Karl Arnold variously Carl Johann Moritz Arnold or Johann Karl Moritz Arnold (12 March 1853, Uffenheim - 24 June 1929, Hanover) was a German chemist and mountaineer.[1] He served as Director and briefly as Vice-Chancellor of the Institute of Chemistry at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover. His published works on organic chemistry were of importance to veterinarians, medical students and pharmacists. He was also an accomplished alpinist and chairman of the Hanover section of the German-Austrian Alpine Association.
Karl Arnold was the son of chemist Georg Friedrich Arnold of the village of Uffenheim. From 1851 to 1859 Georg Friedrich Arnold operated a pharmacy in the lower floor of the town hall.[2] The family then moved to Ansbach, where Georg Friedrich Arnold became the Bavarian court pharmacist.[3]
In 1875 he began formal studies in pharmacy at the University of Munich, receiving his license as a pharmacist in 1876.[5] Arnold worked with Max Joseph von Pettenkofer, professor of hygiene at Munich.[6] During his time in Munich, he became a member of an academic singing association, the Akademische Gesangverein (AGV) München in the Sondershäuser Verband.[7] Arnold went on to study chemistry and physics at the University of Tübingen, where he worked with Julius Lothar Meyer.[6][8] Meyer proposed models for the periodic table of elements in 1860 and 1868, and Arnold himself proposed a model for the periodic table in 1885.[8]
In 1877 Arnold passed the state teaching examinations for natural science. He completed his doctoral thesis with Robert Wilhelm Bunsen at the University of Heidelberg, studying inorganic and physical chemistry.[6] Arnold received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1878, at the age of 25.[5] Karl Arnold worked as a pharmacist to fulfill his military service. He was an assistant in Würzburg and a lecturer in Gerstungen.[4]
Royal Veterinary School
On 1 May 1880 Arnold began to work at the Königliche Tierarzneischule (Royal Veterinary School) in Hanover (now the University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover). Initially he was a lecturer, demonstrator and tutor in chemistry and physics,[6] earning "1500 M. Remuneration, freier Wohnung, Licht und Heizung in der Anstalt" ("1500 M. Remuneration, free apartment, light and heating in the institution").[9][5]
When chairman Karl Begemann fell ill in 1883, Arnold took over his chemistry courses. After Begemann died in 1885, Arnold was formally appointed as lecturer in chemistry, pharmacy and pharmacognosy. He became head of the university pharmacy. As of 1889, Arnold became director of the Institute of Chemistry and the sole chemistry lecturer. In 1890 he was appointed to the rank of professor.[6]
Following the mandate given to Begemann to expand and modernize the chemistry department, Arnold developed an expansion plan including chemical labs and an auditorium. As of 1899, this plan was put into effect, locating the new buildings on the Bischofsholer Damm.[6]
Karl Arnold remained director of the Chemistry Institute from 1889 until 1921.[10]
In 1913, the university created the post of rector. Karl Arnold was the first person to be elected to the Vice-Chancellor of the School of Veterinary Medicine, on 7 May 1913, but declined the post. It was eventually accepted by Bernhard Malkmus (1913 - 1915) who held the rectorship from 1913 to 1915. Malkmus was called up for military service in 1915, and Arnold replaced him as Vice-Chancellor from 30 May 1915 to 1 August 1915.[6]
Arnold died on 24 June 1929.[6] A street, Karl-Arnold-Platz, is named in his honor.[5]
Research
In organic chemistry, Arnold studied the determination of chlorides, urea, uric acid, phosphates, alkaloids and sugar under physiological conditions. Many of these substances were part of the composition of urine, and could be useful in assessing both normal body function and disease. He also studied disinfectants including hydrogen peroxide, formalin, lysol, ozone, and creole soaps. He developed methods to detect and characterize their use in medications. He also studied the hygiene of milk and food ingredients and tested air quality in stables.[6]
He published extensively on chemical analysis, veterinary medicine, and medicine. His Repetitorium der Chemie ("Chemistry Revision Course") was a standard work for veterinarians, medical students and pharmacists. Reprinted sixteen times, its last edition appeared in 1923. Anleitung zur qualitativen, chemischen Analyse anorganischer und organischer Körper sowie zur toxikologisch-chemischen und medizinisch-chemischen Analyse ("Instruction Manual on Qualitative, Chemical Analysis of Inorganic and Organic Bodies as well as on Toxicological-Chemical and Medical-Chemical Analysis") was also frequently reprinted, as was Pharmakognosie, pharmazeutisch-chemische Präparate und Rezeptierkunde ("Pharmacognosis, Pharmaceutical-Chemical Substances and the Science of Prescribing"). Arnold also published a three-volume work, Tierärztliche Arzneibuch für Studierende und praktische Tierärzte ("Veterinary Medicinal Book for Students and Practising Veterinarians" with professor of physiology Josef Tereg.[6]
Arnold's published works also included a design for the periodic table.[8]
Mountaineering
In 1869 16-year-old Karl Arnold climbed the Alps for the first time.[3] He was a member of the German-Austrian Alpine Association (Deutscher und Österreichischer Alpenverein) for almost 45 years, and chairman of the Hanover section.[11] After making an ascent of the Ankogel in 1885, he encouraged development of the town of Mallnitz in Carinthia, now part of High Tauern National Park as a locale for mountaineers. In 1886 the main committee of the Alpine Association gave the Hanover section responsibility for the Ankogel area.[11] The hill to the left of the original Hanover House was renamed Arnoldhöhe in Carl Arnold's honor in 1888.[10] Arnold and the Hanover section arranged for the building of the original Hanover House above Mallnitz on the Etschlsattel, inaugurated in 1911 to meet the needs of visitors using the recently built Tauern Railway.[11] (In 2014 a newer building of the same name was built nearby, replacing the original which had burnt.)[12]
Arnold's ashes were buried in an urn in a small mausoleum that Arnold had built on the Arnoldshöhe near what was then Hanover house.[13]
Related Research Articles
Hanover is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony. Its 535,932 (2021) inhabitants make it the 13th-largest city in Germany as well as the fourth-largest city in Northern Germany after Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen. Hanover's urban area comprises the towns of Garbsen, Langenhagen and Laatzen and has a population of about 791,000 (2018). The Hanover Region has approximately 1.16 million inhabitants (2019).
Leopold Gmelin was a German chemist. Gmelin was a professor at the University of Heidelberg. He worked on the red prussiate and created Gmelin's test, and wrote his Handbook of Chemistry, which over successive editions became a standard reference work still in use.
Martin Heinrich Klaproth was a German chemist. He trained and worked for much of his life as an apothecary, moving in later life to the university. His shop became the second-largest apothecary in Berlin, and the most productive artisanal chemical research center in Europe.
Carl Remigius Fresenius, was a German chemist, known for his studies in analytical chemistry.
A veterinary pharmacist is a specially trained pharmacist who dispenses veterinary drugs and supplies or products and advice to owners of companion animals and livestock. In addition, they advise the regulatory bodies and are involved in the formulation of veterinary drugs. Veterinary pharmacy is a field of pharmacy practice, in which veterinary pharmacists may compound medications, fill prescriptions, and manage drug therapies for animals. Veterinary pharmacists are licensed pharmacists who specialize in the distribution of medications for animals.
Johann Gottlieb was an Austrian chemist who first synthesized Propionic acid. He is also known for describing and naming Paramylon.
Otto Ruff was a German chemist.
Robert von Ostertag was a German veterinarian who was a native of Schwäbisch Gmünd.
Ernst Otto Beckmann was a German pharmacist and chemist who is remembered for his invention of the Beckmann differential thermometer and for his discovery of the Beckmann rearrangement.
Friedrich Heeren was a German chemist.
Arnold Thomas Eucken was a German chemist and physicist. He examined the energy states of the Hydrogen atom and contributed to knowledge of the atomic structure. He also contributed to chemical engineering and process control through physical chemistry measurements for applications in industry.
Carl Johann Eugen de Haën, often known as Eugen de Haën or Eugen de Haen, was a German chemist and entrepreneur. He was founder of the chemistry factory E. de Haën & Co.
Johann Bartholomew (Bartholomäus) Trommsdorff, was a German chemist and pharmacist noted for his 1805 Systematisches Handbuch der Gesammten Chemie ; a work that was published in eight volumes.
Leopold Pfaundler von Hadermur was an Austrian physicist and chemist born in Innsbruck. He was the father of pediatrician Meinhard von Pfaundler (1872-1947), and the father-in-law of pediatrician Theodor Escherich (1857-1911).
Johann Gerhard Reinhard Andreae, often known as J.G.R. Andreae or I.G.R. Andreae, was a Hanoverian natural scientist, chemist, geologist, court pharmacist (Hofapotheker) and alchemist in the Age of Enlightenment. Internationally noted as a polymath, he was known throughout Europe particularly for his extensive natural history collections and for his pioneering and influential scientific work on soil and their uses for modern agriculture. He was a friend of many of the great scientists of the day, such as Benjamin Franklin, Pieter van Musschenbroek and George Shaw. The genus Andreaea, the type genus of the family Andreaeaceae of mosses, was named in his honour by his friend, the botanist Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart. Andreae was also noted as one of the major benefactors in Hanover in his lifetime.
Adolph Ferdinand Duflos was a French-born, German pharmacist and chemist.
Georg Christian Wittstein was a German pharmaceutical botanist and chemist.
Bekenntnis der Professoren an den Universitäten und Hochschulen zu Adolf Hitler und dem nationalsozialistischen Staat officially translated into English as the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State was a document presented on 11 November 1933 at the Albert Hall in Leipzig. It had statements in German, English, Italian, and Spanish by selected German academics and included an appendix of signatories. The purge to remove academics and civil servants with Jewish ancestry began with a law being passed on 7 April 1933. This document was signed by those that remained in support of Nazi Germany.
Heinrich Lutter was a German pianist and piano educator.
Adolf Falke was a German architect, draughtsman, designer, stage designer and municipal politician.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
