Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of mental processes such as attention,language use,memory,perception,problem solving,creativity,and reasoning.
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language,as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.
Avram Noam Chomsky is an American professor and public intellectual known for his work in linguistics,political activism,and social criticism. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics",Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science. He is a laureate professor of linguistics at the University of Arizona and an institute professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Among the most cited living authors,Chomsky has written more than 150 books on topics such as linguistics,war,and politics. Ideologically,he aligns with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism.
Universal grammar (UG),in modern linguistics,is the theory of the innate biological component of the language faculty,usually credited to Noam Chomsky. The basic postulate of UG is that there are innate constraints on what the grammar of a possible human language could be. When linguistic stimuli are received in the course of language acquisition,children then adopt specific syntactic rules that conform to UG. The advocates of this theory emphasize and partially rely on the poverty of the stimulus (POS) argument and the existence of some universal properties of natural human languages. However,the latter has not been firmly established,as some linguists have argued languages are so diverse that such universality is rare,and the theory of universal grammar remains controversial among linguists.
In linguistics,transformational grammar (TG) or transformational-generative grammar (TGG) is part of the theory of generative grammar,especially of natural languages. It considers grammar to be a system of rules that generate exactly those combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language and involves the use of defined operations to produce new sentences from existing ones.
An image is a visual representation. An image can be two-dimensional,such as a drawing,painting,or photograph,or three-dimensional,such as a carving or sculpture. Images may be displayed through other media,including projection on a surface,activation of electronic signals,or digital displays;they can also be reproduced through mechanical means,such as photography,printmaking or photocopying. Images can also be animated through digital or physical processes.
Cognitive linguistics is an interdisciplinary branch of linguistics,combining knowledge and research from cognitive science,cognitive psychology,neuropsychology and linguistics. Models and theoretical accounts of cognitive linguistics are considered as psychologically real,and research in cognitive linguistics aims to help understand cognition in general and is seen as a road into the human mind.
Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the interrelation between linguistic factors and psychological aspects. The discipline is mainly concerned with the mechanisms by which language is processed and represented in the mind and brain;that is,the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire,use,comprehend,and produce language.
Linear or point-projection perspective is one of two types of graphical projection perspective in the graphic arts;the other is parallel projection. Linear perspective is an approximate representation,generally on a flat surface,of an image as it is seen by the eye. Perspective drawing is useful for representing a three-dimensional scene in a two-dimensional medium,like paper.
George Armitage Miller was an American psychologist who was one of the founders of cognitive psychology,and more broadly,of cognitive science. He also contributed to the birth of psycholinguistics. Miller wrote several books and directed the development of WordNet,an online word-linkage database usable by computer programs. He authored the paper,"The Magical Number Seven,Plus or Minus Two," in which he observed that many different experimental findings considered together reveal the presence of an average limit of seven for human short-term memory capacity. This paper is frequently cited by psychologists and in the wider culture. Miller won numerous awards,including the National Medal of Science.
Generative grammar,or generativism,is a linguistic theory that regards linguistics as the study of a hypothesised innate grammatical structure. It is a biological or biologistic modification of earlier structuralist theories of linguistics,deriving from logical syntax and glossematics. Generative grammar considers grammar as a system of rules that generates exactly those combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language. It is a system of explicit rules that may apply repeatedly to generate an indefinite number of sentences which can be as long as one wants them to be. The difference from structural and functional models is that the object is base-generated within the verb phrase in generative grammar. This purportedly cognitive structure is thought of as being a part of a universal grammar,a syntactic structure which is caused by a genetic mutation in humans.
Axonometric projection is a type of orthographic projection used for creating a pictorial drawing of an object,where the object is rotated around one or more of its axes to reveal multiple sides.
Child art is the drawings,paintings,or other artistic works created by children. The term was coined by Franz Cižek in the 1890s. The art of each child reflects their level of self-awareness and the degree to which they are integrated with their environment.
The cognitive revolution was an intellectual movement that began in the 1950s as an interdisciplinary study of the mind and its processes,from which emerged a new field known as cognitive science. The preexisting relevant fields were psychology,linguistics,computer science,anthropology,neuroscience,and philosophy. The approaches used were developed within the then-nascent fields of artificial intelligence,computer science,and neuroscience. In the 1960s,the Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies and the Center for Human Information Processing at the University of California,San Diego were influential in developing the academic study of cognitive science. By the early 1970s,the cognitive movement had surpassed behaviorism as a psychological paradigm. Furthermore,by the early 1980s the cognitive approach had become the dominant line of research inquiry across most branches in the field of psychology.
Depiction is reference conveyed through pictures. A picture refers to its object through a non-linguistic two-dimensional scheme,and is distinct from writing or notation. A depictive two-dimensional scheme is called a picture plane and may be constructed according to descriptive geometry,where they are usually divided between projections and perspectives.
In three-dimensional geometry,a parallel projection is a projection of an object in three-dimensional space onto a fixed plane,known as the projection plane or image plane,where the rays,known as lines of sight or projection lines,are parallel to each other. It is a basic tool in descriptive geometry. The projection is called orthographic if the rays are perpendicular (orthogonal) to the image plane,and oblique or skew if they are not.
Domain-specific learning theories of development hold that we have many independent,specialised knowledge structures (domains),rather than one cohesive knowledge structure. Thus,training in one domain may not impact another independent domain. Domain-general views instead suggest that children possess a "general developmental function" where skills are interrelated through a single cognitive system. Therefore,whereas domain-general theories would propose that acquisition of language and mathematical skill are developed by the same broad set of cognitive skills,domain-specific theories would propose that they are genetically,neurologically and computationally independent.
Eidetic memory,also known as photographic memory and total recall,is the ability to recall an image from memory with high precision—at least for a brief period of time—after seeing it only once and without using a mnemonic device.
Peter Jeffrey Booker was a British engineer and technological drawing historian,known for his 1963 A history of engineering drawing, a seminal work on the history of technical drawing.
Theory of language is a topic in philosophy of language and theoretical linguistics. It has the goal of answering the questions "What is language?";"Why do languages have the properties they do?";or "What is the origin of language?". In addition to these fundamental questions,the theory of language also seeks to understand how language is acquired and used by individuals and communities. This involves investigating the cognitive and neural processes involved in language processing and production,as well as the social and cultural factors that shape linguistic behavior.
