Jocelyn McPhie is a specialist in the application of volcanology to exploration for ore deposits. She is an adjunct professor of volcanology in Earth Sciences and the Centre for Ore Deposit and Exploration Studies (CODES) at the University of Tasmania in Hobart, Australia. [1] Her research expertise is in reconstructing the history of volcanoes based on field data, improving understanding of submarine volcanoes, and examining the relationship between volcanic and hydrothermal processes. Her work on links between volcanism and mineral deposits redefined how the minerals industry explores for volcanic-hosted ore deposits.
McPhie completed a Bachelor of Arts with Honours at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia in 1977, and PhD at University of New England in Armidale, Australia in 1985. [1] The topic of her PhD thesis was 'Late Paleozoic volcanic sequences in the New England Orogen'. [1]
In 1985, Jocelyn McPhie was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to research voluminous crystal-rich intra-caldera ignimbrite based at the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics of the University of Texas. [2] In 1987, she returned to Australia, where she was awarded a Queen Elizabeth II Fellowship for research activities at the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics (now Geoscience Australia) in Canberra. She was awarded an Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship, which she took up in 1992 at Christian-Albrechts-Universität, in Kiel, Germany. [3]
After completing these post-doctoral fellowships, McPhie was appointed as a lecturer in volcanology in 1990 at the Centre for Ore Deposit and Exploration Studies (CODES), University of Tasmania, where she spent the remainder of her career. In 1994, she was promoted to senior lecturer and became the most senior female academic staff member in the Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology at the university at the time. She was then promoted to associate professor in 2001, and professor in 2005. [4] McPhie was deputy head of Earth Sciences from 2008 to 2012, and head of Earth Sciences from 2012 to 2015 at the University of Tasmania. Throughout her career she has supervised over 25 PhD students, 45 Honours students, and designed and delivered numerous undergraduate courses. [5]
McPhie retired in 2015, but retains an adjunct professor position in the School of Earth Sciences and CODES [1] at the University of Tasmania. She also consults for the mining and mineral exploration industry through her firm McPhie Volcanology. [5]
McPhie's research focuses on fundamental physical volcanology, both land and submarine volcanoes, especially the interaction of submarine volcanos with seawater and marine sediments . Her applied research studies the way volcanic ore deposits are formed by the interaction of volcanic and hydrothermal circulation processes. She developed a systematic approach to understanding complex volcanic formations that links volcanic processes with the visible textures and structures in volcanic rocks.
Her work on the Olympic Dam deposit in South Australia clarified the role of volcanism in formation of ore deposits, reappraising models for ore genesis and expanding the possibilities for exploration of volcanic ore deposits. [6] [7]
She has published over 100 papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals. [8]
She is senior author of the book Volcanic Textures. [9] She also authored two chapters in the Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. [1]
McPhie has received the Twelvetrees Medal of the Geological Society of Australia in 2019 [1] She is an elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering [10] , Geological Society of Australia, American Geophysical Union, and International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior. [5]
A fumarole is a vent in the surface of the Earth or another rocky planet from which hot volcanic gases and vapors are emitted, without any accompanying liquids or solids. Fumaroles are characteristic of the late stages of volcanic activity, but fumarole activity can also precede a volcanic eruption and has been used for eruption prediction. Most fumaroles die down within a few days or weeks of the end of an eruption, but a few are persistent, lasting for decades or longer. An area containing fumaroles is known as a fumarole field.
A volcanologist, or volcano scientist, is a geologist who focuses on understanding the formation and eruptive activity of volcanoes. Volcanologists frequently visit volcanoes, sometimes active ones, to observe and monitor volcanic eruptions, collect eruptive products including tephra, rock and lava samples. One major focus of inquiry in recent times is the prediction of eruptions to alleviate the impact on surrounding populations and monitor natural hazards associated with volcanic activity. Geologists who research volcanic materials that make up the solid Earth are referred to as igneous petrologists.
Hydrothermal circulation in its most general sense is the circulation of hot water. Hydrothermal circulation occurs most often in the vicinity of sources of heat within the Earth's crust. In general, this occurs near volcanic activity, but can occur in the shallow to mid crust along deeply penetrating fault irregularities or in the deep crust related to the intrusion of granite, or as the result of orogeny or metamorphism. Hydrothermal circulation often results in hydrothermal mineral deposits.
Scoria is a pyroclastic, highly vesicular, dark-colored volcanic rock formed by ejection from a volcano as a molten blob and cooled in the air to form discrete grains called clasts. It is typically dark in color, and basaltic or andesitic in composition. Scoria has relatively low density, as it is riddled with macroscopic ellipsoidal vesicles, but in contrast to pumice, scoria always has a specific gravity greater than 1 and sinks in water.
Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount is an active submarine volcano about 22 mi (35 km) off the southeast coast of the island of Hawaii. The top of the seamount is about 3,200 ft (975 m) below sea level. This seamount is on the flank of Mauna Loa, the largest active subaerial shield volcano on Earth. Kamaʻehuakanaloa is the newest volcano in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, a string of volcanoes that stretches about 3,900 mi (6,200 km) northwest of Kamaʻehuakanaloa. Unlike most active volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean that make up the active plate margins on the Pacific Ring of Fire, Kamaʻehuakanaloa and the other volcanoes of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain are hotspot volcanoes and formed well away from the nearest plate boundary. Volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands arise from the Hawaii hotspot, and as the youngest volcano in the chain, Kamaʻehuakanaloa is the only Hawaiian volcano in the deep submarine preshield stage of development.
Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits, also known as VMS ore deposits, are a type of metal sulfide ore deposit, mainly copper-zinc which are associated with and produced by volcanic-associated hydrothermal events in submarine environments.
Various theories of ore genesis explain how the various types of mineral deposits form within Earth's crust. Ore-genesis theories vary depending on the mineral or commodity examined.
Seafloor massive sulfide deposits or SMS deposits, are modern equivalents of ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits or VMS deposits. The term has been coined by mineral explorers to differentiate the modern deposit from the ancient.
The Mount Read Volcanics is a Cambrian volcanic belt in Western Tasmania.
James Healy Seamount is a submarine volcano located among the South Kermadec Ridge Seamounts south of New Zealand's Kermadec Islands. It consists of a volcanic cone that reaches a depth of 1,150 metres (3,770 ft) below sea level, two 2–2.5 kilometres (1.2–1.6 mi) and 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) wide calderas and a parasitic cone that reaches a depth of 950 metres (3,120 ft) below sea level. The flanks of the volcano are covered with pumice and volcanic rocks, and hydrothermal venting occurs inside the caldera.
Iron oxide copper gold ore deposits (IOCG) are important and highly valuable concentrations of copper, gold and uranium ores hosted within iron oxide dominant gangue assemblages which share a common genetic origin.
Bruce F. Houghton is a New Zealand volcanologist. He was a student at Auckland University, and University of Otago, where he completed a PhD in 1977 on the geology of the Takatimu Mountains in western Southland.
Mars may contain ores that would be very useful to potential colonists. The abundance of volcanic features together with widespread cratering are strong evidence for a variety of ores. While nothing may be found on Mars that would justify the high cost of transport to Earth, the more ores that future colonists can obtain from Mars, the easier it would be to build colonies there.
The Mineral Exploration Research Centre (MERC) is a semi-autonomous research centre associated with the Harquail School of Earth Sciences at Laurentian University in Sudbury Ontario, Canada, and one of the largest mineral exploration research-teaching clusters in the world. MERC is housed in the Willett Green Miller Mineral and Mining Research Centre on the Laurentian University campus, together with the Ontario Geological Survey, Ontario Geoscience Laboratories, the John B. Gammon Mines Library, and the administrative offices of the Minerals and Mining Division of the Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines.
Marie Edmonds is a Professor of volcanology and Earth Sciences at the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge whose research focuses on the physics and chemistry of volcanic eruptions and magmatism and understanding volatile cycling in the solid Earth as mediated by plate tectonics. She is interested in the social and economic impacts of natural hazards; and the sustainable use of Earth's mineral and energy resources. Professor Edmonds is the Vice President and Ron Oxburgh Fellow in Earth Sciences at Queens' College, Cambridge; and the Deputy Head of Department and Director of Research at the Earth Sciences Department, University of Cambridge.
Bernd Georg Lottermoser is university professor with expertise in the sustainable extraction of mineral resources.
The Keanakakoi eruption was a VEI-4 eruption that occurred from the summit caldera of Kīlauea volcano in or around November 1790. It has been described as the deadliest volcanic eruption in what is now the United States, with more than 400 people having been killed in the event. The eruption deposited the Keanakakoi Ash which surrounds the Kīlauea Caldera.
Hydrothermal mineral deposits are accumulations of valuable minerals which formed from hot waters circulating in Earth's crust through fractures. They eventually produce metallic-rich fluids concentrated in a selected volume of rock, which become supersaturated and then precipitate ore minerals. In some occurrences, minerals can be extracted for a profit by mining. Discovery of mineral deposits consumes considerable time and resources and only about one in every one thousand prospects explored by companies are eventually developed into a mine. A mineral deposit is any geologically significant concentration of an economically useful rock or mineral present in a specified area. The presence of a known but unexploited mineral deposit implies a lack of evidence for profitable extraction.
Kemp Caldera and Kemp Seamount form a submarine volcano south of the South Sandwich Islands, in a region where several seamounts are located. The seamount rises to a depth of 80 metres (260 ft) below sea level; the caldera has a diameter of 8.3 by 6.5 kilometres and reaches a depth of 1,600 metres (5,200 ft). The caldera contains several Hydrothermal vents, including white smokers and diffuse venting areas, which are host to chemolithotrophic ecological communities. The seamount and caldera, which were discovered by seafloor mapping in 2009, are part of the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area.
Anita Lizzie Grunder is geologist known for her research on volcanic rocks and defining changes in volcanism over geologic eras. She is an elected fellow of the Geological Society of America.