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Thuggee are actions and crimes carried out by Thugs, historically, organised gangs of professional robbers and murderers in India. The English word thug traces its roots to the Hindi ठग, which means 'swindler' or 'deceiver'. Related words are the verb thugna, from the Sanskrit स्थग and स्थगति. This term, describing the murder and robbery of travellers, was popular in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent, especially northern and eastern regions of historical India.
Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer, CB was an officer of the Bengal Army and later the newly constituted British Indian Army. His military career began in the regular British Army but he soon transferred to the Presidency armies of India. As a temporary brigadier-general, he was responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre that took place on 13 April 1919 in Amritsar. He has been called "the Butcher of Amritsar", because of his order to fire on a large gathering of people. The official report stated that this resulted in the killing of at least 379 people and the injuring of over a thousand more. Some submissions to the official inquiry suggested a higher number of deaths.
Major-general Sir William Henry Sleeman KCB was a British soldier and administrator in British India. He is best known for his work from the 1830s in suppressing the organized criminal gangs known as Thuggee. He also discovered the holotype specimen of the sauropod dinosaur Titanosaurus indicus in Jabalpur in 1828.
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown. The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, 40 mi (64 km) northeast of Delhi. It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east. The rebellion posed a military threat to British power in that region, and was contained only with the rebels' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858. On 1 November 1858, the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder, though they did not declare the hostilities to have formally ended until 8 July 1859.
The non-cooperation movement was a political campaign launched on 4 September 1920, by Mahatma Gandhi to have Indians revoke their cooperation from the British government, with the aim of persuading them to grant self-governance.
Jallianwala Bagh is a historic garden and memorial of national importance close to the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar, Punjab, India, preserved in the memory of those wounded and killed in the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre that took place on the site on the festival of Baisakhi Day, 13 April 1919. The 7-acre (28,000 m2) site houses a museum, gallery and several memorial structures. It is managed by the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust, and was renovated between 2019 and 2021.
Udham Singh was an Indian revolutionary belonging to Ghadar Party and HSRA, best known for assassinating Michael O'Dwyer, the former lieutenant governor of the Punjab in India, on 13 March 1940. The assassination was done in revenge for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar in 1919, for which O'Dwyer was responsible and of which Singh himself was a survivor. Singh was subsequently tried and convicted of murder and hanged in July 1940. While in custody, he used the name 'Ram Mohammad Singh Azad', which represents the three major religions in India and his anti-colonial sentiment.
Saifuddin Kitchlew was an Indian independence activist, barrister, politician and later a leader of the peace movement. A member of Indian National Congress, he first became Punjab Provincial Congress Committee head and later the General Secretary of the All India Congress Committee in 1924. He is most remembered for the protests in Punjab after the implementation of Rowlatt Act in March 1919, after which on 10 April, he and another leader Satyapal, were secretly sent to Dharamsala. A public protest rally against their arrest and that of Gandhi, on 13 April 1919 at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, led to the infamous Jallianwala Bagh massacre. He was also a founding member of Jamia Millia Islamia. He was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize in 1952.
Sir Michael Francis O'Dwyer was an Irish colonial officer in the Indian Civil Service (ICS) and later the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, British India, between 1913 and 1919.
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919. A large, peaceful crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab, British India, during annual Baishakhi fair, to protest against the Rowlatt Act and the arrest of pro-independence activists Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal. In response to the public gathering, the temporary brigadier general R. E. H. Dyer, surrounded the people with his Gurkha and Sikh infantry regiments of the British Indian Army. The Jallianwala Bagh could only be exited on one side, as its other three sides were enclosed by buildings. After blocking the exit with his troops, he ordered them to shoot at the crowd, continuing to fire even as the protestors tried to flee. The troops kept on firing until their ammunition was exhausted. Estimates of those killed vary from 379 to 1,500 or more people and over 1,200 other people were injured of whom 192 were seriously injured. Britain has never formally apologised for the massacre but expressed "deep regret" in 2019.
Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir was an Indian politician and Punjabi language writer. He was the Chief Minister of Punjab from 1 November 1966 to 8 March 1967.
Blowing from a gun is a method of execution in which the victim is typically tied to the mouth of a cannon which is then fired, resulting in death. George Carter Stent described the process as follows:
The prisoner is generally tied to a gun with the upper part of the small of his back resting against the muzzle. When the gun is fired, his head is seen to go straight up into the air some forty or fifty feet; the arms fly off right and left, high up in the air, and fall at, perhaps, a hundred yards distance; the legs drop to the ground beneath the muzzle of the gun; and the body is literally blown away altogether, not a vestige being seen.
The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer is a 2006 historical biography written by Nigel Collett, a former Gurkha officer, which covers the life of Reginald Dyer. The book's title refers to the 1919 massacre at Jallianwala Bagh in which 379 people were shot by troops under the command of Dyer. It is the second biography written on Dyer, the first having been written in the 1930s with co-operation from Dyer's widow.
Satyapal was a physician and political leader in Punjab, British India, who was arrested along with Saifuddin Kitchlew on 10 April 1919, three days before the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Hans Raj was an Indian youth, in Amritsar, British India, who in June 1919 became an approver for the British government when he gave evidence for the Crown at the Amritsar Conspiracy Case Trial in which he identified his fellow Indian revolutionaries, buying his own freedom in return.
The Skull of Alum Bheg: The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857, is a book by Kim A. Wagner, a lecturer on colonial India and the British Empire. It was published in 2017 by C. Hurst & Co., and is based on the life of Havildar Alum Bheg, a sepoy of the 46th Regiment of the Bengal Native Infantry, who following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and being said to have killed a British missionary family in Punjab, was executed by the British by being blown from a cannon.
Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear and the Making of a Massacre (2019), is a book by Kim A. Wagner and published by Yale University Press, that aims to dispel myths surrounding the Jallianwala Bagh massacre that took place in Amritsar, India, on 13 April 1919.
Thuggee: Banditry and the British in early nineteenth-century India (2007), is a book authored by Kim A. Wagner and published by Palgrave Macmillan, which was short-listed for the History Today Book of the Year Award in 2008.
The Patient Assassin, A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge and the Raj is a 2019 book based on the life of Indian revolutionary Udham Singh. Authored by Anita Anand, it was published by Simon and Schuster UK in April 2019 to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre in Amritsar, India.
Vishwa Nath Datta was a distinguished Indian writer, historian and professor emeritus at Kurukshetra University.
References
- 1 2 3 Roy, Amit (20 April 2019). "The many myths surrounding Jallianwala Bagh". www.telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
- ↑ "Professor Kim A. Wagner - School of History". www.qmul.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
- ↑ Thuggee: Banditry and the British in early nineteenth-century India. Cambridge imperial and post-colonial studies series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. ISBN 9780230547179. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
- ↑ Humes, Cynthia Ann (2010). "Stranglers and Bandits: A Historical Anthology of Thuggee. Edited by Kim A. Wagner. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009. Xvi, 318 pp. $49.95 (Cloth)". The Journal of Asian Studies. 69 (4): 1294–1295. doi:10.1017/S0021911810002743. S2CID 163149750.
- 1 2 Biswas, Soutik (5 April 2018). "The Indian mutineer's skull found in a UK pub". BBC News . Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
- ↑ Llewellyn-Jones, Rosie (3 July 2018). "Kim A. Wagner. The Skull of Alum Bheg: The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857". Asian Affairs. 49 (3): 538–540. doi:10.1080/03068374.2018.1487717. ISSN 0306-8374. S2CID 165809495.
- ↑ Bender, Jill C. (January 2019). "Kim A. Wagner. The Skull of Alum Bheg: The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. 288. $29.95 (cloth)". Journal of British Studies . 58 (1): 253–254. doi:10.1017/jbr.2018.232. ISSN 0021-9371. S2CID 150442558.
- ↑ Lord Clyde Archived 7 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine , Dover Kent Archives, 25 July 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
- ↑ Newsinger, John (1 July 2019). "The Skull of Alum Bheg: the life and death of a rebel of 1857 by Kim A. Wagner". Race & Class. 61 (1): 110–111. doi:10.1177/0306396818801216. ISSN 0306-3968. S2CID 198664160.(subscription required)
- ↑ Newsinger, John (1 October 2019). "Review: Amritsar 1919: an empire of fear and the making of a massacre by Kim A. Wagner, Britain's Pacification of Palestine: the British Army, the colonial state, and the Arab Revolt 1936–1939 by Matthew Hughes". Race & Class. 61 (2): 110–114. doi: 10.1177/0306396819871426 . ISSN 0306-3968.
- ↑ Agarwal, Kritika (9 April 2019). "Reexamining Amritsar | Perspectives on History | AHA". www.historians.org. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ↑ Grundy, Trevor (21 March 2019). "The British Empire's most shameful day". www.politicsweb.co.za. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- 1 2 Mount, Ferdinand (4 April 2019). "They would have laughed". London Review of Books . 41 (7): 9–12. ISSN 0260-9592. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
