Iris sari

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Iris sari
Iris sari-IMG 6515.JPG
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Species:
I. sari
Binomial name
Iris sari
Synonyms [1]
  • Iris lupinaFoster
  • Iris manissadjianiiFreyn
  • Iris sari var. luridaBoiss.
  • Oncocyclus sari(Schott ex Baker) Klatt

Iris sari is a species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the rocky steppes and hills of Turkey. It has curved or straight leaves, cream, greenish or yellowish flowers which are variable and veined with crimson, purple-brown, reddish brown, reddish-purple or black. It has a dark maroon, rich crimson or brown signal patch and gold or yellow beard.

Contents

Description

Iris sari is a hardy perennial, [2] with a tuberous rhizome, [2] [3] which is up to 2 cm in diameter. [4] Under the rhizome are long secondary roots, which locate mineral salts to absob. [5]

It has 5-7 leaves, [4] [3] which can be slightly curved, falcate shaped or almost straight, [6] or sword shaped. [2] They are small, [5] and 0.3-0.9 cm wide, [4] [3]

It is intermediate in size between the smaller species of the Caucasus region, such as Iris acutiloba , and the large Syrian plants as Iris lortetii and Iris gatesii . [7]

The plant can reach up to 10–30 cm (4–12 in) tall, [3] [8] [9] and it has a straight stem, which is about 6–30 cm (2–12 in) tall [4] [7] and ends in a single flower. [2]

It blossoms in late spring, [6] between April and June. [3] [4] [5] The flowers are about 7–10 cm (3–4 in) across. [6] or 12–15 cm (5–6 in) in diameter. [4] They have a pleasant scent. [5]

They have a cream, greenish [8] [9] [6] or yellowish ground or base colour, [10] which is variable and veined with crimson, purple-brown, [8] [9] [6] reddish brown, reddish-purple or black. [4]

Like other irises, it has two pairs of petals: three large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls', and three inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [2] [11] Both falls and standards may be more or less ruffled, [5] [6] [10] or wavy [3] and have an undulating shape. [4] The erect standards, [2] are ovoid, roundish, [3] obovate or sub-orbicular in shape, 6–8.5 cm (2–3 in) long and 3.5–5.8 cm (1–2 in) wide and they are often darker than the falls. [4] [3] Sometimes the standards are bluish purple in colour. [9] The falls are elliptic, obtuse or rounded in shape, 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long and 2.8–4.5 cm (1–2 in) wide. [4] [3] They usually have the sides bent back and often with the apex of the petal curled under. [4] In the middle of the falls is a signal patches, which is dark maroon, [4] rich crimson or brown. [6] [8] [10] Behind the signal patch on the falls is a row of short, dense bristles or hairs which are white tinged with yellow, [12] golden yellow, [4] or are plain yellow, which makes its 'beard'. [8] [9] [10]

The flower also has pale yellow finely streaked with brown style arms, [4] which are 4–5.5 cm (2–2 in) long and 1.3–2 cm wide. [3] The bract and bracteole are 5–9.5 cm (2–4 in) long and the perianth tube is 2–2.5 cm (1–1 in) long. [3] [12]

After the iris has flowered, in October, [7] it produces a fruit capsule containing the seeds. It has 3 flaps, [2] it is spindle shaped and 4.5–6 cm (2–2 in) long, [4] and 1.5–2.3 cm (1–1 in) wide. [3]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [11] It has a chromosome count of 2n=20. [5] [8]

Tetraploids were induced successfully from in vitro plantlets of I. sari by treating the micro-bulbs with colchicine. [13]

Taxonomy

Iris sari ssp. manissadjianii Iris sari - Ana kurtkulagi 06.jpg
Iris sari ssp. manissadjianii

I. sari is also known as “Ana kurtkulağı,” in Turkish. [3] [13]

In Ovacık, Dersim it is known locally as Bahar çiçeği. [14]

The Latin specific epithet sari refers to the River Sarum in Turkey, [7] (an ancient name, as the river is now called the Seyhan River) since the iris was found on the flood plains of the river, in the Cilicia region. [15]

It was first found by plant hunter Kotschy in 1854 in Asia Minor, [7] (now called Turkey). It was then first published by botanist Schott [9] in The Gardeners' Chronicle (magazine) series 2, in issue 5 on page 788 in 1876, based on an earlier description by Baker. [1] [15]

In 1882, it was also published by Boissier in 'Fl. Orient.' Issue 5 on page 131, but he misnamed it as Iris saarii. [15]

It was verified as Iris sari by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 March 2003, [16] and is an accepted name by the RHS and it was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2016. [17]

Due to the wide range in geographical area and habitat, the iris has the tendency to vary in the size of the flowers and leaves. [5] This led to the idea that there have been thought to be two forms, with one small form which was called I. manissadjianiiFreyn [5] [7] located near Amasya. [4] Manissadjianii was named after an Armenian schoolteacher and botanist J. J. Manissadijan and friend of Freyn. Manissadjianii has also been called a subspecies as well. [18] [19] In 1887, Foster named another form as Iris lupina as the colour of the flower matched a fox. [7] They are now both considered to be synonyms of Iris sari. [1] [8]

There is also a white-violet variant with purple veining on the standards and it has a white beard. [2]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia. [16]

Range

It is endemic to Turkey. [13] [16] [20] Its population is widely scattered across the country from central and SE Turkey, [2] in the Provinces of Çankırı Province, Amasya and Ankara, then east to Bayburt, Erzurum and the mountains south of Lake Van. [4]

The RHS source is the only one to mention Northern Iran and the Caucasus, so assume this is a mistake by them. [17]

Habitat

Iris sari Iris sari - Ana kurtkulagi 01.jpg
Iris sari

It grows on rocky steppe area, [20] on rich mountain slopes, [4] on stony hills [6] and on rubble covered slopes. [2] The plants can be found at an altitudes of between 900–2,700 m (3,000–8,900 ft) above sea level. [4] [6] [2]

It often found growing with tall umbellifers, peonies, vetches among oak scrub. [4]

Cultivation

I. sari is known to be fairly easy to grow, [6] and it can be cultivated in an Alpine house [6] or bulb frame, [21] where it should be given sharp drainage and some protection from winter wet, although it is normally cold hardy. [10] and should flower every year. [21] Over 10 or more years, several plants of the species have been known to survive and re-flower in Surrey. [7]

In more drier and hardier areas, it can be grown in rockeries, as long as the plant has a summer drought, [5] which imitates the special xerothermic conditions. [2]

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [22] or by seed growing.

Variations

Iris sari has a few known cultivars: 'Lupina', [23] 'Manissadjianii', [24] 'Sari Lurida', [9]

Hybrids

Iris sari crosses: (with Iris gatesii 'Abou Ben Adhem', [25] 'Dove', 'Persian Chocolate', 'Shadrach', (with Iris korolkowii ) 'Thor' [18] ¼ Iris sari crosses: 'Leo's Magic', 'Summer Wind', 'Thormila'. [9]

Uses

Iris sari has been used a folk medicinal plant in Turkey. The flowers have been used in an infusion [26] to treat colds. [14]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (including rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested, it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [27]

Related Research Articles

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Iris series Spuriae are a series of the genus Iris, in Iris subg. Limniris. They are sometimes commonly known as butterfly irises.

<i>Iris hoogiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hoogiana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the grassy mountainsides of Turkestan. It has long green leaves, which are slightly purple at the base, and a long slender flowering stem. The flowers are blue, ranging from sky-blue to lavender blue and blue purple. It has orange or yellow beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris hellenica is a plant species in the genus Iris and the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Saitas Mountain, in the Peloponnese Region of Greece. It has grey-green, sickle-shaped leaves, a tall slender stem, 2–3 white, lavender-blue, lilac or purple flowers and orange/purple beards. It was thought once to be a hybrid species of Iris germanica which also grows in the same area, before being separated into 2 species. It has only recently been published and is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris junonia</i> Species of plant

Iris junonia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Cilicia, within the Taurus Mountains. It has glaucous short leaves, tall stems with several branches, numerous flowers in various colours from blue-purple, lavender, pale blue, cream, white and yellow, with brown veining and white tipped orange beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. Its status is still unclear, if it is a synonym of Iris germanica or a separate species.

Iris purpureobractea is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the cliffs and forest glades on the mountains of Turkey. It has straight or falcate shaped leaves, stem with several branches, the stem has purple spathes, it has up to 8 fragrant flowers, in various colours between yellow or blue. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris schachtii is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Anatolia, in Turkey. It has small, thin grey-green leaves, a short stem with 1–3 branches, which are normally, covered with a green leaf with purple staining. It has 2 or more fragrant flowers in late spring, which come in shades of yellow or purple, or violet and yellow,. It has a yellow or white with yellow-tips beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but prefers regions with dry, hot summers.

Iris taochia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains and Turkey. It forms dense clumps, with grey-green leaves, simple stems of similar height, with 1–3 branches, a flowers in various shades from white, yellow to purple. They also have yellowish or white, tipped yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris timofejewii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris, and also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountain slopes of the Caucasus and Dagestan. It has narrow, evergreen, falcate (sickle-shaped), grey-green (glaucous) leaves, and a short flowering stem just taller than the leaves. Each stem has 1–2 flowers in shades of violet, with white beards that have purple tips. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris acutiloba <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> lineolata</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris. It is a subspecies of Iris acutiloba, and is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Iran, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Azerbaijan. It has narrow, lanceolate, or falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, which are grey-green and glaucous. It has a slender straight stem holding one terminal flower. The flowers, come in shades of white, cream, or creamy white and have veining that is purple or brown, or a mixture of both. It is heavily veined or streaked in purple or brown, with a dark purple-brown, spot on 3 of the outer petals and brown, dark purple, or black short beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, unless grown in a greenhouse.

<i>Iris acutiloba</i> Species of plant

Iris acutiloba is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of the Caucasus and found in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Dagestan in the North Caucasus, and Iran. It is a dwarf species, with narrow, falcate or curved leaves, it has one flower in spring or early summer, that comes in shades from cream, creamy white, whitish, pale brown, light grey, to pale violet. It is heavily veined or streaked and pointed, with 2 dark spots and brown, purple, dark purple, or black short beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are two subspecies, Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata and Iris acutiloba subsp. longitepala.

<i>Iris atrofusca</i> Species of plant

Iris atrofusca is a species in the genus Iris, where it is placed in the subgenus Iris and the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the deserts of Israel and Jordan. The species has long falcate (sickle-shaped) or ensiform (sword-shaped) leaves, a long thick stem and large fragrant flowers that come in shades of purple brown, reddish-black, black-brown, dark brown, dark lilac or dark purple. The flowers also have a black or brownish-black signal patch and a thick beard that is brown-black, light brown or yellow tipped with brown. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris bismarckiana</i> Species of plant

Iris bismarckiana, the Nazareth iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountainsides of Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. It has stoloniferous, spreading rhizomes, long, sword shaped, bright green leaves, long slender stem and 1 flower in Spring. The large flower is pale yellow, creamy-white, or white background. Which is covered with reddish-brown, maroon brown, purple-brown, purple, blue-purple, or blue veins, markings or spots. It has a dark signal patch and dark purple to black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

Iris gatesii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkey and Iraq. It has long, narrow, grey-green or glaucous leaves. The strong, sturdy stem supports a single large flower in spring, between April and June. The large flowers are very variable in colouring, ranging from a pale greenish, grey, white, or creamy-yellow background colour, which is then covered with many purplish-brown, purple, or nearly black, spots, dots, short broken lines, or veining. They have a brownish purple or purple beard, over a dark signal patch. It can be cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, if it does not get too wet during summer.

<i>Iris paradoxa</i> Species of plant

Iris paradoxa is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia. It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals, which is unique amongst most iris forms. They come in various shades from white, lavender, mauve, medium purple, violet, dark purple to black. It has a black or purplish black beard on the lower petals. It comes from the region of Transcaucasia, and is found in the countries of Iran,, Turkey, Armenia and in Azerbaijan.

<i>Iris susiana</i> Species of plant

Iris susiana is a species of plant in the family Iridaceae native to Lebanon. This beautiful and big iris, with a span easily reaching twelve centimeters. It grows nowadays in Lebanon, Syria and Turkey where its survival is seriously threatened by excessive picking.

<i>Iris sprengeri</i> Species of plant

Iris sprengeri is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the mountain slopes of Turkey. It has large flowers which are white, silver-white or cream, with purple-red or reddish-brown veining and a golden yellow beard and a dark purple or deep purple-brown signal patch.

Iris kirkwoodiae is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Syria and Turkey. It has white or pale greenish flowers, heavily covered with dark purple veins or dots, deep purple round signal and a beard of long brown/purple hairs. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris meda is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the desert mountains and hills of Media and has long grey-green leaves with cream, pale yellow or yellow flowers, which have purple or dark brown patches and yellow beards.

Iris nectarifera is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is found in Iraq, Syria and southeastern Turkey. It has yellow or cream flowers which have purple veining, a purple signal patch and a yellow beard. It has a known variety from Turkey called I. nectarifera var. mardinensis.

References

  1. 1 2 3 = tpl1 "Iris sari Schott ex Baker". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 5 October 2020.{{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rencova, Eva (24 May 2010). "Iris Sari Schott ex Baker - iris" . Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Ana kurtkulağı | Iris sari". GezenAdam (in Turkish). 4 May 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation , p. 85, at Google Books
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "chapitre I (partie 5) Les Oncocyclus II". dictionaire des iridacée (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Iris sari". alpinegardensociety.net. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pries, Bob (29 July 2018). "SpecSari < Spec < Iris Wiki". wiki.irises.org. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iris sari" . Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  11. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN   978-0881927306.
  12. 1 2 Richard Lynch The Book of the Iris (1904) , p. 101, at Google Books
  13. 1 2 3 Dogan, Selay (27–31 Aug 2018). "Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna (Austria); 175 p; 2018; p. 151; FAO/IAEA International Symposium on Plant Mutation Breeding and Biotechnology; Vienna (Austria)" (PDF). IAEA-CN--263-206. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  14. 1 2 Tuzlac, Ertan; Doùan, Ahmet (2010). "Turkish folk medicinal plants, IX: Ovac×k (Tunceli)". Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal. 3 (14): 136–143. doi:10.12991/201014449.
  15. 1 2 3 "Iris sari". www.ipni.org. International Plant Names Index . Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  16. 1 2 3 "Taxon: Iris sari Schott ex Bake". ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  17. 1 2 "Iris sari". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  18. 1 2 "Lithuanian Rare Bulb Garden". www.litbulbgarden.com. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  19. ↑ "John Grimshaw's Garden Diary". johngrimshawsgardendiary.blogspot.com. 29 March 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  20. 1 2 Vural, Cem (9 May 2006). "Iris sari". (Species Iris Group of North America) signa.org. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  21. 1 2 Patrick Millington Synge In Search of Flowers(1973) , p. 93, at Google Books
  22. ↑ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  23. ↑ "Iris sari 'Lupina' | /RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  24. ↑ "Iris sari manissadjanii – RarePlants". www.rareplants.co.uk. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  25. ↑ "Plant database entry for Aril Iris (Iris 'Abou Ben Adhem') with 17 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  26. ↑ Sargin, Seyid Ahmet (30 January 2021). "Potential anti-influenza effective plants used in Turkish folk medicine: A review". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 265: 113319. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113319. PMC   7458060 . PMID   32882361.
  27. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books

Other sources

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