Tuberculosis (TB),also known colloquially as the "white death",or historically as consumption,is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs,but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms,in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis. Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which,if left untreated,kill about half of those affected. Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus,fever,night sweats,and weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.
Tuberculosis managementdescribes the techniques and procedures utilized for treating tuberculosis (TB).
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare,progressive and systemic disease that typically results in cystic lung destruction. It predominantly affects women,especially during childbearing years. The term sporadic LAM is used for patients with LAM not associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC),while TSC-LAM refers to LAM that is associated with TSC.
Pulmonary fibrosis is a condition in which the lungs become scarred over time. Symptoms include shortness of breath,a dry cough,feeling tired,weight loss,and nail clubbing. Complications may include pulmonary hypertension,respiratory failure,pneumothorax,and lung cancer.
Miliary tuberculosis is a form of tuberculosis that is characterized by a wide dissemination into the human body and by the tiny size of the lesions (1–5 mm). Its name comes from a distinctive pattern seen on a chest radiograph of many tiny spots distributed throughout the lung fields with the appearance similar to millet seeds—thus the term "miliary" tuberculosis. Miliary TB may infect any number of organs,including the lungs,liver,and spleen. Miliary tuberculosis is present in about 2% of all reported cases of tuberculosis and accounts for up to 20% of all extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases.
Latent tuberculosis (LTB),also called latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is when a person is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis,but does not have active tuberculosis (TB). Active tuberculosis can be contagious while latent tuberculosis is not,and it is therefore not possible to get TB from someone with latent tuberculosis. The main risk is that approximately 10% of these people will go on to develop active tuberculosis. This is particularly true,and there is added risk,in particular situations such as medication that suppresses the immune system or advancing age.
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis caused by bacteria that are resistant to some of the most effective anti-TB drugs. XDR-TB strains have arisen after the mismanagement of individuals with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB).
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis (TB) infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to treatment with at least two of the most powerful first-line anti-TB medications (drugs):isoniazid and rifampin. Some forms of TB are also resistant to second-line medications,and are called extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB).
T-SPOT.TB is a type of ELISpot assay used for tuberculosis diagnosis,which belongs to the group of interferon gamma release assays. The test is manufactured by Oxford Immunotec in the UK. It is available in most European countries,the United States as well as various other countries. It was developed by researchers at the University of Oxford in England.
Tuberculosis is a serious public health problem in China. China has the world's third largest cases of tuberculosis,but progress in tuberculosis control was slow during the 1990s. Detection of tuberculosis had stagnated at around 30% of the estimated total of new cases,and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis was a major problem. These signs of inadequate tuberculosis control can be linked to a malfunctioning health system. The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003,brought to light substantial weaknesses in the country's public health system. After the government realized the impact that the SARS outbreak had on the country,they increased leadership in their health department. After the SARS epidemic was brought under control,the government increased its commitment and leadership to tackle public health problems and,among other efforts,increased public health funding,revised laws that concerned the control of infectious diseases,implemented the world's largest internet-based disease reporting system to improve transparency,reach and speed,and started a program to rebuild local public health facilities and national infrastructure.
Restrictive lung diseases are a category of extrapulmonary,pleural,or parenchymal respiratory diseases that restrict lung expansion,resulting in a decreased lung volume,an increased work of breathing,and inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation. Pulmonary function test demonstrates a decrease in the forced vital capacity.
The history of tuberculosis encompasses the origins of the disease,tuberculosis (TB) through to the vaccines and treatments methods developed to contain and mitigate its impact.
Sir Alimuddin Zumla,,FRCP,FRCPath,FRSB is a British-Zambian professor of infectious diseases and international health at University College London Medical School. He specialises in infectious and tropical diseases,clinical immunology,and internal medicine,with a special interest in HIV/AIDS,respiratory infections,and diseases of poverty. He is known for his leadership of infectious/tropical diseases research and capacity development activities. He was awarded a Knighthood in the 2017 Queens Birthday Honours list for services to public health and protection from infectious disease. In 2012,he was awarded Zambia's highest civilian honour,the Order of the Grand Commander of Distinguished services - First Division. In 2023,for the sixth consecutive year,Zumla was recognised by Clarivate Analytics,Web of Science as one of the world's top 1% most cited researchers. In 2021 Sir Zumla was elected as Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences.
Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis (TDR-TB) is a generic term for tuberculosis strains that are resistant to a wider range of drugs than strains classified as extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis is tuberculosis that is resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin,any fluoroquinolone,and any of the three second line injectable TB drugs. TDR-TB has been identified in three countries;India,Iran,and Italy. The term was first presented in 2006,in which it showed that TB was resistant to many second line drugs and possibly all the medicines used to treat the disease. Lack of testing made it unclear which drugs the TDR-TB were resistant to.
Karel Styblo was a Czech-Dutch physician. Internationally recognized for his work with tuberculosis (TB),he was a medical advisor to the Royal Netherlands Tuberculosis Association,and was named director of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) in 1979. He is known as the "father of modern TB epidemiology" and the "father of modern TB control".
Tuberculosis in India is a major health problem,causing about 220,000 deaths every year. In 2020,the Indian government made statements to eliminate tuberculosis from the country by 2025 through its National TB Elimination Program. Interventions in this program include major investment in health care,providing supplemental nutrition credit through the Nikshay Poshan Yojana,organizing a national epidemiological survey for tuberculosis,and organizing a national campaign to tie together the Indian government and private health infrastructure for the goal of eliminating the disease.
William N. Rom is the Sol and Judith Bergstein Professor of Medicine and Environmental Medicine,Emeritus at New York University School of Medicine and former Director of the Division of Pulmonary,Critical Care and Sleep Medicine at New York University and Chief of the Chest Service at Bellevue Hospital Center,1989–2014. He is Research Scientist at the School of Global Public Health at New York University and Adjunct Professor at the NYU Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service. He teaches Climate Change and Global Public Health and Environmental Health in a Global World.
Helen Irene McShane is a British infectious disease physician and a professor of vaccinology,in the Jenner Institute at the University of Oxford,where she has led the tuberculosis vaccine research group since 2001. She is senior research fellow at Harris Manchester College,Oxford.
Megan Blanche Murray is an American epidemiologist and an infectious disease physician. She is the Ronda Stryker and William Johnston Professor of Global Health in the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
Jaime Bayona García is a Peruvian physician who focuses on public health and he has become a specialist in studying the epidemiology of tuberculosis. He is also known for his case studies on HIV/AIDS in Peru and other developing countries. Dr. Bayona has also done work on how public health systems should improve,in terms of providing the best approach to help the sick that cannot afford health care.
