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Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any or all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on language and the ways it is used. It can overlap with the sociology of language, which focuses on the effect of language on society. Sociolinguistics overlaps considerably with pragmatics and is closely related to linguistic anthropology.
In sociolinguistics, a variety, also known as a lect or an isolect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, registers, styles, or other forms of language, as well as a standard variety. The use of the word variety to refer to the different forms avoids the use of the term language, which many people associate only with the standard language, and the term dialect, which is often associated with non-standard language forms thought of as less prestigious or "proper" than the standard. Linguists speak of both standard and non-standard (vernacular) varieties as equally complex, valid, and full-fledged forms of language. Lect avoids the problem in ambiguous cases of deciding whether two varieties are distinct languages or dialects of a single language.
Generative grammar is a research tradition in linguistics that aims to explain the cognitive basis of language by formulating and testing explicit models of humans' subconscious grammatical knowledge. Generative linguists, or generativists, tend to share certain working assumptions such as the competence–performance distinction and the notion that some domain-specific aspects of grammar are partly innate in humans. These assumptions are rejected in non-generative approaches such as usage-based models of language. Generative linguistics includes work in core areas such as syntax, semantics, phonology, psycholinguistics, and language acquisition, with additional extensions to topics including biolinguistics and music cognition.
The voiceless uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is pronounced like a voiceless velar plosive, except that the tongue makes contact not on the soft palate but on the uvula. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨q⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is q.
In the field of dialectology, a diasystem or polylectal grammar is a linguistic analysis set up to encode or represent a range of related varieties in a way that displays their structural differences.
Peter Trudgill, is an English sociolinguist, academic and author.
A speech community is a group of people who share a set of linguistic norms and expectations regarding the use of language. The concept is mostly associated with sociolinguistics and anthropological linguistics.
In sociolinguistics, a register is a variety of language used for a particular purpose or particular communicative situation. For example, when speaking officially or in a public setting, an English speaker may be more likely to follow prescriptive norms for formal usage than in a casual setting, for example, by pronouncing words ending in -ing with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal, choosing words that are considered more formal, such as father vs. dad or child vs. kid, and refraining from using words considered nonstandard, such as ain't and y'all.
An interlanguage is an idiolect developed by a learner of a second language (L2) which preserves some features of their first language (L1) and can overgeneralize some L2 writing and speaking rules. These two characteristics give an interlanguage its unique linguistic organization. It is idiosyncratically based on the learner's experiences with L2. An interlanguage can fossilize, or cease developing, in any of its developmental stages. It is claimed that several factors shape interlanguage rules, including L1 transfer, previous learning strategies, strategies of L2 acquisition, L2 communication strategies, and the overgeneralization of L2 language patterns.
An ethnolect is generally defined as a language variety that marks speakers as members of ethnic groups who originally used another language or distinctive variety. According to another definition, an ethnolect is any speech variety associated with a specific ethnic group. It may be a distinguishing mark of social identity, both within the group and for outsiders. The term combines the concepts of an ethnic group and dialect.
The spoken English language in Northern England has been shaped by the region's history of settlement and migration, and today encompasses a group of related accents and dialects known as Northern England English or Northern English.
Multicultural London English is a sociolect of English that emerged in the late 20th century. It is spoken mainly by young, working-class people in multicultural parts of London.
Dialect levelling is the means by which dialect differences decrease. For example, in rural areas of Britain, although English is widely spoken, the pronunciation and the grammar have historically varied. During the twentieth century, more people moved into towns and cities, standardising English. Dialect levelling can develop by the influence of various types of media.
Variation is a characteristic of language: there is more than one way of saying the same thing in a given language. Variation can exist in domains such as pronunciation, lexicon, grammar, and other features. Different communities or individuals speaking the same language may differ from each other in their choices of which of the available linguistic features to use, and how often, and the same speaker may make different choices on different occasions.
Kebabnorsk, also known as Kebab Norwegian or Norwegian multiethnolect, is a language variant of Norwegian that incorporates words and grammatical structures from languages spoken by immigrants to Norway such as Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic, Urdu, Pashto, Persian, Punjabi, Tamil, and Chilean Spanish, as well as English. The multiethnolect differs from an ethnolect because it is spoken not by one particular ethnic group, but by the many varying immigrant populations in Norway, drawing elements from each of their respective languages. The Norwegian multiethnolect emerged from immigrant youth communities, particularly those in eastern neighborhoods of Oslo, and has spread to broader youth populations through permeation of mainstream Norwegian media. The term sociolect is also useful when discussing this variant, because sociological factors such as age, neighborhood, ethnic identity, and gender play important roles in classifying and understanding Norwegian multiethnolect.
Penelope "Penny" Eckert is Albert Ray Lang Professor Emerita of Linguistics at Stanford University. She specializes in variationist sociolinguistics and is the author of several scholarly works on language and gender. She served as the president of the Linguistic Society of America in 2018.
Dialect levelling is an overall reduction in the variation or diversity of features, accompanied by an increase in the similarities, between two or more dialects in contact with each other. This can come about through assimilation, mixture, and merging of certain dialects, often by language codification, which can be a precursor to standardization. One possible result is a koine language, in which various specific dialects mix together and simplify, settling into a new and more widely embraced form of the language. Another is a speech community increasingly adopting or exclusively preserving features with widespread social currency at the expense of their more local or traditional dialect features.
Devyani Sharma is a sociolinguistics professor and chair of the Linguistics department at Queen Mary University of London.
A multiethnolect is a language variety, typically formed in youth communities in working class, immigrant neighborhoods of urban areas, that contains influences from a variety of different languages. Unlike an ethnolect, which associates one language variety with one particular ethnic group, speakers of a multiethnolect often come from varied ethnic backgrounds, and their language usage can be more closely attributed to the neighborhood in which they live than their nationality or that of their parents. The term "multiethnolect" was first coined by Clyne (2000) and Quist (2000). Research of multiethnolects has thus far focused primarily on urban areas in northwestern Europe, such as Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Great Britain, but the phenomenon is far more universal than that. Researchers Jacomine Nortier and Margreet Dorleijn call multiethnolects “a phenomenon of all times, that was only waiting for linguists to give it a name." In recent research, multiethnolects are often explored as a form of contact language, meaning a language that is used for communication between two speakers who don't share a native tongue.
Paul Kerswill, FBA, is a sociolinguist. Since 2012, he has been professor in the department of language and linguistic science at the University of York. After completing his undergraduate degree and doctorate at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, he was a research assistant from 1985 to 1986 at the University of Cambridge, before working as a lecturer at the University of Reading until his appointment in 2004 as a professor at Lancaster University.
References
- ↑ "Jenny Cheshire". www.qmul.ac.uk. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ↑ Debrett's People of Today. http://www.debretts.com/people-of-today/profile/21552/Jenny-CHESHIRE%5B%5D
- ↑ British Academy. Elections to the Fellowship "British Academy | Elections to the Fellowship - British Academy". Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ↑ "Jenny Chesire Sociolinguistics Lecture series". Queen Mary, University of London.
- ↑ Cheshire, Jenny; Fox, Sue; Kerswill, Paul; Khan, Arfaan; Torgersen, Eivind. "Multicultural London English: the emergence, acquisition and diffusion of a new variety". www.lancaster.ac.uk. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ↑ Cheshire, Jenny; Nortier, Jacomine; Adger, David (2015). "Emerging Multiethnolects in Europe" (PDF). Queen Mary Occasional Papers Advancing Linguistics. 33: 1–27.
- ↑ Cheshire, Jenny; Fox, Sue; Kerswill, Paul; Torgersen, Eivind (2008). Sociolinguistica Jahrbuch (2008) (PDF). Sociolinguistica. p. 1. doi:10.1515/9783484605299.1. ISBN 9783484605299. S2CID 10973301.
- ↑ Cheshire, Jenny (2003). "Social dimensions of syntactic variation". Social dimensions of syntactic variation: The case of 'when' clauses (PDF). IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society. Vol. 16. pp. 245–261. doi:10.1075/impact.16.17che. ISBN 978-90-272-1854-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017– via Social Dialectology.
- ↑ Cheshire, Jenny (1999). "Taming the Vernacular: Some Repercussions for the Study of Syntactic Variation and Spoken Grammar". Te Reo. 8: 59–80.
- ↑ Cheshire, Jenny (2005). "Syntactic variation and beyond: gender and social class variation in the use of discourse-new markers" (PDF). Journal of Sociolinguistics. 9 (4): 479–507. doi:10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00303.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
- ↑ Cheshire, Jenny; Kerswill, Paul; Williams, Ann (2005). Phonology, grammar and discourse in dialect convergence. In P. Auer, P., F. Hinskens, and P. Kerswill, (eds.) Dialect Change: The convergence and Divergence of Dialects in Contemporary Societies. Cambridge University Press – via books.google.co.uk.
- 1 2 Cheshire, Jenny; Gillett, Ann; Kerswill, Paul; Williams, Ann (1999). "The role of adolescents in dialect levelling". Final Report to Economic and Social Research Council.
- ↑ Cheshire, Jenny; Edwards, Viv (1998). "Lessons from a Survey of British Dialect Grammar". Links & Letters: 61–73. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ↑ Cheshire, Jenny; Fox, Sue; Kerswill, Paul; Torgersen, Eivind (2007). "Linguistic Innovators: The English of Adolescents in London" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2016.
- ↑ Cheshire, Jenny (1991). English around the world: Sociolinguistic perspectives. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316582350.
- ↑ "Jenny Cheshire". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
