Kim Yi Dionne | |
---|---|
Born | 1977 (age 46–47) Castle Air Force Base, California, U.S. |
Alma mater | University of California, Los Angeles |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Political science |
Institutions | Texas A&M University Smith College University of California, Riverside |
Doctoral advisor | Daniel N. Posner |
Kim Yi Dionne (born 1977) is an American political scientist specializing in politics and public opinion in African countries. She is an associate professor at the University of California, Riverside. Her book Doomed Interventions examines why HIV/AIDS interventions on the African continent have failed to lower transmission rates despite being among the most richly funded human welfare efforts in history. Dionne was also a senior editor at The Monkey Cage, a political science and current events blog at The Washington Post , and serves on the advisory board of Women Also Know Stuff, which promotes the expertise of women in political science.
Dionne was born in 1977 on the Castle Air Force Base. [1] Her mother, Chong Hui Kim Shimakawa, was from a rural village in Korea. [1] She earned a B.A. in political science and international relations (1999), M.A. (2007) and Ph.D. (2010) in political science from the University of California, Los Angeles, [2] where she was a FLAS fellow in Kiswahili/African Studies. [3] From 1999 to 2003, she was an associate director of M.B.A. admissions for the UCLA Anderson School of Management. [1] She was a Fulbright scholar at the Chancellor College, University of Malawi from 2008 to 2009. [2] Her dissertation was titled, The Political Economy of HIV/AIDS Intervention in Sub-Saharan Africa. [1] Daniel N. Posner was her doctoral advisor. [1]
Dionne researches health interventions, politics, and public opinion in African countries. [4] Her book, Doomed Interventions: The Failure of Global Responses to AIDS in Africa, was published in 2018 by Cambridge University Press. [5] [6] [7] In seven chapters, organized thematically, [8] Dionne argues that efforts to fight AIDS failed despite historic financing because of failure of coordination among the many actors involved. [9] Noting conspicuous failures of efforts in Botswana and Mozambique, Dionne undertook an examination of aid implementation practices on the ground in Malawi to illuminate the challenges. [10] She observed the vast distance between the funders who set policy (international aid accounts for 99% of the HIV/AIDS response in Malawi) [10] and the people on the ground, both those tasked with putting these policies into place and those the policies target. [9] This situation is ripe for mismanagement and corruption, as well as misunderstanding the priorities of those affected. Dionne shows that recipients of this aid often see HIV as just one of many health problems that affect their communities and thus have different goals for the resources. [9] The cumulative effect, Dionne argues, of all these points of disconnects is that it is very difficult—"doomed"—to try to line up all that is necessary to succeed in preventing HIV transmission. [9]
In 2020, Dionne and co-authors won the Western Political Science Association award for best article published by its journal Politics, Groups, and Identities. [11] The article, published during the COVID-19 pandemic, was called “Ebola, elections, and immigration: how politicizing an epidemic can shape public attitudes.” [12] Dionne has also discussed events like the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act in the context of stereotypes that Chinese migrants were more likely to carry diseases like cholera, then sometimes called the Asiatic flu. [13]
From 2010 to 2013, Dionne was an assistant professor of political science and affiliated faculty in Africana studies at Texas A&M University. [2] She was a Five College Assistant Professor of Government at Smith College [14] from 2013 to 2018. [2] In 2018, she joined University of California, Riverside as an assistant professor and was promoted to associate professor and tenured in 2020. [2] [15]
Dionne was a senior editor of The Washington Post political science blog, The Monkey Cage. [16] Originally an independent blog, The Monkey Cage (TMC) became a part of the Post in 2013 and Dionne joined shortly thereafter. [17] In her capacity at TMC, Dionne wrote as well as edited and mentored other political scientists on how to "translate" their academic work into writing for a popular audience. [17]
Dionne also started Ufahamu Africa, a podcast about life and politics on the continent, co-hosted by Rachel Beatty Riedl. The show is organized around a weekly interview and supported by Northwestern University. [18]
Dionne is on the advisory board of Women Also Know Stuff (WAKS). [19] The project developed a database of women in political science and their specific fields of expertise, then used social media to draw the attention of journalists looking for experts to interview. [20] The project also encourages those within the profession to check their syllabi, research paper references and other materials and use the database to redress implicit bias. [21] For her role in the project, Dionne shared the 2016 Jane Mansbridge Award from the National Women's Caucus for Political Science, honoring those working for public accountability for gender equality and inclusion in political science and beyond the profession. [22]
Dionne has two children. [23]
The AIDS epidemic, caused by HIV, found its way to the United States between the 1970s and 1980s, but was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia in homosexual men in Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco in 1981. Treatment of HIV/AIDS is primarily via the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs, and education programs to help people avoid infection.
The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS is the main advocate for accelerated, comprehensive and coordinated global action on the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
An HIV vaccine is a potential vaccine that could be either a preventive vaccine or a therapeutic vaccine, which means it would either protect individuals from being infected with HIV or treat HIV-infected individuals.
HIV/AIDS originated in the early 20th century and has become a major public health concern and cause of death in many countries. AIDS rates varies significantly between countries, with the majority of cases concentrated in Southern Africa. Although the continent is home to about 15.2 percent of the world's population, more than two-thirds of the total population infected worldwide – approximately 35 million people – were Africans, of whom around 1 million have already died. Eastern and Southern Africa alone accounted for an estimate of 60 percent of all people living with HIV and 100 percent of all AIDS deaths in 2011. The countries of Eastern and Southern Africa are most affected, leading to raised death rates and lowered life expectancy among adults between the ages of 20 and 49 by about twenty years. Furthermore, life expectancy in many parts of Africa is declining, largely as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, with life-expectancy in some countries reaching as low as thirty-nine years.
Sir Peter Karel, Baron Piot, is a Belgian-British microbiologist known for his research into Ebola and AIDS.
The United States President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is a United States governmental initiative to address the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and help save the lives of those suffering from the disease. Launched by U.S. President George W. Bush in 2003, as of May 2020, PEPFAR has provided about $90 billion in cumulative funding for HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention, and research since its inception, making it the largest global health program focused on a single disease in history until the COVID-19 pandemic. PEPFAR is implemented by a combination of U.S. government agencies in over 50 countries and overseen by the Global AIDS Coordinator at the United States Department of State. As of 2023, PEPFAR has saved over 25 million lives, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa.
Nevirapine (NVP), sold under the brand name Viramune among others, is a medication used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS, specifically HIV-1. It is generally recommended for use with other antiretroviral medications. It may be used to prevent mother to child spread during birth but is not recommended following other exposures. It is taken by mouth.
Male circumcision reduces the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission from HIV positive women to men in high risk populations.
Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is a field of research, health care, and social activism that explores the health of an individual's reproductive system and sexual well-being during all stages of their life. Sexual and reproductive health is more commonly defined as sexual and reproductive health and rights, to encompass individual agency to make choices about their sexual and reproductive lives.
The global epidemic of HIV/AIDS began in 1981, and is an ongoing worldwide public health issue. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by 2023, HIV/AIDS had killed approximately 40.4 million people, and approximately 39 million people were infected with HIV globally. Of these, 29.8 million people (75%) are receiving antiretroviral treatment. There were about 630,000 deaths from HIV/AIDS in 2022. The 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that the global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million per year. Global incidence fell rapidly from 1997 to 2005, to about 2.6 million per year. Incidence of HIV has continued to fall, decreasing by 23% from 2010 to 2020, with progress dominated by decreases in Eastern Africa and Southern Africa. As of 2020, there are approximately 1.5 million new infections of HIV per year globally.
Jim Yong Kim, also known as Kim Yong (김용/金墉), is an American physician and anthropologist who served as the 12th president of the World Bank from 2012 to 2019.
HIV(human immunodeficiency virus) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system. It can be managed with treatment. Without treatment it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
HIV/AIDS in Eswatini was first reported in 1986 but has since reached epidemic proportions. As of 2016, Eswatini had the highest prevalence of HIV among adults aged 15 to 49 in the world (27.2%).
HIV/AIDS in Nigeria was a concern in the 2000s, when an estimated seven million people had HIV/AIDS. In 2008, the HIV prevalence rate among adults aged between 15 and 49 was 3.9 percent, in 2018 the rate among adults aged between 15 and 65 was 1.5 percent. As elsewhere in Africa, women are statistically more likely to have HIV/AIDS. The Nigeria HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey was the world's largest and presented statistics which showed the overall numbers were lower than expected. Antiretroviral treatment is available, but people prefer to take the therapy secretly, since there is still noticeable discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS.
HIV/AIDS was first detected in Canada in 1982. In 2018, there were approximately 62,050 people living with HIV/AIDS in Canada. It was estimated that 8,300 people were living with undiagnosed HIV in 2018. Mortality has decreased due to medical advances against HIV/AIDS, especially highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
In precolonial Ghana, infectious diseases were the main cause of morbidity and mortality. The modern history of health in Ghana was heavily influenced by international actors such as Christian missionaries, European colonists, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund. In addition, the democratic shift in Ghana spurred healthcare reforms in an attempt to address the presence of infectious and noncommunicable diseases eventually resulting in the formation of the National Health insurance Scheme in place today.
Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS or serophobia is the prejudice, fear, rejection, and stigmatization of people with HIV/AIDS. Marginalized, at-risk groups such as members of the LGBTQ+ community, intravenous drug users, and sex workers are most vulnerable to facing HIV/AIDS discrimination. The consequences of societal stigma against PLHIV are quite severe, as HIV/AIDS discrimination actively hinders access to HIV/AIDS screening and care around the world. Moreover, these negative stigmas become used against members of the LGBTQ+ community in the form of stereotypes held by physicians.
Salim S. Abdool Karim, MBChB, MMed, MS(Epi), FFPHM, FFPath (Virol), DipData, PhD, DSc(hc), FRS is a South African public health physician, epidemiologist and virologist who has played a leading role in the AIDS and COVID-19 pandemic. His scientific contributions have impacted the landscape of HIV prevention and treatment, saving thousands of lives.
Deborah Leah Birx is an American physician and diplomat who served as the White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator under President Donald Trump from 2020 to 2021. Birx specializes in HIV/AIDS immunology, vaccine research, and global health. Starting in 2014, she oversaw the implementation of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) program to support HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs in 65 countries. From 2014-2020, Birx was the United States global AIDS coordinator for presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump and served as the United States special representative for global health diplomacy between 2015 and 2021. Birx was part of the White House Coronavirus Task Force from February 2020 to January 2021. In March 2021, Birx joined ActivePure Technology as Chief Medical and Science Advisor.