Jonathan Gruber (economist)

Last updated
Jon Gruber
Jonathan Gruber at US House Oversight Cmte in 2014.jpg
Gruber in 2014
Born (1965-09-30) September 30, 1965 (age 59)
Education Massachusetts Institute of Technology (BS)
Harvard University (MA, PhD)
Academic career
Field Health economics
Institution Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Doctoral
advisor		 Lawrence F. Katz [1]
Doctoral
students		 Susan Dynarski [2]
Amy Finkelstein [3]
Melissa Kearney
Ebonya Washington [4]
Botond Kőszegi [5]
Amanda Kowalski
Information at IDEAS / RePEc

Jonathan Holmes Gruber (born September 30, 1965) is an American professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he has taught since 1992. [6] He is also the director of the Health Care Program at the National Bureau of Economic Research, where he is a research associate. An associate editor of both the Journal of Public Economics and the Journal of Health Economics , Gruber has been heavily involved in crafting public health policy.

Contents

He has been described as a key architect [7] of both the 2006 Massachusetts health care reform, sometimes referred to as "Romneycare", and the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, sometimes referred to as the "ACA" and "Obamacare". He became the focus of media and political controversy in late 2014 when videos surfaced in which he made controversial statements about the legislative process, marketing strategies, and public perception surrounding the passage of the ACA.

Early life and education

Gruber was born on September 30, 1965, the son of Martin Jay Gruber and Ellie Gruber. His father is Professor Emeritus of Finance at the New York University Stern School of Business, having taught there for more than 40 years. Jonathan Gruber was raised in the New York suburb of Ridgewood, New Jersey. He completed his BS in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1987 and his PhD in economics from Harvard University in 1992, with a thesis titled Changes in the Structure of Employer-Provided Health Insurance. [8] He has 3 children, Rachel, Jack, and Ava Gruber.

Academic research career

Gruber began his career as an assistant professor of economics at MIT in 1992. [9] He is also a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. [9] Gruber's research has focused on public finance and health economics. He has published over 150 research articles and has had his hand in editing six research volumes. He has written Public Finance and Public Policy, Health Care Reform and Jump-Starting America: How Breakthrough Science Can Revived Economic Growth and the American Dream (with Simon Johnson). In 2006 he won the American Society of Health Economists Inaugural Medal for the best health economist in the nation aged 40 and under. [10]

From 2003 to 2006, Gruber was an essential architect in Massachusetts' health reform effort and became an inaugural member of the Health Connector Board whose job was to oversee these efforts. Later, Gruber was involved in the creation of the Affordable Care Act and Patient Protection Act. He worked closely with the Obama administration and Congress as a technical consultant.

Government work and consulting

During the 1997–98 academic year, Gruber was on leave as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy at the United States Department of the Treasury.

Massachusetts health care reform

From 2003 to 2006 he was one of the architects of Massachusetts health care reform, also known as "Romneycare." [11] In 2006 he became an inaugural member of the Health Connector Board, the main implementing body for that effort.

Gruber was ousted from the Massachusetts Health Connector in February 2015. [12]

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

During the 2008 election he was a consultant to the Clinton, Edwards and Obama presidential campaigns. [13]

From 2009 to 2010, Gruber served as a technical consultant to the Obama Administration and worked with both the administration and U.S. Congress to help craft the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, often referred to as the ACA or "Obamacare". The Act was signed into law in March 2010, and Gruber has been described as an "architect", "writer", and "consultant" of the legislation. He was widely interviewed and quoted during the legislation's roll-out. [14]

Vermont health care reform

In 2010 and 2011, Gruber was involved in crafting and advocating for the Single-Payer and Unified Health System bill in Vermont, which passed in May 2011. [15] [16]

The bill established Green Mountain Care, which aimed to be the first-ever state-level single-payer health care system in the United States by the time it was to have kicked in fully in 2017. Green Mountain Care was cancelled in December 2014 by Governor Peter Shumlin saying its projected costs were becoming too high. [17]

Jonathan Gruber was later sued by the state of Vermont for falsely claiming hours worked by his research assistant which he invoiced the state for. He denies the claims and settled out of court forfeiting almost $100,000.

Writing

Gruber has published more than 140 research articles (the majority of which were for NBER) and has edited six research volumes. [18]

He is a co-editor of the Journal of Public Economics, an associate editor of the Journal of Health Economics, and the author of Public Finance and Public Policy. [19] In 2011, he wrote Health Care Reform: What It Is, Why It's Necessary, How It Works, delineating the Affordable Care Act, and illustrated by Nathan Schreiber. [7]

Gruber's published works include:

Awards

In 2006, Gruber received the American Society of Health Economists Inaugural Medal for the best health economist in the nation aged 40 and under. [26] He was elected a member of the Institute of Medicine in 2005. [27] In 2009 he was elected to the Executive Committee of the American Economic Association.[ citation needed ]

In 2011 he was named “One of the Top 25 Most Innovative and Practical Thinkers of Our Time” by Slate Magazine. In both 2006 and 2012 he was rated as one of the top 100 most powerful people in health care in the United States by Modern Healthcare Magazine.[ citation needed ]

Controversies

Non-disclosure of HHS contract

In January 2010, after news emerged that Gruber was under a $297,000 contract with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, while at the same time promoting the Obama administration's health care reform policies, some commentators suggested a conflict of interest. [28] [29] Paul Krugman in The New York Times [30] argued that, although Gruber didn't always disclose his HHS connections, the times when he didn't were no big deal. In response to Krugman's contention, Salon's Glenn Greenwald wrote, "What will make it impossible to effectively call out wrongdoing by future corrupt administrations (by which Krugman seems to mean: Republican administrations) is the willingness of some people to tolerate and defend corruption when done by 'their side.'" [31]

Description of ACA subsidies

One heavily scrutinized part of the ACA reads that subsidies should be given to healthcare recipients who are enrolled "through an Exchange established by the State". Some have read this to mean that subsidies can be given only in states that have chosen to create their own healthcare exchanges, and do not use the federal exchange, while the Obama administration says that the wording applies to all states. This dispute was part of a series of lawsuits referred to collectively as King v. Burwell . In July 2014, two separate recordings of Gruber, both from January 2012, surfaced in which he seemed to contradict the administration's position. In one, Gruber states, in response to an audience question, that "if you're a state and you don't set up an exchange, that means your citizens don't get their tax credits", [32] while in the other he says, "if your governor doesn't set up an exchange, you're losing hundreds of millions of dollars of tax credits to be delivered to your citizens". [33] When these recordings emerged, Gruber called these statements mistaken, describing them as "just a speak-o—you know, like a typo". [34]

"Grubergate" videos controversy

In November 2014, a series of videos emerged of Gruber speaking about the ACA at different events, from 2010 to 2013, in ways that proved to be controversial; the controversy became known in the press as "Grubergate". [35] In the first, most widely publicized video, taken at a panel discussion about the ACA at the University of Pennsylvania in October 2013, Gruber said the bill was deliberately written "in a tortured way" to disguise the fact that it creates a system by which "healthy people pay in and sick people get money". He said this obfuscation was needed due to "the stupidity of the American voter" in ensuring the bill's passage. Gruber said the bill's inherent "lack of transparency is a huge political advantage" in selling it. [36] The comments caused significant controversy. [37] [38] [39] As a result, a contract he had with the office of the Auditor of North Carolina to assist in auditing a Medicaid program was terminated. [40]

In two subsequent videos, Gruber was shown talking about the decision (which he attributed to John Kerry) to have the bill tax insurance companies instead of patients (the so-called "Cadillac tax"), which he called fundamentally the same thing economically but more palatable politically. In one video, he stated that "the American people are too stupid to understand the difference" between the two approaches, while in the other he said that the switch worked due to "the lack of economic understanding of the American voter". [41]

In another video, taken in 2010, Gruber expressed doubts that the ACA would significantly reduce health care costs, although he noted that lowering costs played a major part in the way the legislation had been promoted. [42] In another video, taken in 2011, Gruber again talks about manipulation behind the "Cadillac tax", this time also stating that the tax is designed so that, though it begins by affecting only 8% of insurance plans, it will "over the next 20 years" come to apply to nearly all employer-provided health plans. [43] Journalist Jake Tapper noted that Gruber's description of the "Cadillac tax" directly contradicted a promise that Obama had made before the bill was passed. [43]

After the first of these videos came out, Gruber apologized and conceded he "spoke inappropriately". [44]

Some defenders of the ACA, such as Jonathan Cohn, called Gruber's statements about Americans "wrong and inappropriate" while maintaining that the trickery of which Gruber spoke was standard procedure in passing legislation in Washington, D.C., and thus not a cause for scandal. [45] [46] Opponents of the Act, on the other hand, were harsher in their criticism: National Review Online editor and conservative commentator Rich Lowry said the videos were emblematic of "the progressive mind, which values complexity over simplicity, favors indirect taxes and impositions on the American public so their costs can be hidden, and has a dim view of the average American", [47] while commentator Charles Krauthammer called the first video "the ultimate vindication of the charge that Obamacare was sold on a pack of lies." [48]

Conservative S.E. Cupp wrote that the videos showed "willful ignorance" on Gruber's part in thinking that the Act was successfully marketed to voters, stating that "the law has never cracked a 51% favorability rating" and that, in the first elections after the ACA passed, Republicans, who had opposed it, retook the House of Representatives and gained control of 11 additional state governorships. [49]

Nancy Pelosi, then-Speaker of the House, who successfully shepherded the legislation through the House of Representatives, without a single GOP vote and despite some opposition from pro-life Democrats, stated in a press conference after the Gruber controversy, "So I don't know who he is. He didn't help write our bill", a comment PolitiFact described as "inaccurate". [50]

Congressional hearing

In the wake of the controversy, Jonathan Gruber was called to testify before members of United States Congress. He gave testimony on December 9, 2014, in which he apologized for his remarks, which he called "glib, thoughtless, and sometimes downright insulting". [51] [52] The Wall Street Journal , in an editorial, called Gruber's apology unpersuasive, saying that "his response to substantive questions suggested that he is mainly sorry for getting caught on tape". [53]

Effect on Vermont single-payer plan

On December 17, 2014, Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin cancelled the Vermont health care reform plan, on which Gruber had served as a consultant. [54] Although budgetary concerns were cited as the reason for the cancellation, some called Gruber's involvement with the plan a factor as well. [55]

According to VPR, Vermont state auditor Doug Hoffer is auditing Gruber's contracts [56] for Vermont health care reform, which Gruber "helped Vermont design". [57]

Extent of contributions

The extent of Gruber's contributions to both Massachusetts and federal health care reform has been the source of significant controversy. In 2014, the Obama administration claimed that Gruber did not have a major role in creating the ACA. [58]

According to emails released by the U.S. House Oversight Committee to The Wall Street Journal , Gruber met and consulted with various Obama administration officials in charge of writing and developing the law, [58] including Peter Orszag, who was director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Jason Furman, an economic adviser to the president, Ezekiel Emanuel, who was then a special adviser for health policy at OMB, Jeanne Lambrew, a top Obama administration health adviser who worked at HHS and the White House, and Lawrence Summers, then a top economic adviser in the administration. [58] In July 2009, he was invited to meet personally with Obama. [58]

During his December 2014 congressional hearing, in both his written and oral testimony, [59] Gruber downplayed his own influence on the Massachusetts and national health care plans, stating: "I did not draft Governor Romney's health care plan, and I was not the 'architect' of President Obama's health care plan." The newspaper The Hill called this a contradiction of various statements that Gruber had previously made, claiming that at "numerous speeches, lectures and TV interviews in the past four years, Gruber has been introduced as the 'architect' of the Massachusetts law and/or Obamacare". [60]

Related Research Articles

Families USA is a nonprofit, nonpartisan consumer health advocacy and policy organization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John C. Goodman</span> Health care economist

John C. Goodman is president and CEO of the Goodman institute for Public Policy Research, a think tank focused on public policy issues. He was the founding chief executive of the National Center for Policy Analysis, which operated from 1982 to 2017. He is a senior fellow at the Independent Institute. The Wall Street Journal and The National Journal have called Goodman the "father of Health Savings Accounts."

Healthcare reform in the United States has had a long history. Reforms have often been proposed but have rarely been accomplished. In 2010, landmark reform was passed through two federal statutes: the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), signed March 23, 2010, and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, which amended the PPACA and became law on March 30, 2010.

In the United States, health insurance marketplaces, also called health exchanges, are organizations in each state through which people can purchase health insurance. People can purchase health insurance that complies with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at ACA health exchanges, where they can choose from a range of government-regulated and standardized health care plans offered by the insurers participating in the exchange.

The history of health care reform in the United States has spanned many decades with health care reform having been the subject of political debate since the early part of the 20th century. Recent reforms remain an active political issue. Alternative reform proposals were offered by both of the major candidates in the 2008, 2016, and 2020 presidential elections.

The public health insurance option, also known as the public insurance option or the public option, is a proposal to create a government-run health insurance agency that would compete with other private health insurance companies within the United States. The public option is not the same as publicly funded health care, but was proposed as an alternative health insurance plan offered by the government. The public option was initially proposed for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, but was removed after the independent US senator for Connecticut Joe Lieberman threatened a filibuster.

A health insurance mandate is either an employer or individual mandate to obtain private health insurance instead of a national health insurance plan.

There were a number of different health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration. Key reforms address cost and coverage and include obesity, prevention and treatment of chronic conditions, defensive medicine or tort reform, incentives that reward more care instead of better care, redundant payment systems, tax policy, rationing, a shortage of doctors and nurses, intervention vs. hospice, fraud, and use of imaging technology, among others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Affordable Care Act</span> U.S. federal statute also known as Obamacare

The Affordable Care Act (ACA), formally known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) and colloquially as Obamacare, is a landmark U.S. federal statute enacted by the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 amendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the enactment of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. Most of the act's provisions are still in effect.

In 2011, the Vermont state government enacted a law functionally establishing the first state-level single-payer health care system in the United States. Green Mountain Care, established by the passage of H.202, creates a system in the state where Vermonters receive universal health care coverage as well as technological improvements to the existing system.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is divided into 10 titles and contains provisions that became effective immediately, 90 days after enactment, and six months after enactment, as well as provisions phased in through to 2020. Below are some of the key provisions of the ACA. For simplicity, the amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 are integrated into this timeline.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HealthCare.gov</span> Health insurance exchange website

HealthCare.gov is a health insurance exchange website operated by the United States federal government under the provisions of the Affordable Care Act or ACA, commonly referred to as "Obamacare", which currently serves the residents of the U.S. states which have opted not to create their own state exchanges. The exchange facilitates the sale of private health insurance plans to residents of the United States and offers subsidies to those who earn between one and four times the federal poverty line, but not to those earning less than the federal poverty line. The website also assists those persons who are eligible to sign up for Medicaid, and has a separate marketplace for small businesses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Save American Workers Act of 2013</span>

The Save American Workers Act of 2013 is a bill that would change how the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act defines full-time worker, by raising the threshold for offering employer-provided insurance from a minimum of 30 to 40 work hours a week. This is in order to remove the incentive some companies may have to reduce their employees' hours in order to avoid the employer healthcare mandate.

King v. Burwell, 576 U.S. 473 (2015), was a 6–3 decision by the Supreme Court of the United States interpreting provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The Court's decision upheld, as consistent with the statute, the outlay of premium tax credits to qualifying persons in all states, both those with exchanges established directly by a state, and those otherwise established by the Department of Health and Human Services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benjamin Sommers</span> American physician and health economist

Benjamin Daniel Sommers is an American physician and health economist. He is a professor of Health Policy and Economics at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and a primary care physician (PCP) at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. He was appointed by President Joe Biden to be a Deputy Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (DASPE) for Health Policy (HP) at the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in 2021. His term expired in January 2023. He is regarded as an national authority on Medicare and Medicaid. He currently lives in Brookline, Massachusetts.

The following is a list of efforts to repeal the Affordable Care Act, which had been enacted by the 111th United States Congress on March 23, 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Health Care Act of 2017</span> Proposed U.S. law

The American Health Care Act of 2017 was a bill in the 115th United States Congress. The bill, which was passed by the United States House of Representatives but not by the United States Senate, would have partially repealed the Affordable Care Act (ACA).

"United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps" is a review article by then-President of the United States Barack Obama in which he reviews the effects of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), a major health care law he signed in 2010, and recommends health care policy changes that he thinks would build on its successes. The article was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) as a "special communication" online on July 11, 2016, and in print on August 2, 2016. With the article's publication, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to publish an article in a peer-reviewed academic journal. The article was named the most popular paper published in an academic journal in 2016 by Altmetric, which gave it a score of 8,063, the highest such score ever recorded.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, often shortened to the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or nicknamed Obamacare, is a United States federal statute enacted by the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 amendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. Once the law was signed, provisions began taking effect, in a process that continued for years. Some provisions never took effect, while others were deferred for various periods.

Amanda Kowalski is an American health economist serving as the Gail Wilensky Professor of Applied Economics at the University of Michigan. She is an elected member of the executive committee of the American Economic Association, and a research associate at the health, public economics, and aging programs of the National Bureau of Economic Research. Kowalski's research focuses on health policy, in particular on the targeting of treatments and health insurance expansions to those that need them most. She is the winner of the 2019 ASHEcon medal, awarded by the American Society of Health Economists to the best researcher under the age of 40.

References

  1. ↑ Gruber, Jonathan Holmes (August 10, 1992). Changes in the Structure of Employer Provided Health Insurance (PhD in Economics thesis). Harvard University. ProQuest   304000122.
  2. ↑ Dynarski, Susan (1999), Student aid and college attendance: analysis of government intervention in the higher education . Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  3. ↑ Finkelstein, Amy (2001), Adverse selection and government intervention in life and health insurance markets . Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  4. ↑ Washington, Ebonya (2003), Essays in public finance . Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  5. ↑ Kőszegi, Botond (2000-06-08), Essays in Behavioral Economics (Thesis), MIT (published 2000), hdl:1721.1/74883
  6. ↑ "Jonathan Gruber". MIT Economics. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
  7. 1 2 Kliff, Sarah (October 11, 2011). "Everything you wanted to know about health reform, in one comic book". Wonkblog. The Washington Post.
  8. ↑ Gruber, Jonathan (1992). Changes in the structure of employer-provided health insurance. ProQuest   304000122.
  9. 1 2 "Gruber MIT bio". Archived from the original on November 13, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
  10. ↑ "MIT Economics > Jonathan Gruber". Archived from the original on 2022-04-15. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  11. ↑ Gruber, Jonathan (April 11, 2012). "Viewpoint: A thank you to Gov. Mitt Romney for signing Massachusetts' historic health care reform". The Republican .
  12. ↑ Wheaton, Sarah (February 25, 2015). "Jonathan Gruber among 4 ousted from Massachusetts Obamacare board". Politico.
  13. ↑ Groves, Victoria (May 2, 2011). "Looking at the National Health Care Debate through a Massachusetts Lens". Harvard Kennedy School . Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  14. ↑ Rampell, Catherine (28 March 2012). "Academic Built Case for Mandate in Health Care Law". The New York Times . Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  15. ↑ Hirschfield, Peter (July 22, 2014). "Obamacare Architect To Help Vermont Design Single Payer". Vermont Public Radio .
  16. ↑ "The Vermont Option: Achieving Affordable Universal Health Care", William Hsaio, Steven Kappel, Jonathan Gruber, and a team of health policy analysts, June 21, 2010.
  17. ↑ "Governor abandons single-payer health care plan", yahoo.com, December 17, 2014.
  18. ↑ Jonathan Gruber. "NBER Working Papers by Jonathan Gruber". National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  19. ↑ "Worth Publishers Student Center for Public Finance and Policy". Bcs.worthpublishers.com. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  20. ↑ Gruber, J.; Levine, P.; Staiger, D. (1999). "Abortion Legalization and Child Living Circumstances: Who is the "Marginal Child"?". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 114 (1): 263–91. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.493.8996 . doi:10.1162/003355399556007. S2CID   11326452.
  21. ↑ Mullainathan, Sendhil; Gruber, Jonathan (April 2002). "Do Cigarette Taxes Make Smokers Happier?". NBER Working Paper No. 8872. doi: 10.3386/w8872 .
  22. ↑ "The Cost and Coverage Impact of The President's Health Insurance Budget Proposals". Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. February 15, 2006. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  23. ↑ Gruber, Jonathan (December 4, 2008). "Medicine for the Job Market". The New York Times.
  24. ↑ "Taxing Sin to Modify Behavior and Raise Revenue" (PDF). April 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  25. ↑ Gruber, Jonathan (February 9, 2011). "Health Care Reform Without the Individual Mandate". American Progress. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  26. ↑ "Honors & awards – Fall 2006 Soundings". Web.mit.edu. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  27. ↑ "National Academy of Social Insurance". National Academy of Social Insurance. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  28. ↑ Berger, Judson (January 8, 2010). "Economist Was Under Contract With HHS While Touting Health Reform Bill". Fox News. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
  29. ↑ Brownstein, Ronald (January 8, 2010). "On Jonathan Gruber's Conflict Of Interest". The Atlantic .
  30. ↑ Krugman, Paul (January 11, 2010). "Jonathan Gruber". The New York Times. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  31. ↑ Greenwald, Glenn (January 16, 2010). "Krugman, Gruber and non-disclosure issues". Salon Media Group. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  32. ↑ Radia, Ryan (July 24, 2014). "Obamacare Architect Admitted in 2012 States without Exchanges Lose Subsidies". Competitive Enterprise Institute .
  33. ↑ Serwer, Adam (July 26, 2014). "Adviser's past remarks could give Obamacare a headache". msnbc.com.
  34. ↑ Cohn, Jonathan (July 25, 2014). "Jonathan Gruber: 'It Was Just a Mistake'". The New Republic.
  35. ↑ Skocpol, Theda (December 9, 2014). "'Grubergate' shows the sad state of debate on Obamacare". Los Angeles Times.
  36. ↑ "GRUBER: "Lack of transparency is a huge political advantage"". American Commitment. October 13, 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  37. ↑ Parker, Kathleen (November 12, 2014). "Obama and the 'Stupidity of the American Voter". Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 12, 2014.
  38. ↑ Roy, Avik (November 10, 2014). "ACA Architect: 'The Stupidity Of The American Voter' Led Us To Hide Obamacare's True Costs From The Public". Forbes.
  39. ↑ DelReal, Jose A. "Obamacare consultant under fire for 'stupidity of the American voter' comment". Washington Post. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  40. ↑ Jarvis, Craig (November 22, 2014). "NC cancels contract with federal health-care official Gruber over 'stupidity of voters' comment". The News & Observer.
  41. ↑ Diamond, Jeremy (November 18, 2014). "Obamacare: Voters, are you stupid?". CNN .
  42. ↑ Tapper, Jake (November 13, 2014). "Obamacare architect discussed misleading public in 4th newly uncovered video". CNN.
  43. 1 2 Tapper, Jake (November 19, 2014). "Obama promised Obamacare wouldn't do exactly what Gruber says it will do". CNN .
  44. ↑ Scarry, Eddie (November 11, 2014). "Jonathan Gruber to MSNBC: My 'Stupidity of the American Voter' Remark was Inappropriate". Mediaite.
  45. ↑ Cohn, Jonathan (November 17, 2014). "What Jon Gruber's Quotes Really Tell Us About Obamacare—and American Politics". The New Republic.
  46. ↑ Beutler, Brian (November 12, 2014). "The Obamacare Debate Was One of the Most Transparent in Recent Memory". The New Republic .
  47. ↑ Lowry, Rich (November 14, 2014). "Thank You, Jonathan Gruber". National Review.
  48. ↑ Krauthammer, Charles (November 13, 2014). "The Gruber Confession". National Review.
  49. ↑ Cupp, S.E. (November 15, 2014). "The guy who thinks voters are 'stupid'". CNN.
  50. ↑ "Nancy Pelosi says she doesn't know who Jonathan Gruber is". PolitiFact.com. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
  51. ↑ Gruber, Jonathan (9 December 2014). Rep. Trey Gowdy questions Jonathan Gruber (C SPAN). Washington, DC. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12.
  52. ↑ Bierman, Noah (December 9, 2014). "MIT professor apologizes for health care law remarks". Boston Globe.
  53. ↑ "Forrest Gump, PhD". Wall Street Journal. December 10, 2014.
  54. ↑ Wheaton, Sarah (December 17, 2014). "Vermont bails on single-payer health care". Politico.
  55. ↑ Weigel, David (December 18, 2014). "How Math, Lawsuits, and Jonathan Gruber Killed Vermont's Single-Payer Health Care Dream". Bloomberg.
  56. ↑ Gram, Dave (January 24, 2015). "Auditor: Invoices unsupported from Vt.health "expert"". Burlington Free Press .
  57. ↑ Hirschfeld, Peter (January 22, 2015). "State's Contract With Economist Jonathan Gruber Under Scrutiny". VPR.
  58. 1 2 3 4 Armour, Stephanie (June 21, 2015). "MIT Economist Jonathan Gruber Had Bigger Role in Health Law, Emails Show". Wall Street Journal . New York . Retrieved June 22, 2015. Jonathan Gruber, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology economist whose comments about the health-care law touched off a political furor, worked more closely than previously known with the White House and top federal officials to shape the law, previously unreleased emails show.
  59. ↑ "Written Testimony of Professor Jonathan Gruber before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives" (PDF). United States Congress. December 9, 2014.
  60. ↑ Byrnes, Jesse (December 10, 2014). "Gruber on ObamaCare: 'I helped write it'". The Hill.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.