Kists (ethnonym)

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Ingushetia
Durdzuks, kists, gligvis, kabardians and chechens on the map of Georgia by Prince Vakhushti Bagrationi (cropped).jpg
Kists (Кисты) on Vakhushti's map in 1745 located west of the Durdzuks (Цурцукы) and Gligvi (Глигвы)
Kist-Ingush (Kisty-Ingushi) J. Staehlin 1771.jpg
Kisty-Ingoschofski (Ingush) on Jacob von Staehlin's map in 1771, over a decade prior to the establishment of the fortress Vladikavkaz on the right bank of the Terek river.
Ingushi ili Kisty, fragment karty L. Shtedera 1782 goda.jpg
Ingush or Kists on L. Städer's map (1782)
Chechnya
22365CAA-5BAD-4D93-8D32-61CF.jpg
Map of the distant Kistins (1836)
Iug Chechni (1847 god).jpg
Kistins on the map of Little Chechnya (1847)
Kistiny (karta 1858 goda).png
Kistins (1858)

Kists or Kistins [a] is an old exonym of all Nakh peoples (Ingush, Chechens and Batsbi), under which local societies later were designated, and conditionally divided into nearby Kistins and distant Kistins. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] In Russian sources of the 19th century, the term nearby Kistins referred to the inhabitants of the Kistin Gorge in the vicinity of river Armkhi, and distant Kistins referred to the inhabitants of the upper reaches of the Argun. Today the name is mostly used to refer to the Chechens who compactly live in the Pankisi Gorge of Georgia. [6] [7] [8]

Contents

History

Kisten on a map in 1811 made by Johann C. M. Reinecke [de]. Gegeichnet von I.C.M. Reinecke. Kisten. 1804.jpg
Kisten on a map in 1811 made by Johann C. M. Reinecke  [ de ].

In 1795, when describing the peoples inhabiting Russia, the Kists are mentioned as follows: Kistins, or Kisti, who are divided into different tracts of which it is known to exist: Chechens, Ingush and Karabulaks, they live along the Sunzha River, and in the middle mountains of the Caucasus. [9]

The historian of the Caucasus S. M. Bronevsky described the borders of the Kist lands as follows: [10]

The Kist lands stretch from the right, or eastern, bank of the Terek, which lies opposite the Ossetians, to the left bank of the Aksai, along the northern slope of the Caucasus, occupying from south to north part of the high slate mountains at the foot of the snowy ridge, part of the calcareous ridge, and finally, the advanced mountains even up to foothills to hilly valleys. They border to the northwest on Minor Kabarda, separated by the Sunzha, and on a small part of the Kizlyar district, separated by the Terek; to the west with Ossetia, to the south with a high snowy ridge; to the east with Lezgistan and with the Aksaev Kumyks.

Fyappiy

The historical area where the Kists lived was called "Kisteti", as well as "Kistia" or "Kistinia". The Georgian prince, historian and geographer of the 18th century Vakhushti Bagrationi quite definitely localizes it along the gorge of the Armkhi river (the historical "Kistinka"), that is, in mountainous Ingushetia. [11] [12] [13] Kists, in a narrow sense, as one of the Ingush societies, are noted in the "Review of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840", [14] and in 1851 in the “Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, published by the highest command at the 1st branch of the Department of the General headquarters". [15] The Kist society, as part of Ingushetia, was part of the Vladikavkaz district, the Ossetian military district and the Ingush district. [16]

They bordered in the west with the Dzherakhins, in the east with the Galgaevs, in the south with Georgia, in the north the borders reached the Tarskoye Valley. The Kist society was also synonymously called "Fyappinsky", after the name of its constituent ethno-territorial group - the Fyappins (Ingush : Фаьппий), and later, in the second half of the 19th century, it became known as "Metskhalsky", after the name of the principal village Metskhal. [17]

Kistin districts

J. Güldenstädt divided the Kistins into the following districts: [18]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ingush: кистий, romanized: kistiy; Chechen: кистӀий, romanized: kisthiy; Georgian :ქისტები, romanized:kist'ebi

Related Research Articles

Ingush, historically known as Durdzuks, Gligvi and Kists, are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Republic of Ingushetia in central Caucasus, but also inhabitanting Prigorodny District and town of Vladikavkaz of modern day North-Ossetia. The Ingush are predominantly Sunni Muslims and speak the Ingush language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orstkhoy</span> Historical ethnoterritorial society among the Ingush and Chechen people

The Orstkhoy, historically commonly known under their exonyms: Karabulaks, Balsu, Baloy, are a historical ethnoterritorial society among the Chechen and Ingush peoples. Their homeland is in the upper reaches of the Assa and Fortanga rivers in the historical region of Orstkhoy-Mokhk. In the tradition of the Chechen ethno-hierarchy, it is considered one of the nine historical Chechen tukkhums, in the Ingush tradition as one of the seven historical Ingush shahars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Armkhi</span> River in the Caucasus

Armkhi is a village in Dzheyrakhsky District of the Republic of Ingushetia, located on the Armkhi or Kistinka river. The village is known for its year-round recreation resort. Armkhi is one of six rural localities constituting the Dzheyrakh rural settlement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Feappii</span> Ingush subgroup

The Feappii were an Ingush subgroup (society) that mostly inhabited the mountainous Fappi region of Ingushetia in the Caucasus. Historically, they bordered on the west with Dzherakh, on the east with Khamkhins, on the north with Nazranians, and in the south with Gudomakarians. The center of the society was the fortified village (aul) of Erzi or Metskhal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fappi</span> Historical region in Ingushetia

Fappi or Fappi mokhk, exonym: Kistetia, is a historical region in Ingushetia. Fappi is the territory of historical settlement of the Fyappiy society.

Ingush societies or shahars were ethnoterritorial associations of the Ingush based on the geographical association of several villages and intended for conditional administrative-territorial delimitation of the Ingush ethnic group. The formation and functioning of most of them dates back to the late Middle Ages. During this period, their boundaries, number and names changed.

Kistin Gorge or Armkhi Gorge is a gorge of the Armkhi River in the Dzheyrakhsky District of the Republic of Ingushetia. The name of the gorge comes from the historical name of the river Armkhi – Kistinka, which in turn comes from one of the ethnonyms of the Ingush – Kists. Historically, the area where the gorge is located was called "Kistetia". It is mentioned in medieval Georgian sources, in particular, in the work of Vakhushti Bagrationi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nazranians</span> Ingush society

The Nazranians were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial subethnic group (society) which inhabited modern day Nazranovsky District and Prigorodny District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dzherakh</span> Ingush society

The Dzherakh, also spelled Jerakh, historically also known as Erokhan people, were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial society, today a tribal organization/clan (teip), that was formed in the Dzheyrakhin gorge, as well as in the area of the lower reaches of the Armkhi River and the upper reaches of the Terek River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kistinka (river)</span> River in the Caucasus

Kistinka is a river in Georgia that flows in the Khevi region. It originates at the foot of the Kibishi Glacier and flows to the northwest into the river Terek near the Russian-Georgian border. The length of the river is 17 km, the basin area is 79 km².

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khamkhins</span> Ingush society

Khamkhins, also known as Ghalghaï, were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial society, which was located in the upper reaches of the Assa River. The Khamkhin society, like the Tsorin society, was formed from the former "Ghalghaï society" as a result of the transfer of rural government to Khamkhi.

Loamaro — the name of the inhabitants of the mountains in Chechnya and Ingushetia. Loamaro consists of loam (mountain) and the suffix -(a)ro. The ethnonym is literally translated from the Ingush and Chechen language as "mountaineer".

Ethnonyms of the Ingush are names of Ingush people, including self-names (endonyms) and names used by other ethnic groups to refer to the Ingush (exonyms) throughout the existence of Ingush people from Middle Ages to the modern day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tsorins</span> Ingush society

Tsorins, Tsori, also Ghalghaï, were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial society that was located in mountainous Ingushetia in the region of river Guloykhi. The center of the society was Tsori from which it got its name. Tsorin society, like the Khamkhin society, was formed from the former "Galgaï society" as a result of the transfer (appearance) of rural government to the village Tsori.

Ingush <i>okrug</i> District of Terek Oblast

Ingush okrug was a district (okrug) of the Terek Oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The area of the Ingushskiy okrug made up part of the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia.

Khay is a non-residential rural locality in Achkhoy-Martanovsky District of the Republic of Chechnya, Russia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meredzhi (village)</span> Rural locality in Chechnya

Meredzhi is a non-residential rural locality in Galanchozhsky District of the Republic of Chechnya, Russia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khamkhi</span> Rural locality in Ingushetia

Khamkhi is an ancient city-settlement in Dzheyrakhsky District of Ingushetia. It is part of the rural settlement of Guli.

Gorsky Uchastok was a territorial-administrative unit (uchastok) of the Ingushskiy Okrug of the Terek Oblast of the Russian Empire. The area of the Gorsky Uchastok made up Dzheyrakhsky and part of the Sunzhensky Districts of Ingushetia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erzi (village)</span> Rural locality in Ingushetia

Erzi is a medieval village (aul) in the Dzheyrakhsky District of Ingushetia. It is part of the rural settlement of Olgeti. The entire territory of the settlement is included in the Dzheyrakh-Assa State Historical-Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve and is under state protection.

References

  1. ↑ Chulkov, Zakharov, Kolpashnikov, Sablin, 1785
  2. ↑ Charles Wallencey, 1804, p. 13.
  3. ↑ Johann Christoph Adelung, 1806, p. 444.
  4. ↑ Statistics of 1859 on taipas and societies – Tallamash – Catalog of articles – Oramash
  5. ↑ Pauli Gustav-Fyodor Khristianovich. Ethnographic description of the peoples of Russia: [arch. September 27, 2020] = Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie. - St. Petersburg: Type. F. Bellizard, 1862. - T. IV. — 310 p.
  6. ↑ Zhdanov Yu.A. Encyclopedia of cultures of the peoples of the South of Russia: Peoples of the South of Russia. - Rostov-on-Don: North Caucasian Scientific Center of Higher Education (SKNTS VSh), 2005. - V. 1. - P. 148.
  7. ↑ Elfimov V.O. Regional features of customary law (adat) of the Chechens of the XVXX centuries.
  8. ↑ Alexey Golovlev. Essays on Chechnya: nature, population, recent history. Vector-S, 2007 - p. 295
  9. ↑ Narrative land survey. Part II // The latest narrative earth-le description of all four parts of the world, as well as a statistical description of the Russian Empire, at the end of the image of the governor's uniforms. - 1795, Ch. XII - S. 107.
  10. ↑ Bronevsky Semyon Mikhailovich. The latest geographical and historical news about the Caucasus. - M: Type. S. Selivanovsky, 1823. - T. 2. - S. 151. - 310 p.
  11. ↑ Вахушти, Багратиони (1904). География Грузии / Введение, перевод и примечания М. Г. Джананашвили. — Тифлисъ: Типография К. П. Козловскаго.
  12. ↑ Харадзе, Робакидзе, Р.Л., А.И. (1968). К вопросу о нахской этнонимике // Кавказский этнографический сборник / Отв. ред. А. И. Робакидзе; Академия наук Грузинской ССР. — Тбилиси: Мецниереба. — Т. II. Очерки этнографии Горной Ингушетии.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Курпнов, Е.И. (1971). Средневековая Ингушетия. — М.: Наука.
  14. ↑ ЦГВИА ф. ВУА, д. 6164, ч. 93, лл. 1-23 // Доклад о границах и территории Ингушетии (общие положения) / Общенациональная Комиссия по рассмотрению вопросов, связанных с определением территории и границ Ингушетии. — Архивные документы, иллюстрации и карты. Назрань. 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ↑ Кавказский край // Военно-статистическое обозрение Российской империи: издаваемое по высочайшему повелению при 1-м отделении Департамента Генерального штаба. — СПб.: Типография Департамента Генерального штаба. 1851.
  16. ↑ Список горских аулов Кубанской и Терской областей // Сборник статистических сведений о Кавказе / Сост. и ред. Н. И. Воронов, Кавказский отдел Императорского русского географического общества. — Тифлисъ: Типография Главного Управления Наместника Кавказского; типогрфия Меликова и К. 1869.
  17. ↑ Харадзе, Робакидзе, Р.Л., А.И. (1968). К вопросу о нахской этнонимике // Кавказский этнографический сборник / Отв. ред. А. И. Робакидзе; Академия наук Грузинской ССР. — Тбилиси: Мецниереба. — Т. II. Очерки этнографии Горной Ингушетии.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Gildenstedt, Journey through the Caucasus

Bibliography

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