Jews and Israelis as animals in Palestinian discourse

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Jews and Israelis as animals in Palestinian discourse refers to the language and imagery that are encountered in Palestinian narratives that zoomorphically [1] portray Jews and Israelis as members of non-human species that are considered lowly or loathsome. This kind of dehumanization is commonplace on both sides of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. [2] [3]

Contents

The dehumanization of Jews and Israelis in Muslim and Arab discourse, and specifically in Palestinian discourse, takes place (among other ways) by portraying them as various animals (or other biological phenomena) that are considered lowly, repugnant, impure and sometimes also harmful or dangerous, such as pigs, monkeys, snakes, vampires, octopuses, rats, spiders, cancer and more. [1] [2] [4] [5] [6] [7]

Background

All of these animalistic metaphors are universally considered derogatory to some extent, but some of them have additional specific negative connotations in this context. Some of these additional connotations may be rooted in some traditions regarding specific animals in the Arab or Muslim culture itself (as in the case of dogs [1] [8] ), others might be borrowed from European antisemitism (as in the case of vampires [9] ).

Some scholars and activists, like Robert Bernstein, a co-founder of Human Rights Watch, and the social psychologist Neil Kressel from William Paterson University, expressed the opinion that the United Nations and human rights groups tend to largely ignore dehumanization of Jews when it comes from the Palestinians or other Arab and Muslim groups. [10] [11] [12]

Animal similes by species

Monkeys and pigs

In the late 1980s the phrase "sons/brothers of monkeys and pigs" started to appear as an epithet for Jews in messages published by Hamas, Islamic Jihad and later Fatah in Gaza. For example in this quote from a Hamas leaflet from 1988: "O our children: the Jews - brothers of the apes, assassins of the prophets, bloodsuckers, [..] are murdering you, [..]. Only Islam can break the Jews and destroy their dream". [5] [13] The Hamas also used this term to describe the Jews killed in their attacks, for example when Hamas took responsibility for the 1995 Beit Lid suicide bombing it said that it had killed "20 pigs" and injured "60 monkeys". [5] Also, in some of the recorded messages that Palestinian suicide attackers made before their final action, they called their future victims "sons of monkeys and pigs", saying for example: "We are carrying out this operation as harsh revenge against the sons of monkeys and pigs". [14] [15]

In 1996 the Hamas affiliated monthly magazine Falastin Al-Muslima published an article claiming that the transformation of ancient Jews to "apes, pigs, mice and lizards" that is mentioned in Islamic tradition "was actual" and that it "left its mark in the souls of the Jews who came after them". [16] It further claimed that because the Jews felt shame at being descendants of apes they decided to convince all humans that they all developed over time from an ape to human form, and that's why the Theory of Evolution was invented by "the Jewish ape Darwin". [17] [18]

The phrase is used also by Palestinian leaders and officials. In 2001 Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, then the Hamas spokesman and later head of Hamas in Gaza, said: "The [Hamas] political leadership has freed the hand of the brigades to do whatever they want against the brothers of monkeys and pigs". [19] [20] In the same year, Ibrahim Madhi, a Palestinian Authority (PA) official and Imam in Gaza also called the Jews "apes and pigs" in a sermon on PA TV in Gaza. [21] [22] [23] In 2008, the chairman of the Palestinian Scholars League, and a Hamas legislator in Gaza, Marwan Abu Ras, said "We are besieged [...] by the brothers of apes and pigs." [24]

This description of the Jews is also repeated by officials and clerics of the Palestinian Authority (PA) in the West Bank. For example: in a sermon in 1997 by Ekrima Sabri, then the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem appointed by Yasser Arafat; [25] [26] in a sermon in 2002 by Mohammad Mustafa Najem who in 2024 became the PA's minister of religious affairs; [27] in 2018, by Sheikh Osama Al-Tibi in a sermon in PA TV. [28] [29] In 2022, by Mahmoud al-Habbash, the religious affairs advisor to the PA president Mahmoud Abbas, said in a sermon on PA TV that Muslims must abandon Al-Aqsa to "the grazing herds of humanoids" whom Allah made into "apes and pigs". [30]

In 2012 at a rally marking the 47th anniversary of the founding of Fatah the announcer declared (before inviting the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Muhammad Ahmad Hussein to speak): "Our war with the descendants of the apes and pigs is a war of religion and faith. Long live Fatah!" [31] [32] In 2015 Raafat Alayan, Fatah spokesman in Jerusalem, called Jews walking around the Old City of Jerusalem "the sons of apes and pigs". [33] In 2023 the Palestinian journalist Dr. Ghassan Mustafa Al-Shami wrote in the Jordanian newspaper Ad-Dustour that "the Zionist Jews" are "the descendants of apes and pigs". [34] [35]

This expression is also used by children and in educational programs aimed at children [36] [4] [37] For example, in 2001 an 11 year children in a Hamas school in Gaza said in front of his class: "I will make my body a bomb that will blast the flesh of Zionists, the sons of pigs and monkeys". [21] [38] [39] In 2013 a young girl recited on Palestinian Authority (PA) TV, a poem with the lines "Oh Sons of Zion, oh most evil among creations, Oh barbaric monkeys, wretched pigs". [40] [36] Same happened in 2014 on Hamas Al-Aqsa TV this time with a boy reciting the poem. [41]

Pictorial depictions of this expression also appeared. For example in Hamas posters, [42] and in caricatures in Felesteen , [43] Al-Resalah, [44] and Al-Quds Al-Arabi . [45]

Dogs and wolves

The slogan "Palestine is our land and the Jews are our dogs" [46] (In Arabic it is a rhyme: فلسطين بلادنا واليهود كلابنا, romanized: Falastin bladna, w-el-Yahud klabna) first appeared in Palestine in 1918-1919. [47] [48] This chant was used in Arab demonstrations in Jerusalem in March 1920 and 1923. [49] [50] The slogan was also chanted in April 1920 by the crowds in a demonstration that was led by Amin al-Husayni (who later became the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem) and by the editor of the newspaper Suriya al-Janubia ( Southern Syria ), Aref al-Aref. This demonstration developed into the Nebi Musa riots. [51] Chants of this slogan became a regular feature of the Muslim Nebi Musa festival in Jerusalem during the British Mandate. [52] [53] [54] In the early 1930s in a meeting between Haj Amin al-Husayni and some Bedouin tribe leaders in which he tried to convince them not to sell land to the Jews they answered him: "Haj Amin don't be worried! [...] The land is our land and the Jews are our dogs". [55]

In 1987 the slogan was used in protests and riots perpetrated by Israeli Arab citizens in Jaffa, Haifa and Nazareth, in solidarity with the First Intifada. [56] [57] Palestinian prisoners in Ketziot prison in 1991 used to chant this slogan from time to time, including when Iraq fired missiles on Israel during the First Gulf War. [58] [59] [60] In 2020 a Palestinian was questioned by Israeli Police after he livestreamed himself shouting this slogan at a group of ultra-orthodox Jews in the Old-City of Jerusalem. [61] In the 21st century the slogan spread to North America. In 2006 there the slogan was chanted (in Arabic) in Palestinian demonstrations in San-Francisco organized by Palestinian organization Al-Awda. [62] [63] [64] [65]

Palestinian children also use this chant. For example, an incident was reported in 1936 where children chanted this slogan at a Jewish passenger in Jaffa, while the adults accompanying them kept silent. [66] In 2021, while speaking to children, Abbas Zaki, a member of Fatah's central committee, glorified a 10-year old Palestinian child who (according to his story) encountered Ted Koppel in the West-Bank during the First Intifida, and thinking him to be an Israeli-Jew had started throwing stones at him while shouting "Palestine is our land and the Israelis are our dogs". [67] The slogan had become part of several variants of a Palestinian children's song. [68] [8] [69] [70] One version is: "Palestine is our country, The Jews our dogs, Put one branch on top of another, May Allah break the Jews". [8] Another version: "Palestine is our land and the Jews are our dogs. They came to our country like beggars". [69] Another one: "The Arabs are our friends, the Jews are our dogs". [70]

Jews are also called dogs without direct connection to the slogan. [1] [2] [71] For example, in an incident in 1928 a crowd of Arabs in Jerusalem, angry that the Jews had established a screen in the Wailing Wall to separate between male and female worshipers, shouted "Death to the Jewish dogs". [72] [73] In the same year a group of students of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam in Haifa issued a declaration listing "Jewish dogs who dream of a national home" among the enemies of the nation. [74]

In 1992 Yassar Arafat, who was then the PLO leader, was recorded in a conversation with PLO representative in Paris, saying: "The Jews at work. Damn their fathers. The dogs". [75] [76] In 2022 a video on the official Facebook page of the Fatah Commission of Information and Culture explained that a summer camp, where children received training in military order and discipline, was necessary because “our battle with the sons of dogs is long and we need a young generation”. [77] [78]

In Joe Sacco's graphic non-fiction novel Palestine published in 2001, he describes an encounter with a Palestinian woman who told him that Catholics like him are welcome in her house, but "Jews are dogs". [79] [80] [81]

In 2007 on Hamas Al Aqsa TV program for children a 3 years old child said "We don't like the Jews because they are dogs! We will fight them!". [82] [83] In 2014, Adli Sadeq the Palestinian ambassador to India, wrote in an op-ed in Al-Hayat Al-Jadida that the Palestinians are "on the first line of defense in the battle of humanity against the dogs". [84] One of the participants in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel was recorded saying about the victims of the attack "Jewish dogs". [85] [86]

In a summer camp organized by UNRWA in the West Bank in 2013 the children were taught that the Jews are the wolf that expelled the Palestinians: "Who is the wolf? The Jews! Isn’t it true that the Jews are the wolf?”. [87] In 2018 the Palestinian cartoonist Omaya Joha published a cartoon of Israel as a wolf with a Star of David hanging in his ear and blood dripping from its fangs. [88]

Octopuses

The octopus cartoon in Falastin newspaper from 1936 captioned: "Palestine entangled by World Jewry" A1936 octopus caricature published in the Falastin newspaper.jpg
The octopus cartoon in Falastin newspaper from 1936 captioned: "Palestine entangled by World Jewry"

Octopuses are used in Palestinian propaganda against Zionism and Israel. [5] For example, in 1936 the most widely circulated Arabic language newspaper in British Mandate Palestine, Falastin, published a caricature showing an octopus with a long nose catching in its arms a young woman, captioned "Palestine entangled by World Jewry". [1]

In 1994, following the signing of the Oslo Accords, Hamas spokesman Ibrahim Ghawsha described Israel as "the Zionist octopus". [89] In 2008 Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri did the same after the assassination of Imad Mughniyeh. [90] [91] In 2007 the Palestinian organization BADIL, that has special consultative status with UN Economic and Social Council, published a cartoon of an octopus with a blue Star of David on its head hovering over skulls. [92]

In 2010, after the Gaza flotilla raid the Jordanian-Palestinian cartoonist Emad Hajjaj published a cartoon of an octopus, with a Star of David, grabbing a little boat in the shape of a peace dove. [93] Later in the 2010s several caricatures depicting Israel as an octopus appeared in Palestinian papers such as Al-Hayat al-Jadida , [94] Al-Ayyam [95] , Felesteen , [96] and Al-Quds Al-Arabi. [43] and In 2017, caricatures of Israel as octopus engulfing Al Aqsa Mosque by Gazan Palestinian cartoonist Omaya Joha appeared in Qatari newspapers. [88]

Reptiles: Snakes and crocodiles

The "Zionist crocodile" cartoon in Falastin newspaper from 1936 A 1936 caricature published in the Falastin newspaper on Zionism and Palestine.png
The "Zionist crocodile" cartoon in Falastin newspaper from 1936

Snakes are used in Palestinian propaganda against Israel. [4] For example, in 1994, following the signing of the Oslo Accords Hamas published a leaflet showing a hand with Star of David offering a snake. [97] In 2001, Emad Hajjaj, published a caricature in the Jordanian newspaper Ad Dustour in which Ehud Barak and Ariel Sharon (the contenders for prime-ministry in the Israeli 2001 elections) were portrayed as the two heads of a serpent marked by Stars of David. [98]

In 2014 a cartoon published in Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, an official newspaper of the Palestinian Authority, depicted a snake-like skullcap-wearing Israeli (possibly Avigdor Lieberman) having his head cut off by two fingers titled "Palestinian unity" that represent the reconciliation between Fatah and Hamas. [99] Later the same year, a caricature published in The Capital City, a bi-weekly paper distributed with Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, portrayed the Israeli right wing activist Yehuda Glick (who later became Knesset member) is depicted as a snake. [100] Caricatures depicting all of Israel as a snake appeared in Palestinian papers such as Felesteen [96] and Al-Ayyam. [43] In the years 2004-2010 Palestinian Authority TV repeatedly broadcast a music video that describes Israel as "a snake coiled around the land". [101]

Israel and Zionism are sometimes depicted in Palestinian sources as crocodiles. [1] For example, in 1936 the most widely circulated Arabic language newspaper in British Mandate Palestine, Falastin, published a caricature showing the "Zionist crocodile" telling the Arabs "Don't be afraid! I'll swallow you peacefully". [102] [103] In the 21st century several caricatures depicting Israel as a crocodile marked by Star of David appeared in Palestinian papers such as Al-Quds Al-Arabi [104] , Felesteen , [105] Al-Quds . [106]

Rats and mice

Rats and mice are also used in Palestinian propaganda against Zionism and Israel. [1] For example: In 2000 Al-Hayat al-Jadida published a column saying that the settlers should become "group of rats gathering in their sewers before they are driven away into Israel". [7] In 2014, during the kidnapping of 3 Israeli teenagers by Hamas, the Fatah posted on its facebook page a caricature showing three rats labeled with white Stars of David on them, caught on a fishing line, with the title "masterstroke". [107] [108]

In 2014, during a time of tensions around the Temple Mount, Fatah's Information and Culture Commission's website published a caricature of al-Aqsa mosque on the top of a mountain being eaten away by a pack of rats marked with Star of David. [108] In 2020 the South African branch of the Palestinian led BDS movement published a cartoon depicting Israelis with rat tails and teeth eating through a piece of cheese captioned '"the West Bank & Gaza" with a sign reading "Kosher Cheese". [109]

On several occasions since 2018, the British-Palestinian journalist Abdel Bari Atwan, former editor of Al-Quds Al-Arabi, said that when Yasser Arafat prepared to leave from Tunisia to Palestine following the signing of the Oslo Accords, Arafat told him in a meeting in Tunisia that he would live long enough to see the Jews/Israelis fleeing Palestine “like rats fleeing a sinking ship”. [110] [111] [112] [113] In 2022, after a terror attack on a Tel-Aviv bar, the same Abdel Bari Atwan said that the Israelis in the event were fleeing like mice from the attacker. [114]

Others

Israel and Zionism are sometimes depicted in Palestinian sources as vampires. [2] This trope was copied from classic European antisemitism. [9] For example: In 2002 the General Union of Palestinian Students in the University of Manchester circulated a pamphlet describing the Jews as vampires, based on a pro-Nazi fabrication of a speech falsely attributed to Benjamin Franklin. [115] [116] [117] [118] In 2003 a cartoon of Shaul Mofaz, who was then the Israeli defense minister, with vampire's fangs dripping blood appeared in Al-Hayat El-Jadida. [9] In 2018 the same paper published an article saying that Gaza’s “enemies and the robbers of the land and the homeland are vampires". [119] In 2015 Manal Tamimi, a Palestinian activist who was included at the time in the UN list of "human rights defenders", posted on her Twitter account: “Vampire zionist [sic] celebrating their Kebore day [probably Yom Kippur] by drinking Palestinian bloods". [120] [121]

In 1992 the Islamic Movement in Israel published an article in its journal Sawt al-Haq wa al-Hurriya saying "The State of Israel is like a locust hurrying to destroy everything good". [122] In 2009 Hamas Al-Aqsa TV broadcast a sermon saying "The Jews today are weaving their spider webs in order to encircle our nation like a bracelet encircles the wrist, and in order to spread corruption throughout the world". [123] In 2013 a cartoon of spider in the shape of a Menorah appeared in Al-Quds Al-Arabi . [95] In 2014 Hamas released a video clip of an anti-Israeli propaganda song "Shock Israel's Security" that contains the words (in Hebrew): "exterminate the cockroaches' nest, drive out all the Zionists". [124] A political cartoon depicting worms with Star of David appeared in Al-Quds. [104] [125]

Comparisons with diseases

In 1910, local Arab notables in Nablus asked the Ottoman government not to be annexed to the Jerusalem administrative district "so as not to be infected with the Zionist germ". [126] [127] During WW2, Haj Amin al-Husayni, who was then in exile in Germany, sometimes compared Jewishness to infectious disease and Jews to microbes, in his propaganda broadcasts to the Arab world on Nazi radio. [128] In 1985, George Habash, founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, said "We will not be able to secure the future of our generations if the Zionist germ continues to exist on Arab soil". [129] In 2010, Abdallah Jarbu, Hamas deputy minister of religious endowments, said in an interview on Hamas Al-Aqsa TV, that the Jews are "a microbe unparalleled in the world [...] They are not human beings". [130] [131] In the beginning of the 21st century, a Palestinian textbook for children said that the Arabs should "exterminate the Zionist germ". [132]

In 2005 Imam Ibrahim Mudayris said in a sermon broadcast in Palestinian Authority TV: "With the establishment of the state of Israel, the entire Islamic nation was lost, because Israel is a cancer spreading through the body of the Islamic nation, and because the Jews are a virus resembling AIDS, from which the entire world suffers". [133] [134]

In 1988 Hamas published a communiqué saying that Israel is a "cancer which is spreading [..] and is threatening the entire Muslim world". [13] In 1992 the Islamic Movement in Israel published an article in its journal Sawt al-Haq wa al-Hurriya saying "The Muslims are the victims of the Zionist cancer". [122] In 2002 a child on Palestinian Authority TV said: "That evil which is found in the Jews has become a germ among us, which is a cancer that buried us and is still burying, and we are the ones who suffer from this cancer". [135] In 2007 Palestinian Legislative Council Acting Speaker Ahmed Bahar said in a sermon on Palestinian Authority TV: "Our people was afflicted by the cancerous lump, that is the Jews, in the heart of the Arab nation". [136] [137] In 2018 Fathi Hamad, a member of Hamas Political Bureau and former Interior Minister of Gaza Strip, called for was the establishment of an Islamic caliphate "once the nation has been healed of its cancer — the Jews". [138]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 הרט רחל, Rachel Hart (2014). "ביקורת פוליטית ואנטישמיות בקריקטורה הערבית: קריקטורות בעיתון פלסטין בשנת 1936, "המרד הערבי הגדול"" [Political criticism and anti-Semitism in Arab cartoons: cartoons in Falastin newspaper in 1936, "The Great Arab Revolt]. Kesher / קשר (in Hebrew) (46). Tel-Aviv University: 148, 150. ISSN   0792-0113. JSTOR   23922600. The Jews [..] were identified with the image of the snake, the crocodile, and the dog [..] The main method in the caricatures is Zoomorphism [..]. The Jew is identified with animals that need to be exterminated [..]. The Jewish snake is the most common simile in Arab caricatures. But also the gnawing and disease-spreading rat [..] alongside universally frightening creatures: the octopus or the web-weaving spider. The dog is one of the most contemptible similes in the Arab street (translated from Hebrew).
  2. 1 2 3 4 Gerteiny, Alfred G. (2007). The Terrorist Conjunction: The United States, the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, and al-Qa'ida. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 93. ISBN   978-0-275-99644-4. Mutual dehumanization is common between Palestinians and Israelis – the former call the latter pigs, dogs, infidels, and bloodsucking vampires, while the latter refer to the former as savage animals, primitives, and uncivilized or repugnant critters.
  3. ↑ Bruneau, Emile; Kteily, Nour (2017-07-26). "The enemy as animal: Symmetric dehumanization during asymmetric warfare". PLOS ONE . 12 (7): e0181422. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1281422B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181422 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   5528981 . PMID   28746412.
  4. 1 2 3 Gordon, Gregory (2018). "Freedom of Expression, Hate Speech, and Incitement to Terrorism and Genocide: Resonances and Tensions". In Bayefsky, A. F.; Blank, L.R. (eds.). Incitement to Terrorism. Brill. p. 20. ISBN   978-90-04-35982-6. The Palestinian Authority's outlets – and even children's shows and school curricula – have long called Jews snakes, monkeys, and pigs and called for the annihilation of Israel.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Oliver, Anne Marie; Steinberg, Paul F. (2006). The Road to Martyrs' Square: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN   978-0-19-802756-0. During the Intifada, Israelis and Jews were commonly described in the media of nationalists and Islamists alike as animals—octopuses, dragons, monkeys, and so forth.
  6. ↑ Solomon, Dana L. (2018). Ideological Battlegrounds: Entertainment to Disarm Divisive Propaganda. Lexington Books. p. 108. ISBN   978-1-4985-6997-2. The rhetoric of the polemical voice articulating some of the extreme arguments of the Arab-Israeli conflict is rife with dehumanizing language. Israelis, Jews, Zionists, Palestinians, and Islam itself are all portrayed as a "cancer." [..] Similarly, the Hamas Prime Minister likened the State of Israel to "a cancer that is threatening to spread to other parts of the body."[.. ] The examples of dehumanization of Jews, Israel, and Zionists cited above—as well as numerous others—come from the respective leaders of Iran, Gaza, and Egypt. They are part of the dominant, even state-sanctioned rhetoric of those respective countries.
  7. 1 2 Normand, Linn (2016). Demonization in International Politics: A Barrier to Peace in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Springer. pp. 123, 195–207. ISBN   978-1-137-54581-7.
  8. 1 2 3 Nazzal, Nafez & Leila (1996). "The Politicization of Palestinian Children: an Analysis of Nursery Rhymes". Palestine-Israel Journal . 3 (1). We also found rhymes expressing hatred of Jews. [..] In some rhymes, they are referred to as "son of a dog" or "like a dog". [..] References to animals is common in Arabic-Islamic culture, but it is pertinent to point out that there is a stratification in the animal kingdom. The dog is the lowest [..] Palestine is our country/ The Jews our dogs/ Put one branch on top of another/ May Allah break the Jews/ Put one bag on top of another bag/ May Allah release the prisoners/ PLO yes, Israel no/ Palestine yes!
  9. 1 2 3 Kotek, Joël (2009). Cartoons and Extremism: Israel and the Jews in Arab and Western Media. Vallentine Mitchell. p. 61: "The Arab cartoonists revive the antisemyth [sic] of the Jew as a vampire in a heightened form. [..] This image, legacy of another age, is central to contemporary Arab-Muslim cartoons." p. 62 shows a cartoon of a vampire by Palestinian cartoonist Omayya Joha that appeared on 9 March 2003 in the Palestinian Authority newspaper Al-Hayat AL-Jadida. p. 14-19 mention the antisemitic European origins of the motive of the Jew as a vampire.
  10. ↑ Bernstein, Robert L. (2011-09-27). "Opinion: Why do human rights groups ignore Palestinians' war of words?". The Washington Post . Retrieved 2024-04-30.
  11. ↑ Kressel, Neil J. (2012). The Sons of Pigs and Apes: Muslim Antisemitism and the Conspiracy of Silence. Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-59797-811-8.
  12. ↑ Webman, Esther (2013). "Treading in Troubled Waters: Seeking the Roots of Muslim Antisemitism". Bustan: The Middle East Book Review. 4 (2): 113–136. doi:10.1163/18785328-13040202. JSTOR   10.1163/18785328-13040202.
  13. 1 2 Mishal, Shaul; Aharoni, Reuben (1993). Speaking Stones: Communiqués from the Intifada Underground. Syracuse University Press. pp. xiv, 32, 277. ISBN   978-0-8156-2607-7.
  14. ↑ Booth, William (2017-07-25). "A young Palestinian vowed to die a martyr, then stabbed 3 members of an Israeli family to death". The Washington Post.
  15. ↑ Shragai, Nadav (2006-02-15). "Hamas: 'We drink Jews' blood'". Haaretz. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  16. ↑ Patterson, David (2010). A Genealogy of Evil: Anti-Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN   978-1-139-49243-0.
  17. ↑ Solnick, Aluma (2008). "Based on Qura'nic Verses, Interpretations, and Traditions, Muslim Clerics State: Jews Are the Descendants of Apes, Pigs, And Other Animals". In Bostom, Andrew G. (ed.). The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism: From Sacred Texts to Solemn History. Prometheus Books. pp. 634, 639. ISBN   978-1-59102-554-2. (Primary source: Ibrahim Al-Ali, Falastin Al-Muslima, London, September 1996, pp. 54-55).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  18. ↑ Küster, Volker; Speelman, G. M. (ed.) (2010). Islam in the Netherlands: Between Religious Studies and Interreligious Dialogue: in Honour of Harry Mintjes . LIT Verlag. p. 224.
  19. ↑ Gilmore, Inigo (2001-08-01). "Eight Palestinians die in Israeli raid". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
  20. ↑ Levitt, Matthew (2008). Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad. Yale University Press. p. 39. ISBN   978-0-300-12901-4.
  21. 1 2 Post, Jerrold M. (2009). "Reframing of Martyrdom and Jihad and the Socialization of Suicide Terrorists". Political Psychology. 30 (3): 383. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00702.x. ISSN   0162-895X. JSTOR   25655402.
  22. ↑ Bard, Mitchell G. (2014). Death to the Infidels: Radical Islam's War Against the Jews. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 6. ISBN   978-1-137-47458-2.
  23. ↑ Bauer, Yehuda (2014). The Jews: A Contrary People. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 133. ISBN   978-3-643-90501-7.
  24. ↑ Erlanger, Steven (2008-04-01). "In Gaza, Hamas's Insults to Jews Complicate Peace". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-04-30.
  25. ↑ Riddel, Peter (2023). "The Concept of Person in Islam". In Tamer, Georges (ed.). The Concept of Person in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Walter de Gruyter. p. 124. ISBN   978-3-11-075683-8.
  26. ↑ Shulewitz, Malka Hillel (2000). Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands. A&C Black. p. 141. ISBN   978-0-8264-4764-7.
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  28. ↑ US State Department (2021). "International Religious Freedom Reports" . Retrieved 2024-04-30.
  29. ↑ "Antisemitic Friday Sermon on PA TV: Allah Turned Jews into Apes and Pigs; Vile Traits Run in Their Genes; Humanity Cannot Coexist with Them". MEMRI. 2018-12-14. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
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  34. ↑ "Virulently Antisemitic Article In Jordanian Daily Al-Dustour: The Jews, The Descendants of Apes And Pigs". MEMRI. 2023-05-30. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  35. ↑ Al-Shami, Ghassan Mustafa (2023-05-17). "مقلاع أبناء القردة والخنازير وعبدة العجل ..داود بريء منكم ومن مجازركم (A slingshot of the sons of apes, pigs, and calf worshipers... David is innocent of you and your massacres)". Ad-Dustour (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-06-12. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
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