Iris haynei

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Iris haynei
Gilboa-iris-gilboa-ridge-c.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Oncocyclus
Species:
I. haynei
Binomial name
Iris haynei
Synonyms [2] [3] [4]
  • Iris biggeri Dinsm.

Iris haynei, the Faqqu'a Iris or Gilboa iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris , subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the shrublands and mountainsides mostly in Israel and Palestine, on the Gilboa mountain. It has smooth, linear or lanceolate, greyish-green leaves and a long slender stem and in Spring, (between March and April) large, fragrant flowers in shades of deep purple, violet, purple, brownish purple or dusky lilac veining or speckling over a pale ground. It has a dark purple, black-brown, to blackish signal patch, and a beard, which is variable from dark purple, white, or dark tipped yellow. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.[ citation needed ]

Contents

Description

It is a geophyte, [5] [6] [7] with a stout rhizome, [8] and small brown stolons. [9] They are below the surface of the ground, [9] they all form clumps of plants. [8]

It has between 5 and 8 leaves, [8] which are smooth, [5] linear, [10] or lanceolate, greyish-green. [9] They can grow up to between 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long, [9] [11] and between 1 and 1.5 cm wide. [8] [10] They grow in the spring and then fade after the summer. [9]

It has a slender stem or peduncle, that can grow up to between 40–60 cm (16–24 in) tall. [12] [13] [14]

The stems carry the flowers high above the foliage. [9]

The stems hold terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming in spring, [14] [15] between March and April. [16] [17] [18]

The fragrant flowers, [8] [14] [19] are 10–12 cm (4–5 in) in diameter. [4] [14] [19] They come in shades of deep purple, [4] [9] [20] violet, [15] purple, [5] [16] [19] brownish purple, [3] [8] [12] or dusky lilac, [14] [21] and are normally veined or spotted over a pale [8] [11] [14] or pale pink-violet background. [19]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [15] [22] The oblong or ovate, [8] (rounded, [9] ) and recurved (bent backwards) falls are 7–8 cm (3–3 in) long and 4–6 cm wide. [8] They are more densely veined and spotted than the standards. [9] [10] [11]

The incurved (bent forwards), [8] standards are 9–10 cm (4–4 in) long and 6–7 cm wide. [8]

In the centre of the falls, is a dark purple, [9] black-brown, [13] [14] [19] to blackish signal patch, [5] [10] [11] also, in the middle of the falls, is a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which are variable, [8] from dark purple, [10] white, or dark tipped yellow. [7] [8] [9]

A semi-albino form with a white-yellowish, [7] or golden yellow flower and a dark red signal patch, has been recorded. [3] [7] [8]

It has a 2.5 cm long perianth-tube, [14] and after the iris has flowered, it produces an loculicidal (meaning it has chambers) seed capsule, [5] inside the seeds have a method of delaying germination, for up to several years, so that they can re-produce plants following periods of droughts. [15]

Genetics

In 2002, a genetic analysis study was carried out on I. haynei and Iris atrofusca in Israel, to find the DNA markers and phenotypic variation. [23]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [22] : 18  It has a chromosome count: 2n=20. [3] [4] [9] It was counted in 1977 by Avishai & Zohary, [24] then published in 1980. [21]

Taxonomy

It is written in Hebrew by אירוס הגלבוע, [18] and in Arabic as سوسن فقوعة. [5] [7] [25]

It has the common name of 'Gilboa Iris'. [5] [18] [26] 'Mount Gilboa Iris'. [4] [9] [27] 'Iris of Mount Gilboa', [28] or 'Irus Ha-Gilboa'. [29] [30] The Palestinian name is 'Sawsan Faqqua' or 'Sawsan Gilboa'. [25] [31]

The Latin specific epithet haynei refers to William Amherst Hayne (1847–1873), [32] [33] (from Trinity College, Cambridge), [34] who was a botanist, who went with Tristram, [7] to the ruins of Ataruz and Machaerus (Mukawir) in 1873. [35]

Although one source mistakenly, thought it was named after Friedrich Gottlob Hayne (1763–1832). [5]

It was originally found in Palestine, [10] [36] on Mount Gilboa, [37] by Hayne in April 1872, [38] and then it was first published and described by John Gilbert Baker in The Gardeners' Chronicle Vol.6 on page 710 in 1876. [34] [36] [39] This description was based on dried samples of plants that Haynes had originally found. [38]

Although occasionally, it is claimed that the plants author is Mallet (George B. Mallett, 1955– ), (as I. haynei (Baker) Mallet ) as it was thought to be called Iris hayne before 1905, and then published in 'Gardeners' Chronicle' Vol.35 on page 266 in 1904, [14] [21] but this has been rejected by other information sources. [2] [36] [39]

It was also published in 'Journal of the RHS' Vol.29 Proceedings on page112 in 1905. [14]

It was thought originally to be closely related to Iris sari , [10] and was once also thought to be a form of Iris atrofusca, [9] [19] [40] but after genetic testing in 2001, it was found to be a separate but linked species. [23] [41]

It is listed as I. haynei in the Encyclopedia of Life, [42] and in the Catalogue of Life. [43] I. haynei is a tentatively accepted name by the RHS, [44] and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 1 December 2004. [39]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Western Asia. [39]

Range

Iris haynei01 Jusmine.JPG

It is endemic to the ancient Samaria region, [8] [9] [18] of northeastern Israel, Palestine, and northwest Jordan [4] [11] [14] within the Lower Galilee region, [45] [46] (including on Mount Tabor [46] ), in the Beit Shean Valley, [17] and found on Mount Gilboa. [17] [19] [41] Some small populations of the iris, can be found in the Judean Desert, [18] and near to the kibbutz of Ein Gev. [37] [47]

But it can also cross adjacent borders, such as the Israeli West Bank barrier, [48] [49] and is found in the northern West Bank. [1] [50]

Habitat

It grows in Mediterranean woodlands, shrublands, [1] [5] [18] and on rocky hillsides. [8] It is found on soils containing limestone, [19] and dolomite, [1] or at the edges of fields in terra rossa. [8] They can be found at an altitude of 150–550 m (490–1,800 ft) above sea level. [1] [19]

Pollination

I. haynei, like many other Oncocyclus iris species, can be pollinated by night-sheltering solitary male bees (eucerine bees), [19] [45] who are attracted to the heat reward of the dark flowers. [51]

Unlike other plants, the floral size of I. haynei, is not an advantage for larger flowers and taller plants in attracting pollinators, over smaller plants such Iris tuberosa , compared to Iris atropurpurea and Iris gracilipes , where the large flowers does make an advantage, [41] and has affected the evolution of flowers in I. atropurpurea. [51]

Synecology

On Mount Gilboa, the iris can be found growing alongside Ferula communis and Euphorbia hierosolymitana , near Pistacia lentiscus and Ceratonia siliqua , and at the edges of planted Aleppo pine forests. [1]

Conservation

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In 1950's the iris suffered from widespread picking, [16] by plant dealers and visitors, [15] [37] and locals from a nearby kibbutz had collected the iris to make wreathes to decorate their rooms. [33] It soon became very rare and endangered. [38]

In 1959, all Oncocyclus irises in Israel were listed as 'Very Rare'. [38] Then in 1963, the Nature Reserves Act was established in Israel, [38] the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel with a parliamentary lobby also initiated a special law for the protection of 95% of wildlife, including many threatened plants. [6] It included the designation of 30 National Parks and 145 sites as nature reserves, which were administrated by Nature Conservation Authority. [6] The 1964 'Species Protection Law' and the 'Endangered Species Law' includes various irises. [38] Then in 1964, the Nature Reserves Authority (NRA) was established to enforce the act and manage the various reserves. The creation of nature reserves and wild plant protection law has saved the plant from extinction, [37] Some of the reserves were set up specifically due to the presence of 'Oncocyclus' irises, including on Mount Gilboa. [38] Also, a public education campaign [52] including school teaching programmes, pamphlets and posters, stopped the public picking the wild plants. [38] It was also thought that within the nature reserves, there needed to be controlled cattle grazing to reduce plant competition from aggressive grasses, herbs and thistles. [1] [6] [29]

The iris can also be found in the nature reserves of Nahal Misgav, Nahal Qedesh, Nahal Dishon and Nahal Bet Ha'emek in Upper Galilee, Nazareth, Har Yona and Giv'at Ha-more in Lower Galilee and in Hula Valley within Ein Avazim. [38] It is also found in Jalaboun (Important Plant Area), which has a typical Mediterranean climate and consists of open 'maquis' (chaparral), with olive groves and fields of wheat and pasture. [53]

The creation of the wall between Israel and Palestine (since 2002), has also affected its habitat. [1] [53] Several hundred flower groups were trans-located to the Mount Barkan area of Mount Gilboa, but most of these plants died between 2–10 years, due to dense pine tree plantations. [1]

In 2015, it was listed as rare, [9] on the West Bank of Palestine, [50] and parts of Israel (except on Mount Gilboa). [18]

On 24 February 2016, it was assessed by the IUCN as Vulnerable. [1] It has a restricted habitat of less than 100 km2. [1] [53]

It is now part of Jerusalem Botanical Gardens preservation project, which includes seed collection. [54]

Mount Gilboa controversy

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Tourists coming to Mount Gilboa to see the iris Lots of people come to see the Gilboa Iris blossom (441159960).jpg
Tourists coming to Mount Gilboa to see the iris

Before the creation of the Mount Gilboa Nature Reserve, the iris was threatened by deforestation, [38] in 1950, the Jewish National Fund (JNF) led by Yosef Weitz, built a village near the Arab towns (on the Mount) to provide a new site for Jewish emigrants from Yemen. Afterwards, 47,000 saplings were planted on the hillsides. But most of these plants died due to drought in 1951 and excessive rain in 1952. Weitz carried on planting trees, by 1960, he had planted 355,000 trees on 170 dunams with on a 2% not surviving. Although Azariah Alon (co-founder of the SPNI), who lived nearby called the foresters "barbarians". They destroyed native vegetation with fire and planted pines and eucalyptus. Alon then confronted Sharon Weitz (Yosef's son and head of the northern region Forestry Department). Azariah used his radio show to put forward his arguments. Yosef agreed to a change in the tree plans, and left the upper region of Barkan Mount, unplanted. Also many of the other pine trees died due to being planted too dense. [20] Parts of the mount, could not be re-forested due to high amounts of kaolinite clay, which stopped tree growth. [55]

By February 1966, the populations of the iris were very scattered, making reproduction via pollination very difficult, also they were attacked by porcupines and rodents. Then in the spring of 1967, a conservationist (Palti Sela, a ranger in the Israel Nature and Parks Authority) with various assistants and friends, transplanted iris groups to make large groups. Also they used the 'tweezers method', to fertilize the irises. [33] [56]

In 1970, a nature reserve on the mount, was created to protect the iris and other endemic wildflowers, [29] then in 1976 and 1977, 170 plant species were counted on Mount Gilboa, including I. haynei. [6] [57]

In 2003, an eco-friendly settlement (called 'Michal' with 120 housing units) was planned to be built on the eastern slope of the mount, it was proved by the INPA, who managed the land. [15] Then in 2005, the 'Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel' (SPNI) carried out a survey on the mount (the site of the new proposed settlement), and over 3,500 iris plants were recorded. [29] [33] A coalition of Israeli scientists and the SPNI had objected to the planned settlement of 'Michal', [19] which would risk "total extinction" of the iris. Although, the settlement was planned for energy-efficient homes, built with recycled materials, and the use of native plants. "We want to live with nature" said software engineer Aviv Harary. Also all the iris in the way would have been be transplanted before the construction begins. In reply, Michael Avishai, scientific director of the Jerusalem Botanical Gardens said that pollinating insects would have to compete with other insects introduced by the settlement gardens and agriculture. Another scientist warned that the light, pets, gardens, and utilities from the settlement could affect an area on the mountain 10 times larger than its footprint of homes. [15] The SPNI also worked with The Gilboa Guard (or Mishmar Hagilboa) a local grassroots organization to provide opposition to the plan. [58] Likud legislator Omri Sharon, son of the former prime minister, was in favour of the settlement. [15] Eventually the settlement was abandoned. [26] [58] Later another nature reserve was created (by the government on the development site) to protect the iris and other endangered wildflowers on the mount, [29] The cancellation of the plan, then enforced the status of the SPNI, as an environmental organisation and public representative, and now proved in law. [58]

In 2012, the mount then became the site of a new public battle between the JNF and the SPNI. In 2006, Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA) agreed to pass over its forest lands (or woodlands) to the JNF, this would alter the status of many acres of land. [26] The parks authority looks after about 6 million dunams (1.5 million acres), and the JNF has 1.2 million dunams (300,000 acres). The agreement meant that the JNF would not interfere in the declaration of nature reserves in other places in Israel. [59] The SPNI were very concerned about the agreement, [60] as the JNF is more interested in construction and development instead of nature protection. [26] Also the status of forest gives less protection to the open space rather than the status of nature reserve. [59] The SPNI had even included Mount Gilboa in its list of threatened sites. [61]

Professor Yoram Yom-Tov of Tel Aviv University, was one of 60 scientists who signed an open letter against the transfer. He said "Transferring these lands to the JNF is a grave mistake". The SPNI wanted part of Mount Gilboa become a nature reserve, that it would co-manage with the JNF, but this was rejected. Dr. Omri Boneh said the Society's plan was rejected due to local councils opposition. [26] Iris expert Dr. Yuval Sapir told a committee of scientific experts at the parks authority that "some forest ranger who doesn't know the management instructions for the area could come along and plow it up or spray it." [59]

The feud between the two groups also includes the Tu Bishvat planting ceremony by JNF of oak trees in the Lower Galilee's Beit Keshet (a kibbutz, near Nazareth). The SPNI wanted the site to be nature reserve. Also a new law was being discussed by the Israeli Agriculture Ministry to establish a forestry authority. The JNF think they are best placed to run it, but the SPNI deputy director general Nir Papai told Environmental Protection Minister Gilad Erdan that the JNFs "organizational and statutory structure are unsuitable for the structure required by a government authority managing forests." [59]

Cultivation

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'Oncocyclus Section' Irises are easier to grow than 'Regelia Section' irises. [11] In general, they need good drainage, [62] minimal summer rainfall and dry winters, [12] similar to a semi-arid climate. [45] In temperate areas (such as the Europe and America), they are only suitable for growing by specialist iris growers, within a bulb frame or greenhouse. [12] [62] They can be grown under glass (in frames), to protect the irises from excess moisture (especially during winter times) and also to ensure the (shallow planted) rhizomes get the best temperatures during the growing season. [9] [11] They can be grown in pots (especially in deep ones known as 'long toms'), but they need re-potting, every 2 years and extra feeding. Watering is one of the most critical aspects of iris cultivation. [11] It can suffer from aphids, viruses and rots. [62]

Propagation

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Irises can generally be propagated by division, [63] or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves. [64] Oncoyclus irises dislike division, but it should only be carried out when the plant is overcrowded. [62] Although hand pollination and germinating seedlings gives better results. [62]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris haynei has the following recorded cultivar names; 'Biggeri' and 'Haynei'. [21]

Known I. haynei crosses include; 'Arabian Knight' ( Iris gatesii X I. haynei), [65] 'Galeet' (crossed with Iris hermona ), [66] 'Gilmond' (crossed with Iris hermona), [67] 'Judean Bronze' (crossed with Iris auranitica ), [68] 'Shah Azul' (crossed with Iris 'Judean Cream'), [69] and 'Syrian Dawn'. [70]

I. haynei is the grandparent in the following crosses; 'Gethsemane', [71] 'Shany' ( Iris atropurpurea x I. haynei), [72] and 'Syrian Scroll' (Iris gatesii x I. haynei). [21] [73]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [74]

Culture

It was also used for a postage stamp on 26 December 1978, part of a series of wild flowers. [75]

One source states that Iris bismarckiana (also known as 'Iris nazareth') was chosen, [76] as the logo of The Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel in 1970, [38] but it was in fact I. haynei. [20] [77] [78]

On Mount Gilboa, there is a trail between March and April to see the iris in flower, [79] [80] [81] thousands can walk the trail. [16]

In 2012, it also inspired a romance novel set on Mount Gilboa, The Gilboa Iris by Zahava D Englard. [82] [83]

On 5 April 2016, [25] the Ministry of Environmental Affairs (Palestine) had adopted 'Sawsan Gilboa' (I. haynei) as the national plant of the State of Palestine, to go with the Olive tree (as the national tree), Palestine sunbird (national bird) and 5 March to be the national day for the Palestinian environment. [84]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae

Iris is a flowering plant genus of 310 accepted species with showy flowers. As well as being the scientific name, iris is also widely used as a common name for all Iris species, as well as some belonging to other closely related genera. A common name for some species is flags, while the plants of the subgenus Scorpiris are widely known as junos, particularly in horticulture. It is a popular garden flower.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel</span>

Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, or SPNI, is an Israeli non-profit environmental organization working to preserve plants, animals, and natural environments that represent bio-diversity, by protecting the lands and waters needed for their survival, and is Israel's oldest and largest conservation organization.

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Iris</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Subgenus Iris is one subgenus of Iris.

<i>Iris acutiloba</i> Species of plant

Iris acutiloba is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of the Caucasus and found in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Dagestan in the North Caucasus, and Iran. It is a dwarf species, with narrow, falcate or curved leaves, it has one flower in spring or early summer, that comes in shades from cream, creamy white, whitish, pale brown, light grey, to pale violet. It is heavily veined or streaked and pointed, with 2 dark spots and brown, purple, dark purple, or black short beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are two subspecies, Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata and Iris acutiloba subsp. longitepala.

<i>Iris atrofusca</i> Species of plant

Iris atrofusca is a species in the genus Iris, where it is placed in the subgenus Iris and the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the deserts of Israel/Palestine and Jordan. The species has long falcate (sickle-shaped) or ensiform (sword-shaped) leaves, a long thick stem and large fragrant flowers that come in shades of purple brown, reddish-black, black-brown, dark brown, dark lilac or dark purple. The flowers also have a black or brownish-black signal patch and a thick beard that is brown-black, light brown or yellow tipped with brown. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris atropurpurea</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris atropurpurea, the coastal iris is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Israel. It has glaucous (blue-green), linear, falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves. Between February and March, it has between 1 and 2 flowers, in dark shades from red-brown, burgundy, dark purple to blackish purple. They have a darker signal patch and yellow beard tipped with purple. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to it needing very dry conditions.

<i>Iris barnumiae</i> Species of plant

Iris barnumiae is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. It has pale glaucous green and narrow leaves, that are slightly sickle-shaped and fade soon after blooming. It has, in mid- to late spring, fragrant flowers in shades of purple, from red-purple, mulberry to purplish-violet, with a yellow tipped with purple beard. It was renamed as I. barnumiae in after a plant naming conference in 2011, but is still sometimes named as I. barnumae in some sources. It has one accepted subspecies Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica and two forms; Iris barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo and Iris barnumiae f. urmiensis (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo, which has yellow flowers. Sometimes I. barnumiae f. barnumiae is used to describe the basic form. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its needing very dry and warm summer conditions.

<i>Iris bismarckiana</i> Species of plant

Iris bismarckiana, the Nazareth iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountainsides of Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. It has stoloniferous, spreading rhizomes, long, sword shaped, bright green leaves, long slender stem and 1 flower in Spring. The large flower is pale yellow, creamy-white, or white background. Which is covered with reddish-brown, maroon brown, purple-brown, purple, blue-purple, or blue veins, markings or spots. It has a dark signal patch and dark purple to black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris bostrensis</i> Species of plant

Iris bostrensis is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the border between Syria and Jordan. It has greenish-grey leaves, 1–2 flowers in Spring,, which have a yellowish, greenish or pale brown ground, which is then covered in many brown-black, brown-purple, or brown, spots, streaks or veining. It has a bright yellow beard, slightly tipped in purple. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

Iris cedreti is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial endemic to Lebanon. It has long narrow leaves, short stem, and flowers with a white background which is covered with very small dots or veins of dark maroon, purple, purplish-maroon, or almost black. It has a dark maroon signal patch with a brownish or purplish beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer. It is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN.

Iris damascena is a species of plant in the genus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial endemic to Mount Qasioun in Syria. It has thin, sickle-shaped, grey-green leaves and medium-sized stem that holds 1-2 large flowers between March and April. Inflorescences are white or grey-white with purple-brown spotting or veining and a small blackish or dark purple signal patch with a sparse, purple or dark purple beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer. The species is classified as critically endangered by the IUCN.

<i>Iris gatesii</i> Species of plant

Iris gatesii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkey and Iraq. It has long, narrow, grey-green or glaucous leaves. The strong, sturdy stem supports a single large flower in spring, between April and June. The large flowers are very variable in colouring, ranging from a pale greenish, grey, white, or creamy-yellow background colour, which is then covered with many purplish-brown, purple, or nearly black, spots, dots, short broken lines, or veining. They have a brownish purple or purple beard, over a dark signal patch. It can be cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, if it does not get too wet during summer.

<i>Iris hermona</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hermona, the Golan iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris, and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the pastures and meadows of the Golan Heights in Israel and Syria. It has linear, upright leaves, tall slender stem holding a bi-coloured flower, having a pale lilac, cream-yellow, light tan, or white background, which is then covered in purple brown, or purple, or purple-pink veining, spots or speckling. It has a round purple-brown or almost black signal patch, and a sparse purple brown or almost black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris iberica</i> Species of plant

Iris iberica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus Mountains of Armenia, eastern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan. It has narrow, glaucous, gray-green and sickle shaped leaves, short stem holding a single flower in late spring. Which has a pale background covered with heavy veining in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon or purple-brown. It has a black or dark purple signal patch and a brown or purple-brown beard. Although, it has many hybrid forms dues to its variability and has 2 known subspecies of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris iberica subsp. lycotis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it is hardier than other Oncocyclus species.

<i>Iris iberica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> elegantissima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima is a subspecies in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a subspecies of Iris iberica and is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Turkey and Iran. It has large, thin and falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, slender stem with a single flower between April and May. It has a white, cream or pale yellow ground, which is covered in dark veining or speckling in violet, mauve, purple or brown shades. The larger standards are paler, normally white and less veined. The falls, have darker veining and a dark signal patch and brown or purple beard. It is commonly known as Iris elegantissima, especially in Europe and Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but normally needs some protection during the winter period.

<i>Iris mariae</i> Species of plant

Iris mariae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the deserts of Israel, Egypt and Palestine. It is fairly tall, with long and slender glaucous leaves, and in late spring, lilac-purple to pinkish or violet flowers with deeper veining and blackish-violet signal and dark purple beard.

<i>Iris lortetii</i> Species of plant

Iris lortetii is a species in the genus Iris. It has straight grey-green leaves, a 30–50 cm tall stem, and large showy flowers in late spring or mid-summer that come in shades of pink, from white, lilac, pale lavender and grey-purple. It is veined and dotted pink or maroon. It has a signal patch that is deep maroon and a sparse and brown, purple-brown or reddish beard.

<i>Iris paradoxa</i> Species of plant

Iris paradoxa is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia. It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals, which is unique amongst most iris forms. They come in various shades from white, lavender, mauve, medium purple, violet, dark purple to black. It has a black or purplish black beard on the lower petals. It comes from the region of Transcaucasia, and is found in the countries of Iran, Turkey, Armenia and in Azerbaijan.

<i>Iris petrana</i> Species of plant

Iris petrana, commonly known as the Petra iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It has spring blooming flowers that come in shades from burgundy, dark brown to dark violet and purple. They have yellow or dark 'beards' and flower over sword-like grey-green leaves. It is normally found in the desert sands between the countries of Jordan and Israel.

Iris westii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the mountain sides of Lebanon. It has curved grey-green leaves, a stem carrying one flower in shades of lilac, white or beige with spotting or veins in a darker shade or violet. The lower petals have deep velvety chocolate or deep violet-black signal patch and a purple beard. It rare and threatened due to habitat destruction, from military actions, overgrazing by goats and other factors.

References

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Sources

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