes and stolons are very prone to viral diseases. [10] The creeping, [11] [12] habit forms small clumps of plants. [10]

It has 6–8 leaves, [9] which are ensiform (sword-shaped), [7] [10] glaucous, [11] and bright green. [5] They can grow up to between 30–50 cm (12–20 in) long, [9] and between 2–2.5 cm wide. [8] [11] They form erect fans of leaves, [5] [9] which are similar in form to I. susiana leaves. [11]

It has a long, slender stem, [6] or peduncle, that can grow up to between 30–50 cm (12–20 in) tall. [9] [13] [14] Although, some stems can reach 80 cm (31 in) tall. [15] The stem is usually taller than the leaves. [5]

The stem has a green, lanceolate, spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which is 7.6 cm (3 in) long. [7]

The stems holds 1 terminal (top of stem) flower, [7] blooming in spring, [8] between March and April. [5] [16] [17] In the UK, it flowered in May. [3]

The flowers are 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in diameter, [8] [9] [15] and they have a pale yellow, [9] [11] yellow-green, [18] cream, [8] creamy-white, [11] [12] or white ground. [13] [19] Which is covered with reddish-brown, [15] maroon brown, [9] [12] [14] purple-brown, [5] [7] [10] purple, [7] [19] blue-purple, [13] [14] light violet, [6] lilac, [18] or blue veins or spots. [3] [7] [8]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [20] It has ovate shaped falls, [7] [9] [10] which are 6–7 cm (2–3 in) long and 4 cm wide. [7] [9] They are densely spotted or veined and have a purple-brown, [7] or dark purple signal patch. [5] [8] [9] The signal is at the entrance to the perianth. [5] It is similar coloured to the spotting or veining. [7] In the middle of the falls, a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which is dark purple, [8] [9] [10] or blackish. [5] [11] The standards are much paler (in colour) than the falls, and are orbicular (circular), [9] which are 7–9 cm (3–4 in) long. [9] They have paler veining or spotting as well, [11] in blue purple, [13] purple or blue. [8] [9] The flowers are very similar in form to I. susiana. [10]

It has oblong shaped stigmas, which are a similar colour to the petals, [7] and are also densely veined. [10] It relies on a small number of pollinator species whose pollinators are specialists. [21]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, that opens up into three sections, to hold multiple seeds. [6] [16]

Genetics

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [20] It was counted by Marc Simonet in 1934. [7] It has twenty chromosomes (2n=20). [10] [13] [14]

Taxonomy

It is commonly known as Nazareth Iris, [5] [6] [16] due to being found on the mountains near Nazareth in Israel. [17] It is known in Arabic as 'Saoosan' (A-Natsir), [5] or سوسنة الناصره . [6] while in Hebrew, it is written as אִירוּס נָצְרָתִי . [4] [6]

It is occasionally misspelt as Iris bismarkiana. [9] [22]

The Latin specific epithet bismarckiana refers to Prince Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898, 1st Chancellor of the German Empire). [23]

In 1888, rhizomes of the plant were sent from Lebanon to Germany, by Messrs. Dammann & Co., of Naples. [5] [10] [22] It was then described by E. Dammann and Carl Sprenger in Wiener Illustr. Gartzeitung (Wien. Gartenz.) Vol.352. fig. 72 in 1890 (with an illustration). [7] [22] [24] It was then widely published by Regel in Vol.17 of Wiener Illustr. Gartzeitung on page 855 in 1892. [25] [26] In 1893, Foster described a new iris species, Iris sari var. nazarensis from the Nazareth area in Israel, [24] (in Gardener's Chronicle Vol. 33, [22] ) but then in 1904, (in Botanical Magazine Vol.7986, [8] ) Sprenger thought the two plants were the same. In 1934, John Edward Dinsmore published two species called Iris nazarena (from Nazareth) and Iris hermona (from the Golan Heights). Later, in 1970, Mouterde decided all the species were one type 'I. bismarckiana'. 'I. sari var. nazarensis' and 'I. nazarena' became synonyms of 'I. bismarckiana'. In 1972, Avishai disagreed, and thought that Iris hermona was a separate species, especially due to the rhizome differences (stoloniferous in 'I. bismarckiana' and compact in 'I. hermona'). Feinbrun-Dothan in 1986 agreed. [24] It is listed as 'I. bismarckiana' Damm. & Spreng ex Regel. [14]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 10 March 1997, and then last changed on 1 December 2004. [25]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life, [27] and in the Catalogue of Life. [28]

It is an accepted name by the RHS. [29]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to south Lebanon and northern Israel. [30]

Range

Iris bismarckiana on Mount Yona, Nazareth, Israel Iris-bismarckiana-Zachi-Evenor-01.jpg
Iris bismarckiana on Mount Yona, Nazareth, Israel

It is found in Israel, [11] [12] [18] (including in the provinces of Upper and Lower Galilee, [4] [5] on Mount Hermon, [6] [13] [14] on Mt. Yona, [5] [6] [10] and on Mount Tabor, [9] ) Lebanon, [16] [25] [31] (on Mount Lebanon, [11] and in Wadi Rajib, near Adjloon, [7] [1] ) Syria, [8] [9] [26] and Jordan, [10] [1] (on the Gilead Mountains). [4] [24]

Habitat

It grows on the rocky and stony mountain-sides, [6] [9] [1] at the edges of woodlands, [5] [6] or in scrub land. [9] It can be found on heavy, limestone clays, [12] basalt (rocks), or terra rossa and soft chalky rocks. [5] [9] [1] They can be found at an altitude of up to 1,300 m (4,300 ft) above sea level. [9]

Conservation

PikiWiki Israel 19779 Plants of Israel.jpg

It is a very rare iris, [4] and was under risk of extinction, [32] from threats of urbanization, animal grazing and forestry (creating plantations) with in Israel. [5] [19] In Lebanon, it was threatened by housing and road construction on its habitats. [31] It was listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), as Endangered when last assessed on 2 May 2016. [1]

Within Israel, the species is protected by law, [5] [16] and it is grown in several nature reserves, including the Giv'at Ha-More Nature Reserve and in some of the smaller Reserves on Naphtali hill. [6] Although, it is still declining in populations in the reserves. [33]

In Upper Nazareth, Israel, a residential neighbourhood was planned, but it clashed with hundreds of irises. So a section of land was turned into a nature reserve to protect them. [34]

It is further threatened with the reserves, by an invasive weed, Sarcopoterium spinosum (or Prickly burnet), a common dwarf shrub which competes with the iris for space. [19] [1] [33] Although, it was found if the weed was burned in patches the iris grew stronger. [19] [21] It is also threatened by caterpillars (who feed on the iris flower-buds). [33]

Cultivation

It is hardy to European Zone H4, [8] meaning hardy to −5 to −10 °C (or 23 to 14 °F). [35] It was cultivated in Naples, in 1888, but soon its growth suffered, due to the environmental conditions. [10] It is considered rather difficult to cultivate, [12] due to it needing high temperatures and dryness. [10] It is thought to be best planted in October, by William Rickatson Dykes. [3]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [36] or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves. [37]

Hybrids and cultivars

Known I. bismarkiana cultivars include 'Benjaminii', 'Nazarena' and 'Nazarena Thompsoni'. [7]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [38]

Uses

It is normally used as a garden ornamental plant, but they have also been planted in cemeteries, [5] including in Rajib. [1]

The iris rhizome has been used in a perfume called 'Iris Nazarena', by Aedes de Venustas, [39] [40] a New York-based fragrance boutique. [41]

Culture

One source states that the iris was chosen, as the logo of The Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, [17] but it is in fact Iris haynei (the Gilboa Iris). [34] [42] [43]

The 'Nazareth Iris' is known as the symbol of the city of Nof HaGalil. [32] [34]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Iris</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Subgenus Iris is one subgenus of Iris.

Iris antilibanotica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Syria. It has semi-evergreen, green, falcate leaves, slender stem, bi-coloured flowers, in dark purple, violet. With a small dark spot and purple tipped yellow beard on the outer petals. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and thought to be extinct in the wild.

<i>Iris atrofusca</i> Species of plant

Iris atrofusca is a species in the genus Iris, where it is placed in the subgenus Iris and the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the deserts of Israel and Jordan. The species has long falcate (sickle-shaped) or ensiform (sword-shaped) leaves, a long thick stem and large fragrant flowers that come in shades of purple brown, reddish-black, black-brown, dark brown, dark lilac or dark purple. The flowers also have a black or brownish-black signal patch and a thick beard that is brown-black, light brown or yellow tipped with brown. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris atropurpurea</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris atropurpurea, the coastal iris is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Middle East. It has glaucous (blue-green), linear, falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves. Between February and March, it has between 1 and 2 flowers, in dark shades from red-brown, burgundy, dark purple to blackish purple. They have a darker signal patch and yellow beard tipped with purple. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to it needing very dry conditions.

Iris basaltica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the basalt deserts and hillsides of eastern Syria. It has many falcate long leaves, and long stem. Between March and April, it has white or pale green flowers covered in thick purple or black veining and dots or spots. It also has a purple or maroon beard, tipped with yellow. It is rare cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

<i>Iris bostrensis</i> Species of plant

Iris bostrensis is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the border between Syria and Jordan. It has greenish-grey leaves, 1–2 flowers in Spring,, which have a yellowish, greenish or pale brown ground, which is then covered in many brown-black, brown-purple, or brown, spots, streaks or veining. It has a bright yellow beard, slightly tipped in purple. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

Iris camillae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Azerbaijan. It has narrow, falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, medium-sized stem and large flowers, where the flower colour is very variable, ranging from violet, purple, pale blue, and also yellow, and occasionally bi-colour forms are found. It has a yellow beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

Iris damascena is a species of plant in the genus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial endemic to Mount Qasioun in Syria. It has thin, sickle-shaped, grey-green leaves and medium-sized stem that holds 1-2 large flowers between March and April. Inflorescences are white or grey-white with purple-brown spotting or veining and a small blackish or dark purple signal patch with a sparse, purple or dark purple beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer. The species is classified as critically endangered by the IUCN.

<i>Iris gatesii</i> Species of plant

Iris gatesii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkey and Iraq. It has long, narrow, grey-green or glaucous leaves. The strong, sturdy stem supports a single large flower in spring, between April and June. The large flowers are very variable in colouring, ranging from a pale greenish, grey, white, or creamy-yellow background colour, which is then covered with many purplish-brown, purple, or nearly black, spots, dots, short broken lines, or veining. They have a brownish purple or purple beard, over a dark signal patch. It can be cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, if it does not get too wet during summer.

<i>Iris haynei</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris haynei, the Gilboa iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the shrublands and mountainsides in Palestine and Israel, in the Gilboa mountain. It has smooth, linear or lanceolate, greyish-green leaves. Long slender stem and in Spring, large, fragrant flowers in shades of deep purple, violet, purple, brownish purple or dusky lilac veining or speckling over a pale ground. It has a dark purple, black-brown, to blackish signal patch, and a beard, which is variable from dark purple, white, or dark tipped yellow. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris hermona</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hermona, the Golan iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris, and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the pastures and meadows of the Golan Heights in Israel and Syria. It has linear, upright leaves, tall slender stem holding a bi-coloured flower, having a pale lilac, cream-yellow, light tan, or white background, which is then covered in purple brown, or purple, or purple-pink veining, spots or speckling. It has a round purple-brown or almost black signal patch, and a sparse purple brown or almost black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

Iris heylandiana is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the marshlands or fields of Iraq. It has short, linear or sickle shaped grey-green leaves, slender stem, a single flower in spring, which has a dingy-white, whitish, or pale background, which is covered in many spots or dark veining, in black-purple, brown-purple, or brown violet, or brown shades. It has a dark brown or burgundy brown signal patch and white tinged with yellow or orange white sparse beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris iberica</i> Species of plant

Iris iberica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Armenia, eastern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan. It has narrow, glaucous, gray-green and sickle shaped leaves, short stem holding a single flower in late spring. Which has a pale background covered with heavy veining in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon or purple-brown. It has a black or dark purple signal patch and a brown or purple-brown beard. Although, it has many hybrid forms dues to its variability and has 2 known subspecies of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris iberica subsp. lycotis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it is hardier than other Oncocyclus species.

<i>Iris iberica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> elegantissima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima is a subspecies in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a subspecies of Iris iberica and is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Turkey and Iran. It has large, thin and falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, slender stem with a single flower between April and May. It has a white, cream or pale yellow ground, which is covered in dark veining or speckling in violet, mauve, purple or brown shades. The larger standards are paler, normally white and less veined. The falls, have darker veining and a dark signal patch and brown or purple beard. It is commonly known as Iris elegantissima, especially in Europe and Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but normally needs some protection during the winter period.

<i>Iris mariae</i> Species of plant

Iris mariae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the deserts of Israel and Egypt. It is fairly tall, with long and slender glaucous leaves, and in late spring, lilac-purple to pinkish or violet flowers with deeper veining and blackish-violet signal and dark purple beard.

<i>Iris lortetii</i> Species of plant

Iris lortetii is a species in the genus Iris. It has straight grey-green leaves, a 30–50 cm tall stem, and large showy flowers in late spring or mid-summer that come in shades of pink, from white, lilac, pale lavender and grey-purple. It is veined and dotted pink or maroon. It has a signal patch that is deep maroon and a sparse and brown, purple-brown or reddish beard.

<i>Iris susiana</i> Species of plant

Iris susiana, commonly known as the mourning iris, is a species of perennial plant in the family Iridaceae. The mourning iris is native to the Middle East. It grows in Lebanon, Syria and Turkey, although it is believed to be extinct in the wild. It is popular as a cut flower as the flowers can easily span 12 centimeters. The survival of the species is seriously threatened by excessive picking.

Iris kirkwoodiae is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Syria and Turkey. It has white or pale greenish flowers, heavily covered with dark purple veins or dots, deep purple round signal and a beard of long brown/purple hairs. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris westii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the mountain sides of Lebanon. It has curved grey-green leaves, a stem carrying one flower in shades of lilac, white or beige with spotting or veins in a darker shade or violet. The lower petals have deep velvety chocolate or deep violet-black signal patch and a purple beard. It rare and threatened due to habitat destruction, from military actions, overgrazing by goats and other factors.

Iris yebrudii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the hillsides of Syria. It has curved leaves, often hiding a single stem and the spring flower is pale yellow, covered in fine spots, veining and has a dark purple signal patch and purple beard.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Semaan, M.; Sapir, Y. "Iris bismarckiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  2. ↑ "Iris bismarckiana Damman & Sprenger is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Danin, Prof. Avinoam. "Iris bismarckiana Regel". flora.org.il (Flora of Israel Online). Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 "Iris bismarckiana Regel (1892)" (in Hebrew). redlist.parks.org (Based on the "Red Book – Endangered Plants of Israel" by Prof. Avi information, Dr. Gadi Pollack and Dr. Ori Fragman-Sapir). Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Iris bismarckiana". flowersinisrael.com. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Pries, Bob (15 July 2016). "(SPEC) Iris bismarckiana Damm. & Spreng". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 248, at Google Books
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation , p. 73, at Google Books
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Chapter I (Part 5) Oncocyclus II" (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Weathers, John (1911). The Bulb Book; or Bulbous and tuberous plants for the open air, stove, and greenhouse, containing particulars as to descriptions, culture, propagation etc., of plants from all parts of the world having bulbs, corms, tubers, or rhizomes (orchids excluded). p. 297. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Oncocyclus, Regelia and Reglio-cyclus Irises, The Plantsmen, Buckshaw Gardens, Holwell, Sherborne, Dorset" (PDF). srgc.net (Scottish Rock Garden Club). Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sadder, M. (14 April 2004). "Iris bismarckiana". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises . Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p.  69. ISBN   0715305395.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 "WILD IRIS – IRIS NAZARETH". pazzapazza2.blogspot.co.uk. 26 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  17. 1 2 3 "Iris Nazareth – A Famous Israeli Flower". israelinsideout.com. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  18. 1 2 3 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 128. ISBN   0-88192-089-4.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (20 December 2006). "Technion: Save iris by killing weeds". jpost.com. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  20. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN   0881927309.
  21. 1 2 Segal, Bosmat; Sapir, Yuval; Carmel, Yohay (January 2006). "Fragmentation and Pollination Crisis in the Self-Incompatible Iris Bismarckiana (Iridaceae), with Implications for Conservation". Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution. Tel Aviv University. 52 (2): 111–122. doi:10.1560/IJEE_52_2_111 . Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Cohen, O.; Avisham, M. (2000). "The Irises still exist: The Conservation status of species Iris Section Oncocyclus in Israel, a century after their description". Annali di Botanica. 58. Retrieved 29 April 2016.[ permanent dead link ]
  23. ↑ Stearn, William (1973). A Gardenerer's Dictionary of Plant Names (Revised ed.). London: Cassell (published 1963). p. 60. ISBN   0304937215.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Sapir, Yuval; Shmida, Avi; Comes, H. Peter (2001). "Iris bismarckiana in Israel and Jordan—New findings and taxonomic remarks" (PDF). Israel Journal of Plant Sciences. 49 (3): 229–236. doi:10.1560/FD4U-YWEK-XECA-N6GH. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  25. 1 2 3 "Iris bismarckiana". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  26. 1 2 "Iridaceae Iris bismarckiana Regel". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  27. ↑ "Iris bismarckiana". eol.org. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  28. ↑ "Iris bismarckiana". catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  29. ↑ "Iris bismarckiana". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 13 July 2016.[ permanent dead link ]
  30. ↑ "Iris bismarckiana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 2018-01-12.
  31. 1 2 "The natural site of El-Dichar". ehmej.org. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  32. 1 2 Rinat, Zafrir (9 July 2006). "Will Nazareth Protect the Nazareth Iris?". haaretz.com. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  33. 1 2 3 Segal, Bosmat; Carmel, Yohay; Kaplan, Didi; Dolev, Moti. "Nature Reserve Management for Conservation of the Endangered Species Iris bismarckiana". ecologylab.net.technion.ac.il. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  34. 1 2 3 Rinat, Zafrir (11 September 2006). "Caution, Iris Ahead!". haaretz.com. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  35. ↑ "Plant Hardiness". theseedsite.co. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  36. ↑ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  37. ↑ Waters, Tom (December 2010). "Growing Irises from Seed". telp.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  38. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books
  39. ↑ van der Post, Lucia. "Scents of the divine". howtospendit.ft.com. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  40. ↑ "Iris Nazarena Aedes de Venustas for women and men". franganitca.com. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  41. ↑ Andy (31 July 2013). "Aedes de Venustas Iris Nazarena : Perfume Review". boisdejasmin.com. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  42. ↑ Alon Tal All the Trees of the Forest: Israel's Woodlands from the Bible to the Present , p. 260, at Google Books
  43. ↑ "Israel Environment Bulletin Autumn 1992–5753, Vol. 15, No. 4". mfa.gov.il. 21 December 1998. Retrieved 25 July 2016.

Sources

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Iris bismarckiana at Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies-logo.svg Data related to Iris bismarckiana at Wikispecies

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.