An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit. Electrodes are essential parts of batteries that can consist of a variety of materials depending on the type of battery.
The Super-iron battery is a moniker for a proposed class of rechargeable electric battery. Such batteries feature cathodes composed of ferrate salts,commonly potassium ferrate or barium ferrate. One attraction to the proposed device is that the spent cathode would consist of a rust-like material,which is preferable to batteries based on toxic cadmium,manganese and nickel. Another attraction is potentially higher energy capacity.
Sir Michael Stanley Whittingham is a British-American chemist. He is a professor of chemistry and director of both the Institute for Materials Research and the Materials Science and Engineering program at Binghamton University,State University of New York. He also serves as director of the Northeastern Center for Chemical Energy Storage (NECCES) of the U.S. Department of Energy at Binghamton. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019 alongside Akira Yoshino and John B. Goodenough.
Lithium iron phosphate or lithium ferro-phosphate (LFP) is an inorganic compound with the formula LiFePO
4. It is a gray,red-grey,brown or black solid that is insoluble in water. The material has attracted attention as a component of lithium iron phosphate batteries,a type of Li-ion battery. This battery chemistry is targeted for use in power tools,electric vehicles,solar energy installations and more recently large grid-scale energy storage.
The lithium–sulfur battery is a type of rechargeable battery. It is notable for its high specific energy. The low atomic weight of lithium and moderate atomic weight of sulfur means that Li–S batteries are relatively light. They were used on the longest and highest-altitude unmanned solar-powered aeroplane flight by Zephyr 6 in August 2008.
Nanoarchitectures for lithium-ion batteries are attempts to employ nanotechnology to improve the design of lithium-ion batteries. Research in lithium-ion batteries focuses on improving energy density,power density,safety,durability and cost.
The lithium–air battery (Li–air) is a metal–air electrochemical cell or battery chemistry that uses oxidation of lithium at the anode and reduction of oxygen at the cathode to induce a current flow.
Michael Makepeace Thackeray is a South African chemist and battery materials researcher. He is mainly known for his work on electrochemically active cathode materials. In the mid-1980s he co-discovered the manganese oxide spinel family of cathodes for lithium ion batteries while working in the lab of John Goodenough at the University of Oxford. In 1998,while at Argonne National Laboratory,he led a team that first reported the NMC cathode technology. Patent protection around the concept and materials were first issued in 2005 to Argonne National Laboratory to a team with Thackeray,Khalil Amine,Jaekook Kim,and Christopher Johnson. The reported invention is now widely used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles.
A lithium ion manganese oxide battery (LMO) is a lithium-ion cell that uses manganese dioxide,MnO
2,as the cathode material. They function through the same intercalation/de-intercalation mechanism as other commercialized secondary battery technologies,such as LiCoO
2. Cathodes based on manganese-oxide components are earth-abundant,inexpensive,non-toxic,and provide better thermal stability.
Research in lithium-ion batteries has produced many proposed refinements of lithium-ion batteries. Areas of research interest have focused on improving energy density,safety,rate capability,cycle durability,flexibility,and reducing cost.
Lithium hybrid organic batteries are an energy storage device that combines lithium with an organic polymer. For example,polyaniline vanadium (V) oxide (PAni/V2O5) can be incorporated into the nitroxide-polymer lithium iron phosphate battery,PTMA/LiFePO4. Together,they improve the lithium ion intercalation capacity,cycle life,electrochemical performances,and conductivity of batteries.
Magnesium batteries are batteries that utilize magnesium cations as charge carriers and possibly in the anode in electrochemical cells. Both non-rechargeable primary cell and rechargeable secondary cell chemistries have been investigated. Magnesium primary cell batteries have been commercialised and have found use as reserve and general use batteries.
Yang Shao-Horn is a Chinese American scholar,Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering and a member of Research Laboratory of Electronics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is known for research on understanding and controlling of processes for storing electrons in chemical bonds towards zero-carbon energy and chemicals.
A semi-solid flow battery is a type of flow battery using solid battery active materials or involving solid species in the energy carrying fluid. A research team in MIT proposed this concept using lithium-ion battery materials. In such a system,both positive (cathode) and negative electrode (anode) consist of active material particles with carbon black suspended in liquid electrolyte. Active material suspensions are stored in two energy storage tanks. The suspensions are pumped into the electrochemical reaction cell when charging and discharging. This design takes advantage of both the designing flexibility of flow batteries and the high energy density active materials of lithium-ion batteries.
Linda Faye Nazar is a Senior Canada Research Chair in Solid State Materials and Distinguished Research Professor of Chemistry at the University of Waterloo. She develops materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Nazar demonstrated that interwoven composites could be used to improve the energy density of lithium–sulphur batteries. She was awarded the 2019 Chemical Institute of Canada Medal.
Kristina Edström is a Swedish Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at Uppsala University. She also serves as Head of the Ångström Advanced Battery Centre (ÅABC) and has previously been both Vice Dean for Research at the Faculty of Science and Technology and Chair of the STandUp for Energy research programme.
Calcium (ion) batteries are energy storage and delivery technologies (i.e.,electro–chemical energy storage) that employ calcium ions (cations),Ca2+,as the active charge carrier. Calcium (ion) batteries remain an active area of research,with studies and work persisting in the discovery and development of electrodes and electrolytes that enable stable,long-term battery operation. Calcium batteries are rapidly emerging as a recognized alternative to Li-ion technology due to their similar performance,significantly greater abundance,and lower cost.
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (abbreviated NMC,Li-NMC,LNMC,or NCM) are mixed metal oxides of lithium,nickel,manganese and cobalt with the general formula LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2. These materials are commonly used in lithium-ion batteries for mobile devices and electric vehicles,acting as the positively charged cathode.
This is a history of the lithium-ion battery.
Karim Zaghib is an Algerian-Canadian electrochemist and materials scientist known for his contributions to the field of energy storage and conversion. He is currently Professor of Chemical and Materials Engineering at Concordia University. As former director of research at Hydro-Québec,he helped to make it the world’s first company to use lithium iron phosphate in cathodes,and to develop natural graphite and nanotitanate anodes.
