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King of the Wends from Scandia, was a pan-Scandinavian title denoting sovereignty, lordship or claims over the Wends. [lower-alpha 1] It was used from the 12th century to 1972 by kings of Denmark and from c. 1540 to 1973 by the kings of Sweden. [2]
The generally accepted interpretation is that King of the Wends (Latin : Rex Vandalorum/Rex Sclavorum; Danish : Vendernes Konge; Swedish : Vendes Konung) refers to the Wends, West Slavic peoples that lived on the south shores of the Baltic Sea. The situation is further complicated by the existence of the Vends, located between the Finns and the Wends and with somewhat unknown origin. One poetic explanation of the title was kingship over the antique people of the Vandals (vandalorum rex), but that idea came only in the 16th century. A recent interpretation, not much supported in academic research, has been made that the part "Vend" in the later established titles of the kings of Sweden (three kingdoms: King of the Svear, Götar and Vends; Svears, Göters och Venders konung) means Finland, the form presumably being akin to winds, "vind". As such, the Österland—the medieval name for the Finnish part of the Swedish kingdom—was the third part of the realm. However, only forty years after the adoption of the title "king of the Wends", the Swedish kings began to style themselves as "Grand Prince of Finland" as well.
In Germanic languages, the name was Wends, and in medieval documentation the Latin name was sclavorum rex, referring to the Slavic peoples in and around the region now known as Mecklenburg. In the 16th century, Latin sclavorum was changed to vandalorum also by Danish kings, showing the new poetic idea.
In Denmark, Konge til Danmark, de Venders og Goters ('King of Denmark, of the Wends and of the Goths') was part of the monarch's official style until the accession in 1972 of Queen Margrethe II. [3]
In Sweden, Sveriges, Götes och Vendes konung ('King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends') was used in official documentation up to the accession in 1973, of Carl XVI Gustaf.
Monarchs of Denmark bore the title for eight centuries, after it was first adopted by King Canute VI (reigned 1182 to 1202), who conquered the lands of the Wends in Pomerania and Mecklenburg. The Danish kings continued to use the title over the next seven hundred years until 1972, when Queen Margrethe II succeeded. She abandoned the use of all the royal titles except for that of Denmark's King/Queen, which is the royal style today.
When Sweden had made its final breakaway from the Kalmar Union that united it with Norway and Denmark, tensions between the two rulers were high, and it showed also in their flags, coat-of-arms and titles. Gustav I of Sweden adopted c. 1540 the third "kingdom" to his titles, which had only included Sweden and the Goths ("Vandalorumque" rex, "Venders" konung). Sveriges, Göters och Venders konung ('King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends') was used in official documentation up to the accession in 1973, of Carl XVI Gustaf, who was the first monarch to be proclaimed Sveriges konung ("King of Sweden") and nothing else.
Wends is a historical name for Slavs who inhabited present-day northeast Germany. It refers not to a homogeneous people, but to various people, tribes or groups depending on where and when it was used. In the modern day, communities identifying as Wendish exist in Slovenia, Austria, Lusatia, the United States, and Australia.
Charles XV or Carl was King of Sweden and Norway, there often referred to as Charles IV, from 8 July 1859 until his death in 1872. Charles was the third Swedish monarch from the House of Bernadotte. He was the first one to be born in Sweden, and the first to be raised from birth in the Lutheran faith.
Carl XVI Gustaf is King of Sweden.
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Frederik IX was King of Denmark from 1947 to 1972.
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The Geats, sometimes called Goths, were a large North Germanic tribe who inhabited Götaland in modern southern Sweden from antiquity until the Late Middle Ages. They are one of the progenitor groups of modern Swedes, along with the tribes of Swedes and Gutes. The name of the Geats also lives on in the Swedish provinces of Västergötland and Östergötland, the western and eastern lands of the Geats, and in many other toponyms.
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King of the Slavs was a title denoting some Slavic rulers, as well as Germanic rulers that conquered Slavs, in the Middle Ages in European sources, such as Papal correspondence.