Iris acutiloba

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Iris acutiloba
Iris helena-IMG 2212.jpg
Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Oncocyclus
Species:
I. acutiloba
Binomial name
Iris acutiloba
Synonyms
  • Iris acutifoliaC.A.Mey. ex Regel
  • Iris acutiloba var. bimaculataFomin & Woronow
  • Iris fominiiWoronow ex Grossh.
  • Oncocyclus acutilobus(C.A.Mey.) Siemssen [1]
  • Iris szovitsii C.A.Meyer [2] [3]

Iris acutiloba is a species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus of Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of the Caucasus and found in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Dagestan in the North Caucasus, and Iran. It is a dwarf species, with narrow, falcate or curved leaves, it has one flower in spring or early summer, that comes in shades from cream, creamy white, whitish, pale brown, light grey, to pale violet. It is heavily veined or streaked and pointed, with 2 dark spots and brown, purple, dark purple, or black short beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are two subspecies, Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata and Iris acutiloba subsp. longitepala.

Contents

Description

It has a small, [4] thick and compressed rhizomes, [5] [6] which have many branches, [7] and gives the plant a creeping habit, [8] across the surface of the ground, while being heated by the sun. [4] The creeping habit creates clumps. [9] [10]

It has narrow, [4] slender, curved, [4] [7] or falcate (sickle-shaped), [5] [6] [10] leaves, that are glaucous, [5] grey green, [7] or medium green. [10] They can grow up to between 10 cm (4 in) long, [6] [8] and between 0.2 and 0.6 cm wide. [6] [7] [9]

It is dwarf species, [4] [11] [12] and has a slender stem or peduncle, that can grow up to between 8–25 cm (3–10 in) tall. [13] [14] [15]

The stem has lanceolate, [6] slightly pinkish, [7] or green, [6] and membranous, spathes (leaves of the flower bud), [8] they are 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long. [6] [7] [8]

The stems hold 1, [10] terminal, [6] (top of stem) flower, blooming in spring, [10] or early summer, [7] between March (in Russia), [6] April, [4] or May. [3] [13] [16] : 191  The leaves begin to grow in the late autumn and stop in the summer. [17]

In his book 'Iris', Fritz Kohlein, wrote "the blossoms of this small plant render a sombre, bat-like effect." [18]

The flower is 5–8 cm (2–3 in) in diameter, [7] [9] [19] come in shades from cream, [4] creamy white, [9] [13] [15] whitish, [7] pale brown, [6] [8] light grey, [20] [21] [22] to pale violet, [2] [16] : 191  [23] They are streaked, [11] or heavily veined with brown, [5] [10] [11] brown black, [8] [20] grey, [7] [11] [22] purple, [3] [4] [12] or purple-brown, [6] [9] [15]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [16] : 17  The falls are reflexed, [8] [9] pointed, [7] [11] [15] or lanceolate, [3] [6] [8] they can be up to 4–7 cm (2–3 in) long. [7] They are generally marked with 2, [21] [22] large dark red-brown, [9] [15] blackish, [7] [20] purple-violet, [5] or dark purplish-brown spots, [6] or deep purple signal patch. [8] [13] One spot is in the centre and the other is at the apex. [3] [7] In the middle of the falls, is a sparse, [7] row of short hairs called the 'beard', which is brown, [3] [6] [9] purple, [7] dark purple, [8] or black. [4] The acute, [3] [6] [9] pointed, [7] [11] [15] standards are larger than the falls, [3] [8] [9] they can be up to 4–8 cm (2–3 in) long, [7] and unspotted. [6]

In the wild, it is more variable in colour and flower form. [3] [21]

It has greenish, [15] style branch that is 2–5 cm (1–2 in), [7] [8] and has brown spots. [6] [15] It also has a cylindric ovary, [6] green filaments and anthers [15] It has 1.5–2 cm (1–1 in) long, [7] [8] perianth tube, that is cylindric and green dotted with purple. [6]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, that contains large, white and yellow seeds. [5]

Research

In 2015, a study was carried out on 8 species of iris found in Iran including Iris reticulata , Iris pseudocaucasica , Iris persica , Iris acutiloba and Iris meda . It found that the petals contain anthocyanins, (which are common floral pigments that form blue, purple and red colours).

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [16] : 18  It was counted in 1928 by Delaunay, in 1932 by Simonet, in 1969 by Zakharyeva & Makushenko, in 1975 by Gustafsson & Wendelbo and in 1980 by Awishai & Zohary. [15] It is normally published as 2n=20. [2] [4] [23]

Taxonomy

It is known in Russia as Ostrodolny Iris. [5] [21] [24] Meaning 'sharp-lobed iris'. [25]

The Latin specific epithet acutiloba is derived from two Latin words 'acutus' meaning acute or narrow and 'loba' meaning lobes or lobed. [26] This is due to the narrow, pointed segments of the flower. [13]

It was first published and described by Carl Anton von Meyer in Verz. Pfl. Casp. Meer. (sometimes known as Verz. Pfl, Cauc. [6] [15] ) Vol.32 in Nov–Dec 1831. [27] [28]

It was also published in 'Gartenflora' Vol.13 page 323 in 1874, [8] (with a colour illustration) and in The Gardeners' Chronicle 3rd Series Vol.94 on page 451 on 16 December 1932. [15]

It has 2 known subspecies, [4] [14] [23] Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata and Iris acutiloba subsp. longitepala. [28] Due to the classification of the subspecies, some authors have renamed the species as Iris acutiloba subsp. acutiloba Mathew & Wendelbo. [3] [12] [15] Although many botanists in Russia and Turkey still classify Iris lineolata as a separate species. [15]

It is listed in the 'Encyclopedia of Life, [29] and in the Catalogue of Life as Iris acutiloba subsp. acutiloba. [30]

Iris acutiloba is an accepted name by the RHS and was listed in the current RHS Plant Finder. [31] It was also verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 2 October 2014. [28]

Distribution and habitat

It is endemic and native to temperate regions of Asia, [28] and the Caucasus, [18] including Transcaucasia. [4] [9] [22]

Range

It is an, found in the countries of Turkey, [16] : 191  [31] (the former USSR states, [7] ) of Armenia, [28] Azerbaijan, [17] [28] [32] Turkmenistan, [18] [23] [28] Dagestan (near the capital city of Makhachkala, [5] [21] and Barham, [17] ) and Iran. [7] [10] (or Persia, [8] [27] )

Habitat

It grows in the mountains, [8] [13] [15] or dry hills, [6] [17] on rocky steppes and rocky slopes, [9] [32] or on sand. [4] [17]

They can be found at an altitude of 1,500 to 3,000 m (4,900 to 9,800 ft) above sea level. [9] or below 200m (when situated on the sand dunes). [3] [33]

Conservation

It is listed as a rare species, [4] and is included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation as 'endangered'. [17] [24]

It is at risk due to the flowers being picked for bouquets. In the past 10–12 years, it has severely declined in population numbers. In 1969–1972, it was found over a large area (between 4–5 hectares), but this has now declined to a few isolated individuals being found. [17]

In Dagestan, as part of the protected Dagestan Nature Reserve, [24] there are two distinct sites; Kizlyar Bay and Sarykum, [34] which have up to 279 species of rare plants. [25] On the 'Sarykum', sand dunes, [24] [33] [34] it can be found with other rare plants such as Shishkin's groundsel ( Senecio schischkinii ), Karakugen milkvetch , [25] astragalus karakugensis and colchicum laetum . [35]

Cultivation

The species is hardy to European Zone H3, [7] meaning hardy to −10 °C (14 °F) to −15 °C (5 °F). [36]

As they grow in the mountains, they are much more cold hardy than some of the Oncocyclus section irises native to Israel-Palestine. [4] [15]

In Russia, it was tested for hardiness in various botanical gardens, it did not survive in Tbilisi, Baku, Frunze (or Bishkek), [24] Nalchik and Alma-Ata. [17] In the gardens of Moscow and St. Petersburg, it had unstable results. [17] [24]

As Iris acutiloba and the subspecies 'lineolata' are dwarf, [11] they can be grown in a pot, [4] [11] with sharp drainage and careful watering, and kept (frost-free) in greenhouse or cold frame, [12] or alpine house. [15]

They should be planted in sandy, well drained soils in full sun. They need protection from spring and autumn rains. If planted in pots, they are left to dry from September and in the spring, given fertilizer during the growing season. Some irises have lived for 3–5 years under this method. [5]

In 1904, it was rarely in cultivation in the UK, [8] it is still fairly rare in cultivation in the west. [3]

On 15 March 1900, a specimen was collected by Paul Sintenis near Baku, and then stored in the herbarium of Komarov Botanical Institute. Due to a mistake, it was labeled as Bailovo, but the actual correct name of the region near to the Danube is Brailovo. [6]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [20] [24] [37] or by seed growing, which can take up to 3–5 years or more to reach maturity. [17]

Hybrids and cultivars

An illustration of the iris on a postage stamp of Azerbaijan Stamp of Azerbaijan 189.jpg
An illustration of the iris on a postage stamp of Azerbaijan

It has been used in various plant breeding programmes, including hybrid crosses; (with other regelia irises) 'Acutikor' and 'Tel Hashi', (with other Oncocyclus Section irises) 'Star Over Iran' and 'Zuvendicus'.

Cultivars which have Iris acutiloba as a grandparent include; 'Aril Sanctum', 'Darling Who Knows', 'Kazakhstan' and 'Rojen's Saga'. [15]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and can cause stomach pains and vomiting if mistakenly ingested. Handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [38]

Culture

In 1993, it was used as a postage stamp in Azerbaijan, with a series of other flowers, including Iris reticulata , Tulipa persica , Puschkinia scilloides , Iris elegantissima and Tulipa florenskyii . [39]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Iris</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Subgenus Iris is one subgenus of Iris.

<i>Iris spuria <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> carthaliniae</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a rhizomatous perennial plant, from the Caucasus region, it is a tall iris with sky blue or white flowers. It was originally described by Fomin, as a separate species before Brian Mathew in 1981, added it to Iris spuria as one of its many subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris timofejewii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris, and also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountain slopes of the Caucasus and Dagestan. It has narrow, evergreen, falcate (sickle-shaped), grey-green (glaucous) leaves, and a short flowering stem just taller than the leaves. Each stem has 1–2 flowers in shades of violet, with white beards that have purple tips. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris acutiloba <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> lineolata</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris. It is a subspecies of Iris acutiloba, and is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Iran, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Azerbaijan. It has narrow, lanceolate, or falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, which are grey-green and glaucous. It has a slender straight stem holding one terminal flower. The flowers, come in shades of white, cream, or creamy white and have veining that is purple or brown, or a mixture of both. It is heavily veined or streaked in purple or brown, with a dark purple-brown, spot on 3 of the outer petals and brown, dark purple, or black short beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, unless grown in a greenhouse.

<i>Iris atrofusca</i> Species of plant

Iris atrofusca is a species in the genus Iris, where it is placed in the subgenus Iris and the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the deserts of Israel and Jordan. The species has long falcate (sickle-shaped) or ensiform (sword-shaped) leaves, a long thick stem and large fragrant flowers that come in shades of purple brown, reddish-black, black-brown, dark brown, dark lilac or dark purple. The flowers also have a black or brownish-black signal patch and a thick beard that is brown-black, light brown or yellow tipped with brown. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris barnumiae</i> Species of plant

Iris barnumiae is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. It has pale glaucous green and narrow leaves, that are slightly sickle-shaped and fade soon after blooming. It has, in mid- to late spring, fragrant flowers in shades of purple, from red-purple, mulberry to purplish-violet, with a yellow tipped with purple beard. It was renamed as I. barnumiae in after a plant naming conference in 2011, but is still sometimes named as I. barnumae in some sources. It has one accepted subspecies Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica and two forms; Iris barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo and Iris barnumiae f. urmiensis (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo, which has yellow flowers. Sometimes I. barnumiae f. barnumiae is used to describe the basic form. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its needing very dry and warm summer conditions.

Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Elburz Mountains in Iran. It was originally thought to be a separate species before going through various changes before being classed as a subspecies of Iris barnumiae. It has erect, grey-green (grass-like) leaves and two large flowers, which come in shades from claret-red, burgundy, violet-blue, to dark purple, with a white or cream beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to the environmental conditions it prefers.

Iris basaltica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the basalt deserts and hillsides of eastern Syria. It has many falcate long leaves, and long stem. Between March and April, it has white or pale green flowers covered in thick purple or black veining and dots or spots. It also has a purple or maroon beard, tipped with yellow. It is rare cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

<i>Iris bismarckiana</i> Species of plant

Iris bismarckiana, the Nazareth iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountainsides of Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. It has stoloniferous, spreading rhizomes, long, sword shaped, bright green leaves, long slender stem and 1 flower in Spring. The large flower is pale yellow, creamy-white, or white background. Which is covered with reddish-brown, maroon brown, purple-brown, purple, blue-purple, or blue veins, markings or spots. It has a dark signal patch and dark purple to black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

Iris camillae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Azerbaijan. It has narrow, falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, medium-sized stem and large flowers, where the flower colour is very variable, ranging from violet, purple, pale blue, and also yellow, and occasionally bi-colour forms are found. It has a yellow beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

<i>Iris gatesii</i> Species of plant

Iris gatesii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkey and Iraq. It has long, narrow, grey-green or glaucous leaves. The strong, sturdy stem supports a single large flower in spring, between April and June. The large flowers are very variable in colouring, ranging from a pale greenish, grey, white, or creamy-yellow background colour, which is then covered with many purplish-brown, purple, or nearly black, spots, dots, short broken lines, or veining. They have a brownish purple or purple beard, over a dark signal patch. It can be cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, if it does not get too wet during summer.

Iris grossheimii is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. It has sickle shaped leaves, which are as long as the short stem, which carries one flower in spring. It is beige, pink or brown covered in dark lines that are, purple-brown or brown. It has a large blackish brown signal patch and brown or black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris hermona</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hermona, the Golan iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris, and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the pastures and meadows of the Golan Heights in Israel and Syria. It has linear, upright leaves, tall slender stem holding a bi-coloured flower, having a pale lilac, cream-yellow, light tan, or white background, which is then covered in purple brown, or purple, or purple-pink veining, spots or speckling. It has a round purple-brown or almost black signal patch, and a sparse purple brown or almost black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

Iris heylandiana is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the marshlands or fields of Iraq. It has short, linear or sickle shaped grey-green leaves, slender stem, a single flower in spring, which has a dingy-white, whitish, or pale background, which is covered in many spots or dark veining, in black-purple, brown-purple, or brown violet, or brown shades. It has a dark brown or burgundy brown signal patch and white tinged with yellow or orange white sparse beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris iberica</i> Species of plant

Iris iberica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Armenia, eastern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan. It has narrow, glaucous, gray-green and sickle shaped leaves, short stem holding a single flower in late spring. Which has a pale background covered with heavy veining in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon or purple-brown. It has a black or dark purple signal patch and a brown or purple-brown beard. Although, it has many hybrid forms dues to its variability and has 2 known subspecies of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris iberica subsp. lycotis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it is hardier than other Oncocyclus species.

<i>Iris iberica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> elegantissima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima is a subspecies in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a subspecies of Iris iberica and is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Turkey and Iran. It has large, thin and falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, slender stem with a single flower between April and May. It has a white, cream or pale yellow ground, which is covered in dark veining or speckling in violet, mauve, purple or brown shades. The larger standards are paler, normally white and less veined. The falls, have darker veining and a dark signal patch and brown or purple beard. It is commonly known as Iris elegantissima, especially in Europe and Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but normally needs some protection during the winter period.

<i>Iris paradoxa</i> Species of plant

Iris paradoxa is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia. It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals, which is unique amongst most iris forms. They come in various shades from white, lavender, mauve, medium purple, violet, dark purple to black. It has a black or purplish black beard on the lower petals. It comes from the region of Transcaucasia, and is found in the countries of Iran, Turkey, Armenia and in Azerbaijan.

<i>Iris petrana</i> Species of plant

Iris petrana, commonly known as the Petra iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It has spring blooming flowers that come in shades from burgundy, dark brown to dark violet and purple. They have yellow or dark 'beards' and flower over sword-like grey-green leaves. It is normally found in the desert sands between the countries of Jordan and Israel.

<i>Iris susiana</i> Species of plant

Iris susiana, commonly known as the mourning iris, is a species of perennial plant in the family Iridaceae. The mourning iris is native to the Middle East. It grows in Lebanon, Syria and Turkey, although it is believed to be extinct in the wild. It is popular as a cut flower as the flowers can easily span 12 centimeters. The survival of the species is seriously threatened by excessive picking.

Iris schelkownikowii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the Transcaucasus region of Azerbaijan. It has large flowers in shades of bluish or grey-purple violet, with dark brown veining. It also has a reddish purple signal patch and yellow beard.

References

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  37. ↑ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  38. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books
  39. ↑ "Azerbaijan". stampworld.com. Retrieved 7 March 2016.

Sources

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Iris acutiloba at Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies-logo.svg Data related to Iris acutiloba at Wikispecies

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