Iris hermona

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Iris hermona
PikiWiki Israel 42124 Iris Hermona.JPG
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Oncocyclus
Species:
I. hermona
Binomial name
Iris hermona
Synonyms [2]

None known

Iris hermona, the Golan iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus of Iris , and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the pastures and meadows of the Golan Heights in Israel and Syria. It has linear, upright leaves, tall slender stem holding a bi-coloured flower, having a pale lilac, cream-yellow, light tan, or white background, which is then covered in purple brown, or purple, or purple-pink veining, spots or speckling. It has a round purple-brown or almost black signal patch, and a sparse purple brown or almost black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

Contents

Description

It is a geophyte, [3] [4] with a stout compact rhizome. [5] Which separates it from Iris bismarckiana (another Oncocyclus Iris), with a similar flower form and other morphological characters, but which has a stoloniferous rhizome. [6] [7]

It has 9 leaves, [5] which are linear, [8] straight and erect. [1] [9] Compared to Iris westii (another Oncocyclus Iris), which are short and curved. [1] The leaves can grow up to between 30 cm (12 in) long and 1.8 cm wide. [5]

It has a slender stem or peduncle, that can grow up to between 30 and 50 cm (12 and 20 in) tall. [10] [11] [12]

The stems hold terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming early in the season, [10] between March and April, [3] [4] [8] or between April and May (in the UK). [5]

The flowers are between 10 and 18 cm (4 and 7 in) in diameter, [5] [10] [11] they are considered to be the largest single flower in Israel. [13] They are bi-coloured, [14] and are pale lilac, [5] creamy, [11] [15] cream-yellow, [9] [10] [15] light tan, [9] or white background. [5] [16] They are then covered in purple brown, [5] [9] [15] or purple, [3] or purple-pink, [9] veining, spots or speckling. [5] [9]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [8] [17] The falls are obovate and very recurved, [5] and they measure 6.5–8.5 cm (3–3 in) long and 4.5–6.5 cm (2–3 in) wide. [5] The colour and thickness of the veining or speckling can vary. [11] In the centre of the petal is a signal patch, which is orbicular (round), purple-brown, [10] [11] [15] or almost black, [9] and 1.2 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. [5] Also in the middle of the falls, a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which is sparse and has purple brown, [5] [10] [11] or almost black hairs. [9] The standards are sub-orbicular and they measure 6.4–8.5 cm (3–3 in) long and 5.5–7.5 cm (2–3 in) wide. [5] They are paler than the falls. [5] [12]

It has cream, [9] or yellow anthers, [10] with purple filaments, [9] [10] and creamy white style branches. [10] Compared to Iris atropurpurea and Iris haynei , it has a very short flowering time of between (3.6 ± 0.8 days). [14]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, which has not yet been described. [5]

Genetics

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [17] It has a chromosome count: 2n=20, [15] similar to other Oncocyclus irises. [18]

Taxonomy

It is commonly known as 'Golan Iris', [1] [13] 'Hermon Iris', [10] [19] [20] or 'Mt. Hermon iris'. [3] [8] It is also written in Hebrew as אִירוּס הַחֶרְמוֹן, [4] [8] and written in Arabic as سوسن جبل الشيخ. [8]

The Latin specific epithet hermona refers to Mount Hermon, between Israel and Syria, [21] although most of the currant plants are found in the Golan Heights. [1]

It was first found in Kunaytrah, Palestine, [22] in 1912, [9] and described by Wilhelm Bacher. [10] Although it was first published and named by John E. Dinsmore in 'Flora of Syria, Palestine, and Sinai' (edited G. E. Post) by Vol.2 on page 596, in 1933. [2] [10] [22] [23]

It was also published in 1934 in Fasc. II. 8 (Publ. Am. Univ. Beirut, Nat. Sc. Series No. 1 and No.3). [22]

In 1968, Bastow (within his article 'Oncocylus Irises, Part II', in The Iris Year Book 1968) thought that the species was similar in form to Iris bismarckiana except from having different types of rhizomes. [5]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then changed on 1 December 2004. [23] It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life, [24] and in the Catalogue of Life, [25] as well as being tentatively accepted name by the RHS. [26]

Distribution and habitat

Iris from near Katzrin, Golan Heights Iris waterfall3282.JPG
Iris from near Katzrin, Golan Heights

It is native to temperate western Asia. [23]

Range

It is endemic to Israel, [1] [23] (including the Golan Heights, [4] [13] [14] Keshet, [14] and Mount Hermon, [8] [11] [15] ) and Syria. [1] [12] [23]

Habitat

It grows in open places like pasture lands, [11] on the edges of oak scrub, [4] [5] steppes, [1] or rocky meadows. [13] On heavy soils, [8] including rocky basalt, heavy basalt soils. [1] or dark brown limestone soils. [5]

Pollination

Generally, most Oncocyclus irises (including I. hermona) are pollinated by night-sheltering male bees (male eucerine bees). [14]

Conservation

I. hermona is currently assessed as being a vulnerable species, since 2016. [1] It is very rare on the Golan Heights and on Mount Hermon. [4] [9] In the past, it has been picked and uprooted due to its flowers, attacked by herbivores (such as porcupines, caterpillars, and true-bugs). Also its habitat has suffered from military tank exercises and other military exercises on the Golan. The populations have also been affected by cattle grazing, settlement development (housing), and the creation of vineyards and other agricultural development. [1]

The iris is a protected wildflower, [3] [19] and fortunately some populations of the iris can be found inside a couple of mine fields. In Keshet, Golan a settlement area was widened, and a population of the iris was trans-located, but after 3 years only 6 plants had survived out of 120 (meaning 5%). [1]

Cultivation

PikiWiki Israel 42123 Iris Hermona.JPG

I. hermona is thought to be an easier plant to grow in cultivation, [6] as it can tolerate a Mediterranean climate. [14] In general 'Oncocyclus Section' Irises need good drainage, [6] minimal summer rainfall and dry winters, [27] similar to a semi-arid climate. [14] In temperate areas (such as the Europe and America), they are only suitable for growing in specialist iris growers, within a bulb frame or greenhouse. [6] [27] They can be grown under glass (in frames), to protect the irises from excess moisture (especially during winter times) and also to ensure the (shallow planted) rhizomes get the best temperatures during the growing season. [28] They can be grown in pots (especially in deep ones known as 'long toms'), but they need re-potting, every 2 years and extra feeding. Watering is one of the most critical aspects of iris cultivation. [28] It can suffer from aphids, viruses and rots. [6]

Israel's national collection of Oncocyclus iris is held at Ramat HaNadiv the burial place of Baron Edmond de Rothschild (1845–1934). It has an iris garden (which includes I. hermona, Iris mariae , Iris atropurpurea and other Oncocyclus irises) as well as a large propagation system for growing more irises. [29]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [30] or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves. [31] Oncocyclus irises dislike division, but it should only be carried out when the plant is overcrowded. [6] Although hand pollination and germinating seedlings gives better results. [6]

Hybrids and cultivars

It has one cultivar called 'Hermona'. [10]

It has various crosses including; 'Aviv' ( Iris atropurpurea x I. hermona) X (I. atropurpurea x I. hermona), [32] 'Bagdad Beauty', [33] 'Doar Na' (I. hermona X Iris iberica ), [34] 'Galeet' ( Iris haynei crossed with I. hermona]]), [35] 'Gilmond' (I. haynei crossed with I. hermona), [36] 'Goren' ( Iris mariae X I. hermona), [37] 'Leat' ( Iris atropurpurea X I. hermona) X (I. atropurpurea x I. hermona, [38] 'New Enchantment' (I. hermona X Iris susiana ) X self, [39] 'Noga' (I. atropurpurea X I. hermona), [40] 'Orit' ( Iris samariae X I. hermona), [41] 'Ravid' (Onco Hybrid 'Judean Charmer' (1956) X I. hermona), [42] 'Reaem' (I. hermona X Onco hybrid 'Judean Charmer'), [43] 'Sa'ar' (Iris mariae X I. hermona), [44] 'Tameer' (I. atropurpurea X I. hermona) X I. hermona), [10] [45]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [46]

Culture

It is also found on the roof of a medieval grave of a local sheikh in the Golan Heights. [13] [47]

On 19 June 2016, the National Gallery of Art in Vilnius, held an exhibition of photos by photographer Sharon Ya’ari, I. hermona was included as part of his "Red Slide" series (2015). [48]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Iris</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Subgenus Iris is one subgenus of Iris.

Iris antilibanotica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Syria. It has semi-evergreen, green, falcate leaves, slender stem, bi-coloured flowers, in dark purple, violet. With a small dark spot and purple tipped yellow beard on the outer petals. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and thought to be extinct in the wild.

<i>Iris atrofusca</i> Species of plant

Iris atrofusca is a species in the genus Iris, where it is placed in the subgenus Iris and the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the deserts of Israel and Jordan. The species has long falcate (sickle-shaped) or ensiform (sword-shaped) leaves, a long thick stem and large fragrant flowers that come in shades of purple brown, reddish-black, black-brown, dark brown, dark lilac or dark purple. The flowers also have a black or brownish-black signal patch and a thick beard that is brown-black, light brown or yellow tipped with brown. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris atropurpurea</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris atropurpurea, the coastal iris is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Middle East. It has glaucous (blue-green), linear, falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves. Between February and March, it has between 1 and 2 flowers, in dark shades from red-brown, burgundy, dark purple to blackish purple. They have a darker signal patch and yellow beard tipped with purple. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to it needing very dry conditions.

<i>Iris barnumiae</i> Species of plant

Iris barnumiae is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. It has pale glaucous green and narrow leaves, that are slightly sickle-shaped and fade soon after blooming. It has, in mid- to late spring, fragrant flowers in shades of purple, from red-purple, mulberry to purplish-violet, with a yellow tipped with purple beard. It was renamed as I. barnumiae in after a plant naming conference in 2011, but is still sometimes named as I. barnumae in some sources. It has one accepted subspecies Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica and two forms; Iris barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo and Iris barnumiae f. urmiensis (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo, which has yellow flowers. Sometimes I. barnumiae f. barnumiae is used to describe the basic form. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its needing very dry and warm summer conditions.

<i>Iris auranitica</i> Species of plant

Iris auranitica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial in the Jabal al-Druze region in Syria, where it grows at about 1600 m. It has thin and long, greyish-green, semi-evergreen leaves. In May, it has fragranced flowers, with a dark signal patch and yellow beard with purple tips. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

Iris basaltica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the basalt deserts and hillsides of eastern Syria. It has many falcate long leaves, and long stem. Between March and April, it has white or pale green flowers covered in thick purple or black veining and dots or spots. It also has a purple or maroon beard, tipped with yellow. It is rare cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

<i>Iris bismarckiana</i> Species of plant

Iris bismarckiana, the Nazareth iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountainsides of Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. It has stoloniferous, spreading rhizomes, long, sword shaped, bright green leaves, long slender stem and 1 flower in Spring. The large flower is pale yellow, creamy-white, or white background. Which is covered with reddish-brown, maroon brown, purple-brown, purple, blue-purple, or blue veins, markings or spots. It has a dark signal patch and dark purple to black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris bostrensis</i> Species of plant

Iris bostrensis is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the border between Syria and Jordan. It has greenish-grey leaves, 1–2 flowers in Spring,, which have a yellowish, greenish or pale brown ground, which is then covered in many brown-black, brown-purple, or brown, spots, streaks or veining. It has a bright yellow beard, slightly tipped in purple. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

Iris cedreti is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial endemic to Lebanon. It has long narrow leaves, short stem, and flowers with a white background which is covered with very small dots or veins of dark maroon, purple, purplish-maroon, or almost black. It has a dark maroon signal patch with a brownish or purplish beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer. It is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN.

<i>Iris gatesii</i> Species of plant

Iris gatesii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkey and Iraq. It has long, narrow, grey-green or glaucous leaves. The strong, sturdy stem supports a single large flower in spring, between April and June. The large flowers are very variable in colouring, ranging from a pale greenish, grey, white, or creamy-yellow background colour, which is then covered with many purplish-brown, purple, or nearly black, spots, dots, short broken lines, or veining. They have a brownish purple or purple beard, over a dark signal patch. It can be cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, if it does not get too wet during summer.

<i>Iris haynei</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris haynei, the Gilboa iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the shrublands and mountainsides in Palestine and Israel, in the Gilboa mountain. It has smooth, linear or lanceolate, greyish-green leaves. Long slender stem and in Spring, large, fragrant flowers in shades of deep purple, violet, purple, brownish purple or dusky lilac veining or speckling over a pale ground. It has a dark purple, black-brown, to blackish signal patch, and a beard, which is variable from dark purple, white, or dark tipped yellow. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

Iris heylandiana is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the marshlands or fields of Iraq. It has short, linear or sickle shaped grey-green leaves, slender stem, a single flower in spring, which has a dingy-white, whitish, or pale background, which is covered in many spots or dark veining, in black-purple, brown-purple, or brown violet, or brown shades. It has a dark brown or burgundy brown signal patch and white tinged with yellow or orange white sparse beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris iberica</i> Species of plant

Iris iberica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Armenia, eastern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan. It has narrow, glaucous, gray-green and sickle shaped leaves, short stem holding a single flower in late spring. Which has a pale background covered with heavy veining in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon or purple-brown. It has a black or dark purple signal patch and a brown or purple-brown beard. Although, it has many hybrid forms dues to its variability and has 2 known subspecies of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris iberica subsp. lycotis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it is hardier than other Oncocyclus species.

<i>Iris iberica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> elegantissima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima is a subspecies in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a subspecies of Iris iberica and is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Turkey and Iran. It has large, thin and falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, slender stem with a single flower between April and May. It has a white, cream or pale yellow ground, which is covered in dark veining or speckling in violet, mauve, purple or brown shades. The larger standards are paler, normally white and less veined. The falls, have darker veining and a dark signal patch and brown or purple beard. It is commonly known as Iris elegantissima, especially in Europe and Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but normally needs some protection during the winter period.

<i>Iris mariae</i> Species of plant

Iris mariae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the deserts of Israel and Egypt. It is fairly tall, with long and slender glaucous leaves, and in late spring, lilac-purple to pinkish or violet flowers with deeper veining and blackish-violet signal and dark purple beard.

<i>Iris lortetii</i> Species of plant

Iris lortetii is a species in the genus Iris. It has straight grey-green leaves, a 30–50 cm tall stem, and large showy flowers in late spring or mid-summer that come in shades of pink, from white, lilac, pale lavender and grey-purple. It is veined and dotted pink or maroon. It has a signal patch that is deep maroon and a sparse and brown, purple-brown or reddish beard.

<i>Iris paradoxa</i> Species of plant

Iris paradoxa is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia. It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals, which is unique amongst most iris forms. They come in various shades from white, lavender, mauve, medium purple, violet, dark purple to black. It has a black or purplish black beard on the lower petals. It comes from the region of Transcaucasia, and is found in the countries of Iran,, Turkey, Armenia and in Azerbaijan.

<i>Iris petrana</i> Species of plant

Iris petrana, commonly known as the Petra iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It has spring blooming flowers that come in shades from burgundy, dark brown to dark violet and purple. They have yellow or dark 'beards' and flower over sword-like grey-green leaves. It is normally found in the desert sands between the countries of Jordan and Israel.

Iris westii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the mountain sides of Lebanon. It has curved grey-green leaves, a stem carrying one flower in shades of lilac, white or beige with spotting or veins in a darker shade or violet. The lower petals have deep velvety chocolate or deep violet-black signal patch and a purple beard. It rare and threatened due to habitat destruction, from military actions, overgrazing by goats and other factors.

References

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  2. 1 2 "Iris hermona Dinsm. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
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  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation , p. 76, at Google Books
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  17. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN   0881927309.
  18. ↑ Avishai, Michael; Zohary, Daniel (1977). "Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises". Botanical Gazette. 138 (4): 502–511. doi:10.1086/336956. JSTOR   2473887. S2CID   84941000.
  19. 1 2 "Hermon Iris (Protected)". wingedbeauty.com. 26 January 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  20. ↑ Levene, Pamela (22 July 2009). "Flora, faith and folklore in the Land of the Bible". blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
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  26. ↑ "Iris hermona". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  27. 1 2 Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises . Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p.  18. ISBN   0715305395.
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  32. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Aviv') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  33. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Bagdad Beauty') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  34. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Doar Na') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  35. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Galeet') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  36. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Gilmond') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  37. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Goren') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  38. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Leat') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  39. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'New Enchantment') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  40. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Noga') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  41. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Orit') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  42. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Ravid') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  43. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Reaem') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  44. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Sa'ar') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  45. ↑ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Tameer') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  46. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books
  47. ↑ "Re: Oncos 2013". srgc.net (Scottish Rock Garden Club). 30 March 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  48. ↑ "Positive Images for Field and Forest, June 17 – September 4, 2016". e-flux.com. Retrieved 29 October 2016.

Sources

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