Jungle Nama

Last updated

Jungle Nama
Jungle Nama.jpg
First edition
Author Amitav Ghosh
CountryIndia
Subject Fiction
PublishedFebruary 2021 Fourth Estate
Media type Book
Pages88
ISBN 978-9353579128

Jungle Nama is a graphic verse novel written by Indian author Amitav Ghosh and illustrated by Pakistani-American artist Salman Toor. [1] [2] [3] It is a verse adaptation of the medieval Bengali tale about the Sundarbans Forest goddess, Bon Bibi. [4] [5] [6] [7] The book was first published on 12 February 2021 by Fourth Estate India and then in Great Britain on 11 November 2021 by John Murray Press. [3] It is Ghosh's first book in verse. [1] The story explores themes of greed and ecological misadventure. (1,3) Ghosh states that the story is an allegory for human caused climate change. [1] [8] [3]

Contents

Background

Setting

Jungle Nama
A satellite image of the Sundarbans. Sundarbans.jpg
A satellite image of the Sundarbans.

The story is set in India's Sundarbans region. [1] The Sundarbans are located across the western coast of Bangladesh and the south coast of India's Eastern state of West Bengal. [3] The region is characterised by vast natural forests and deltas. [1] At greater than ten-thousand square kilometre, the Sundarbans are the world's largest mangrove forest. [2] [3] They are divided by three main rivers, the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Meghna, which branch to form a major wetland that discharges into the Bay of Bengal. [2] The Sundarbans are everchanging and composed of thousands of islands, many being uninhabitable. [2] The Sundarbans are a UNESCO World Heritage site with four protected areas being held under reserve forest and wildlife sanctuary. [2] The name Sundarbans comes from the common Mangrove trees which populate the area, known locally as Sundori trees. [2]

The Sundarbans experience extreme environmental conditions including climate catastrophes such as cyclones and flash flooding. [2] This major weather events and climate change has resulted in habitat loss, saltwater intrusion (sea water moving further inland), sea-level rise and the submerging of islands. [2] [9]

The region also experiences social pressures including poverty, illegal immigration, climate refugees, and government oversight. [9] [10] The region has a history of poverty with many locals relying on the shrimp seed industry for income by working as seed collectors in the forests. [10] Fieldwork researcher Annu Jalais notes that the Sundarbans region is sometimes referred to as 'Kolkata's Servant' ('Kolkatar jhi') in reference to the many locals that become servants within the households of Kolkata's wealthy. [10]

A traditional Bon Bibi idol in West Bengal. Banbibi Face - Godkhali - South 24 Parganas 2016-07-10 4 4755.JPG
A traditional Bon Bibi idol in West Bengal.

The Legend of Bon Bibi

Jungle Nama is a retelling of the traditional Bengali folk story of Bon Bibi. [1] [2] [3] The first print version of the legend was produced in the 1800s [1] [3] and was written in a Bengali verse meter called dwipodipayer. [1] [3] Dwipodipayer (the payer cadence) was the primary cadence of Bengali literature during the Middle Ages and is an alteration to the aksharvritta which uses 8/6 syllables. [1] Jungle Nama is a loose reworking of this legend, translated to English and written in a payer-style meter which replicates the flow of the original myth. [1] [3]

Fieldwork

Ghosh attributes the inspiration of Jungle Nama to a trip he took to a remote Sundarbans Island with a group of local villagers in 2000. [2] Together they travelled on rowboats and performed a Bon Bibi puja (ceremonial worship) on a mudbank next to a fresh set of tiger pawprints. [3] [2]

According to Ghosh, the culture of Sundarbans’ locals places value on maintaining the balance between the needs of the natural world and those of humans. [2] Their practices and belief system emphasise the importance of limiting greed which Ghosh states is an important lesson for the rest of the world in the age of the climate crisis. [2]

Style

The story is written entirely in a poem-like style which replicates the cadence of the original legend. [1] [3] On average, each line has twelve syllables, and each couplet has twenty-four syllables. [3] After each line there is a natural pause or a caesura (a break within the middle of a line). [3]

The book opens with a prologue which describes the geography of the Sundarbans. The story is written in 7 chapters and is followed by an afterword which describes the original legend.

Characters

Main characters

Secondary Characters

Plot

A tiger sitting on the banks of the Sundarban forest. Tiger in Tiger Palm, Sundarban Tiger Reserve,India.jpg
A tiger sitting on the banks of the Sundarban forest.

Long ago the Sundarbans were ruled by Dokkhin Rai, a feared spirit who hunted humans. The locals of the Sundarbans prayed for protection and in response two powerful beings, Bon Bibi, and her brother Shah Jongoli, arrived from Arabia. Dokkhin Rai was angered by their arrival and ordered an army of ghosts to destroy them, but Bon Bibi and Shah Jongoli were too strong for the army. Annoyed at his army's performance, Dokkhin Rai accepted he could fight them on his own and transformed into his tiger manifestation to scare them off. However, Bon Bibi and Shah Jongoli fought Dokkhin Rai with immense power and were able to trap him. They drew a line and confined Dokkhin Rai to the jungles of the south, at the border of the ocean and the land, where no human would go.

Much later, Dhona, a rich but greedy merchant, was not content with his wealth so he planned to exploit the southern jungle for honey, wax and wood. His equally wealthy brother Mona urged him against the idea insisting that they already had enough wealth, and that it was not worth facing the tigers of the jungle. Dhona didn't listen and insisted Mona accompany him. Mona refused to go but decided he would help Dhona by acquiring seven ships and a squad of sailors. Mona prepared everything but was short one sailor. After some thought Dhona realised he could get his poor cousin Dukhey to be his final sailor.

Dukhey lived in a hut with his frail mother and had struggled to find work. Dhona visited Dukhey to convince him to work for him. He gave Dukhey some coins for his mother and promised to arrange him a wedding with a beautiful wife. Whilst Dukhey was easily convinced his mother, who knew of Dhona's greed, was more apprehensive and tried to urge Dukhey against it. Dukhey was set on going so she pleaded with Dhona not to take him. In the end, she couldn't change Dhona's mind, but he pledged to protect Dukhey like a son. As Dukhey left home his mother warned him on last time of the dangers of the forest and the tiger Dokkhin Rai and insisted if he was ever in danger to call out a metered rhythmic verse to Bon Bibi.

On the fleet, Dukhey proved to be a successful sailor. When the fleet reached the beginning of the mangroves and entered the jungle there were no resources to seize, leaving Dhona disappointed. The next day Dhona left Dukhey on the boat and went to explore deeper into southern jungle. As soon as they crossed into the invisible line Dokkhin Rai became angered and hungry. Dokkhin Rai began producing illusions of beehives but when Dhona went to open them they were empty. Over the day, Dokkhin Rai continued to play these tricks leaving Dhona confused and upset. To find out what was happening Dhona decided he needed to dream. When he went to sleep Dokkhin Rai entered his mind and scolded Dhona for thinking he could steal from him without providing an offering. Dhona claimed he had nothing to offer but Dokkhin Rai insisted he was wrong declaring he needed to sacrifice Dukhey as a trade for a bounty from the jungle. Dhona resisted and even offered to sacrifice himself, but Dokkhin Rai vowed to sink his fleet if he refused. Reluctantly, Dhona agreed and organised a place to hand over Dukhey and retrieve his bounty.

When Dhona arrived at the meeting point countless hives were brimming with real honey. As promised Dokkhin Rai filled his ships with excessive treasures. Once the crew celebrated their bounty Dhona ordered all but one of his ships to depart leaving only Dukhey and himself. Dukhey was immediately suspicious and questioned how Dhona produced the bounty, but Dhona insisted he has nothing to fear and that they needed supplies, so Dukhey entered the jungle. As soon as he was out of sight Dhona sailed away.

As Dukhey walked further into the jungle Dokkhin Rai appeared in his tiger form. Dukhey remembered his mother's warning and begun calling out to Bon Bibi in the rhythmic verse style. Bon Bibi heard his prayer and arrived with her brother who punched Dokkhin Rai and chased him for days. Meanwhile Bon Bibi took Dukhey back to her home and took care of him. Once Shah Jongoli caught Dokkhin Rai he returned him to Bon Bibi. Dokkhin Rai, exhausted and resentful, swore his loyalty to Bon Bibi and agreed to never hunt a human again. Bon Bibi taught Dokkhin Rai to use syllables and meter to restrain his appetite and ensured he repay his debts to Dukhey with a bounty greater than Dhona's.

When Dhona returned with his bounty the news of his wealth spread quickly and few noticed Dukhey was missing. Dukhey's mother, distressed, asked where her son was but Dhona lied claiming he must have been taken by a tiger. Dhona offered her fine food and fabrics, but Dukhey's mother wept for her son and asserted that riches could not replace him. She wondered if he called out for Bon Bibi and across the sky Bon Bibi heard her, informing Dukhey that his mother was in deep sorrow and that he must return home. As Dukhey left, Bon Bibi emphasised that he must forgive Dhona and not hold onto his resentment.

When Dukhey returned home with his riches he realised he was too late, his mother had died. Once again, he called out for Bon Bibi and his mother awoke. Dukhey forgave Dhona who arranged for his wedding and Dukhey lived happily being content with what he had.

Major Themes

Greed

A primary theme in the text is greed and its dangers. [3] [11] Ghosh purports that the story of Jungle Nama is about the importance of humans recognising limits and boundaries. [11] Ghosh states that wrote entirely in metered verse as it forces readers to recognise boundaries in their most basic form. [11]

Climate Change

According to Ghosh the text also explores themes of ecological misadventure which are relevant to the 21st century climate crisis. [3] [11] Ghosh asserts that the story is about preserving the balance nature and the needs and wants of humans. [11] [9] Ghosh has utilised the ancient legend of Bon Bibi as an allegory for the climate crisis. [3] [11] Many traditional stories from Sundarbans locals, including the story of Bon Bibi, and Indigenous people more broadly are about only taking what is necessary from the earth, not damaging the land that you live on and maintain balance. [9] [12] [10] According to literary critic Shreevatsa Nevatia, the text asserts that the Sundarbans are facing the harsh effects of climate change. [2] [11]

Nevatia insist that the character Dhona's desire to pillage the southern forest and retrieve a new bounty is a metaphor for how humans currently treat the earth. [11] In an interview for India Today, [11] Ghosh argues that the story is also an allegory for the way capitalism has caused materialism which has produced the climate crisis which he predicts will end humankind as we know it.

Explanation of the Title

The title Jungle Nama stems from two words, ‘jungle’ which comes from Sanskrit roots and ‘nama’ which is a Persian word meaning ‘narrative’ or ‘relation’. [3]

Illustrations

The graphic book in verse is an assembly of images and text allowing the novel to be both seen and read (2,5) and includes illustrations by New-York based artist Salman Toor. [3] [11] Toor received a Masters of Fine Arts from Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, NY and has work in permanent collections at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, the Tate, London and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. [3] The illustration in the book includes full page drawings, borders around the text, small iconography, and handwritten quotes from the text itself. (4) Apart from the front cover, all illustrations are in black and white. [3]

Ghosh affirms that it was always his intention to collaborate with an artist to provide images to his text. [3] Ghosh prefers to term these illustrations as “illuminations” insisting that the images are not second to the text but rather “throw light upon” it. [3] [11] Toor produced the images for the text within four weeks. [3] [11] He asserts that Toor is an artistic “genius”. [3] [11]

Reception

The book has received a varied reception from critics. Dr Supantha Bhattacharyya, an Associate English Professor, asserted that Ghosh's poetry was “somewhat uneven”, yet the overall story was a well-developed retelling. [1] In positive reviews, critic Shreevatsa Nevatia insisted that Ghosh exhibits much talent as a poet and that his story of the Sundarbans was a “gift that keeps on giving” [11] and Sapna Sanfare stated that Ghosh created magic through his pen. [8]

Adaptations

The author, Amitav Ghosh, stated that he wanted the story to exist in different iterations. [8] In an interview with India Today [11] Ghosh argues that the human obsession with words is partly responsible for the climate crisis as words tend to focus on the life and culture of humans, neglecting the many other beings that live on Earth. For this reason, Ghosh aimed to produce new forms to discuss climate change, including artwork, music and performance. [11]

Audio Book

An audio book recording of the novel was produced accompanied with music by Pakistani singer Ali Sethi. [9]

Theatrical Performance

On March 2 and 3, 2022, the Centre for Experimental Ethnography at the University of Pennsylvania presented a theatrical English stage performance of Ghosh's Jungle Nama with music by Ali Sethi. [13] The performance was directed by Brooke O'Harra and took place at the Montgomery Theatre at Pen Live Arts. [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mowgli</span> Fictional character created by Rudyard Kipling

Mowgli is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Mowgli stories featured among Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book stories. He is a feral boy from the Pench area in Seoni, Madhya Pradesh, India, who originally appeared in Kipling's short story "In the Rukh" and then became the most prominent character in the collections The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book (1894–1895), which also featured stories about other characters.

<i>The Jungle Book</i> 1894 childrens book by Rudyard Kipling

The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling. Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear, though a principal character is the boy or "man-cub" Mowgli, who is raised in the jungle by wolves. Most stories are set in a forest in India; one place mentioned repeatedly is "Seeonee" (Seoni), in the central state of Madhya Pradesh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bengal tiger</span> Tiger population on the Indian subcontinent

The Bengal tiger is a population of the Panthera tigris tigris subspecies and the nominate tiger subspecies. It ranks among the biggest wild cats alive today. It is considered to belong to the world's charismatic megafauna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amitav Ghosh</span> Indian writer (born 1956)

Amitav Ghosh is an Indian writer. He won the 54th Jnanpith award in 2018, India's highest literary honor. Ghosh's ambitious novels use complex narrative strategies to probe the nature of national and personal identity, particularly of the people of India and South Asia. He has written historical fiction and also written non-fiction works discussing topics such as colonialism and climate change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sundarbans National Park</span> National park and nature reserve in West Bengal, India

The Sundarbans National Park is a national park in West Bengal, India, and core part of tiger reserve and biosphere reserve. It is part of the Sundarbans on the Ganges Delta and adjacent to the Sundarban Reserve Forest in Bangladesh. It is located to south-west of Bangladesh. The delta is densely covered by mangrove forests, and is one of the largest reserves for the Bengal tiger. It is also home to a variety of bird, reptile and invertebrate species, including the salt-water crocodile. The present Sundarban National Park was declared as the core area of Sundarban Tiger Reserve in 1973 and a wildlife sanctuary in 1977. On 4 May 1984 it was declared a national park. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed in 1987, and it has been designated as a Ramsar site since 2019. It is considered as a World Network of Biosphere Reserve from 1989.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sundarbans</span> Mangrove forest in the Bay of Bengal

Sundarbans is a mangrove area in the delta formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers in the Bay of Bengal. Spread across parts of India and Bangladesh, this forest is the largest mangrove forest in the world. It spans the area from the Baleswar River in Bangladesh's division of Khulna to the Hooghly River in India's state of West Bengal. It comprises closed and open mangrove forests, land used for agricultural purpose, mudflats and barren land, and is intersected by multiple tidal streams and channels. Sundarbans is home to the world's largest area of mangrove forests. Four protected areas in the Sundarbans are enlisted as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, viz. Sundarbans West (Bangladesh), Sundarbans South (Bangladesh), Sundarbans East (Bangladesh) and Sundarbans National Park (India).

<i>Man-Eaters of Kumaon</i> 1944 book by Jim Corbett

Man-Eaters of Kumaon is a 1944 book written by hunter-naturalist Jim Corbett. It details the experiences that Corbett had in the Kumaon region of India from the 1900s to the 1930s, while hunting man-eating Bengal tigers and Indian leopards. One tiger, for example, was responsible for over 400 human deaths. Man-Eaters of Kumaon is the best known of Corbett's books, and contains 10 stories of tracking and shooting man-eaters in the Indian Himalayas during the early years of the twentieth century. The text also contains incidental information on flora, fauna and village life. Seven of the stories were first published privately as Jungle Stories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gosaba</span> Village in West Bengal, India

Gosaba is a village and a gram panchayat within the jurisdiction of the Gosaba police station in the Gosaba CD block in the Canning subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans</span>

Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans, in India and Bangladesh are estimated to kill from 0-50 people per year. The Sundarbans is home to over 100 Bengal tigers, one of the largest single populations of tigers in one area. Before modern times, Sundarbans tigers were said to "regularly kill fifty or sixty people a year".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bonbibi</span> Guardian spirit venerated by both Hindu and Muslim residents of the Sundarbans, Bengal

Bonbibi, is a legendary lady of the forest, dubbed as a guardian spirit of the forests and venerated by both the Hindu and the Muslim residents of the Sundarbans. She is called upon mostly by the honey-collectors and the woodcutters before entering the forest for protection against the attacks from the tigers. It is believed that the demon king, Dakkhin Rai, an arch-enemy of Banbibi actually appears in the disguise of a tiger and attacks human beings.

<i>In an Antique Land</i> 1992 book by Amitav Ghosh

In an Antique Land is a 1992 book written in first-person by Indian writer Amitav Ghosh recounting his experiences in two Egyptian villages attempting to retrace accounts of an unknown Indian slave, as well as a reconstruction of the life of a 12th-century Jewish merchant in the area. It describes a variety of characters, going into great detail regarding their lives and Ghosh's interactions with them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dakshin Rai</span> Deity in the Sundarbans in India and Bangladesh

Dakshin Rai is a revered deity in the Sundarbans in India and Bangladesh who rules over beasts and demons. He is regarded as the overall ruler of the Sundarbans. The deity is worshipped by all those who enter the Sundarban forests of West Bengal, for subsistence, irrespective of their caste, creed or religion.

The Ibis trilogy is a work of historical fiction by Indian writer Amitav Ghosh, consisting of the novels Sea of Poppies (2008), River of Smoke (2011) and Flood of Fire (2015). A work of postcolonial literature, the story is set across the Indian Ocean region during the 1830s in the lead-up to the First Opium War. It particularly focuses on the trade of opium between India and China and the trafficking of girmityas to Mauritius. The series has received critical acclaim and academic attention for its historical research, themes and ambition. A television series adaptation was announced to be in development in 2019.

<i>Flood of Fire</i> 2015 novel by Amitav Ghosh

Flood of Fire is a 2015 novel by Indian novelist Amitav Ghosh. Following the Sea of Poppies (2008) and River of Smoke (2011), the novel is the final installment of the Ibis trilogy, which concerns the 19th-century opium trade between India and China. The book was first published by the English publisher John Murray, and later by Farrar, Straus and Giroux in the United States. The novel was shortlisted for The Hindu Literary Prize and received the Crossword Book Jury Award in Fiction in 2015.

Environmental impact of development in the Sundarbans, is the study of environmental impact on Sundarban, the largest single tract mangrove forest. It consist of a geographical area of 9,629 square kilometres (3,718 sq mi), including 4,185 square kilometres (1,616 sq mi) of reserve forest land, and is a natural region located partly in southern Bangladesh and partly in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is ecologically a southern part of the Gangetic delta between the Hooghly river in India on the west and the Meghna river in Bangladesh on the east and is bounded by the Ganga-Padma, the Padma-Meghna on the north and by the Bay of Bengal on the south. The area that is not reserve forest land is inhabited by human settlements with a total population around 4 million (2003).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sundarbans settlements</span> Human settlements in West Bengal, India

The Sundarbans settlements refer to the areas of the Sundarbans that were cleared of forests for human habitation in the present North 24 Paganas and the South 24 Parganas districts in the Indian state of West Bengal.

<i>Wade</i> (film) 2020 Indian film

Wade is an Indian 2D animated short film written and directed by Upamanyu Bhattacharyya and Kalp Sanghvi. It follows a group of climate change refugees in Kolkata, India, as they are attacked by an ambush of Royal Bengal Tigers. It imagines futures around sea level rise, global warming, ecological disruption and mass migration.

Salman Toor is a Pakistani painter based in the United States. His works depict the imagined lives of young men of South Asian-birth, displayed in close range in either South Asia and New York City fantasized settings. Toor lives and works in New York City.

<i>The Nutmegs Curse</i> 2021 non-fiction book by Amitav Ghosh

The Nutmeg's Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis is a 2021 non-fiction book by Amitav Ghosh. It discusses colonialism and environmental issues with particular focus on the Banda Islands. It is Ghosh's second non-fiction work to discuss climate change, after The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable (2016).

The Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve is a biosphere reserve in the Indian state of West Bengal, based on the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme list. It is one of the 18 biosphere reserves in India and the third largest in terms of area. The Biosphere Reserve is constituted of the Sundarbans area spread across South 24 Parganas and North 24 Parganas district districts of West Bengal. The Indian Sundarbans as a Biosphere Reserve is bounded by the Muri Ganga River in the west and the Hariabhanga and Raimangal rivers in the east. Sundarbans has a very rich diversity of aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna. In fact, the highly productive ecosystems of the Sundarbans act as natural fish nurseries. It provides habitat for the Royal Bengal Tiger.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Bhattacharyya, Supantha (2021). "Ghosh! for better or verse!" (PDF). Cenacle. 1 (11): 147–150.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Rakshit, Nobonita (8 October 2021). "Abstract Knowledge, Embodied Experience: Towards a Literary Fieldwork in the Humanities". Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities. 13 (3). doi: 10.21659/rupkatha.v13n3.31 . ISSN   0975-2935. S2CID   240006817.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Ghosh, Amitav (2021). Jungle nama: a story of the Sundarban. India: Fourth Estate. ISBN   9789353579128. OCLC   1255877852.
  4. ↑ Jha, Aditya Mani (3 April 2021). "'Modern literature has become completely logocentric': Amitav Ghosh". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  5. ↑ "Oldest Stripes | Outlook India Magazine". magazine.outlookindia.com/. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  6. ↑ "'Jungle Nama' book review: A legend in rhyme". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  7. ↑ "Jungle Nama: A Story of the Sundarban". The Pioneer. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  8. 1 2 3 Sarfare, Sapna (12 December 2021). "'It opens a new form of storytelling,' says Amitav Ghosh as he talks about his Jungle Nama turning into an audiobook". The Free Press Journal. ProQuest   2609092829.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Joshi, Sonam (14 February 2021). "Even political disruptions like farmer protests are tied to climate change: Amitav Ghosh". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Jalais, Annu (1 January 2005). "Dwelling on Morichjhanpi: When Tigers Became 'Citizens', Refugees 'Tiger-Food'". Economic and Political Weekly. 40 (17): 1757–1762. JSTOR   4416535.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Nevatia, Shreevatsa (15 February 2021). "A War Against Excess". India Today. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  12. ↑ Biswas, Sneha (4 March 2022). "Jungle Nama: Ghosh's adaptation of a mystic folktale from the Sundarbans Amitav Ghosh, Salman Toor, Jungle Nama, HarperCollins Publishers India, 2021, 88 pp., ISBN 978-9353579128 (Hardcover)". Journal of Social and Economic Development. 24: 237–239. doi:10.1007/s40847-022-00178-0. ISSN   0972-5792. S2CID   247267115.
  13. 1 2 "EVENTS". centerforexperimentalethnography. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.