Police corruption is a form of police misconduct in which law enforcement officers end up breaking their political contract and abusing their power for personal gain. This type of corruption may involve one or a group of officers. Internal police corruption is a challenge to public trust,cohesion of departmental policies,human rights and legal violations involving serious consequences. Police corruption can take many forms,such as bribery.
The Independent Commission Against Corruption is the statutory independent anti-corruption body of Hong Kong with the primary objective of combating corruption in both the public and private sectors. Established in 1974 and operating independently from the Hong Kong government and law enforcement agencies,the ICAC is headed by the Commissioner,who reports directly to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. The ICAC has played a crucial role in maintaining Hong Kong's reputation as one of the least corrupt places globally and fostering a culture of integrity within the city.
The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) is an agency of the Government of New South Wales responsible for eliminating and investigating corrupt activities and enhancing the integrity of the state's public administration. The commission was established in 1989,pursuant to the Independent Commission Against Corruption Act,1988 (NSW),modeled after the ICAC in Hong Kong.
Corruption in Armenia has decreased significantly in modern times,but remains an ongoing problem in the country. Despite this,fighting corruption following the 2018 Armenian revolution has recorded significant progress. Armenia is a member of the Council of Europe's Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO) and the OECD's Anti-Corruption Network and Armenia's anti-corruption measures are regularly evaluated within their monitoring mechanisms.
The Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC),is a Nigerian agency that was inaugurated on 29 September 2000 following the recommendation of President Olusegun Obasanjo. The mandate is to receive and investigate reports of corruption and in appropriate cases prosecute the offender(s),to examine,review and enforce the correction of corruption prone systems and procedures of public bodies,with a view to eliminating corruption in public life,and to educate and enlighten the public on and against corruption and related offences with a view to enlisting and fostering public support for the fight against corruption. The Corrupt Practices and other Related Offences Act 2000 governs the committee's activities.
The Korean Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission (ACRC) was launched on February 29,2008 by merging three related government entities:the Ombudsman of Korea,the Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption and the Administrative Appeals Commission. The consolidation of these three organizations was intended to provide citizens with a speedier and more convenient service for filing public complaints and administrative appeals,and for thereby fighting corruption.
Corruption is perceived as a significant problem in Russia,impacting various aspects of life,including the economy,business,public administration,law enforcement,healthcare,and education. The phenomenon of corruption is strongly established in the historical model of public governance,and attributed to general weakness of rule of law in the country. Transparency International stated in 2022,"Corruption is endemic in Russia" and assigned it the lowest score of any European country in their Corruption Perceptions Index for 2021. It has,under the regime of Vladimir Putin,been variously characterized as a kleptocracy,an oligarchy,and a plutocracy;owing to its crony capitalism economic system.
The Philippines suffers from widespread corruption,which developed during the Spanish colonial period. According to GAN Integrity's Philippines Corruption Report updated May 2020,the Philippines suffers from many incidents of corruption and crime in many aspects of civic life and in various sectors. Such corruption risks are rampant throughout the state's judicial system,police service,public services,land administration,and natural resources. Examples of corruption in the Philippines include graft,bribery,favouritism,nepotism,impunity,embezzlement,extortion,racketeering,fraud,tax evasion,lack of transparency,lack of sufficient enforcement of laws and government policies,and consistent lack of support for human rights.
Corruption in Pakistan is widespread,and extends to every sector from government to judiciary,police,health services,education,and military.
Corruption is rife in Papua New Guinea (PNG). According to The Economist,"PNG's governments are notorious for corruption,and ever run the risk of turning the state into a fully-fledged kleptocracy".
Corruption in Zimbabwe has become endemic within its political,private and civil sectors.
Corruption can take many forms,and can distort how public policy is made or implemented. This article discusses the responsibilities of the various agencies involved in combating corruption in Australia. While Australia is a wealthy democracy,over the decade since 2012,Australia's ranking in the Corruption Perceptions Index from Transparency International has slipped from 7th place in 2012 to 18th in 2022 on a scale where a more honest public sector receives a lower rank. Additionally,there is a public perception that corruption in Australia is increasing. All states have broad-based anti-corruption agencies,and a national anti-corruption commission has been legislated by the Commonwealth government,and is to be put in place by mid-2023.
Corruption in Georgia had been an issue in the post-Soviet decades. Before the 2003 Rose Revolution,according to Foreign Policy,Georgia was among the most corrupt nations in Eurasia. The level of corruption abated dramatically,however,after the revolution. In 2010,Transparency International (TI) said that Georgia was "the best corruption-buster in the world." Low-level corruption has been virtually eliminated in recent years.
Corruption in Myanmar is an extremely serious problem. Owing to failures in regulation and enforcement,corruption flourishes in every sector of government and business. Many foreign businesspeople consider corruption "a serious barrier to investment and trade in Myanmar." A U.N. survey in May 2014 concluded that corruption is the greatest hindrance for business in Myanmar.
Corruption in Bolivia is a major problem that has been called an accepted part of life in the country. It can be found at all levels of Bolivian society. Citizens of the country perceive the judiciary,police and public administration generally as the country's most corrupt. Corruption is also widespread among officials who are supposed to control the illegal drug trade and among those working in and with extractive industries.
The Improper Solicitation and Graft Act is a 2016 anti-corruption law in South Korea. The bill is associated with Kim Young-ran,former head of the Anticorruption and Civil Rights Commission,who proposed it in August 2012,and is often referred to as the Kim Young-ran Act. The bill has also been translated as Anti-Corruption and Bribery Prohibition Act, though "Improper Solicitation and Graft Act" is the official name. The law was passed in 2015 and started being enforced on September 28,2016.
Corruption in Ecuador is a serious problem. In 2014,the U.S. Department of State cited Ecuador's corruption as a key human-rights problem. According to Freedom House,"Ecuador has long been racked by corruption",and the weak judicial oversight and investigative resources perpetuate a culture of impunity.
Corruption in Azerbaijan is considered high and occurs at all levels of government. In Transparency International's 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index,which ranked 180 countries from those perceived to be least corrupt to those perceived to be very corrupt,Azerbaijan was ranked 128,compared to 45 for its northwestern neighbor Georgia and 58 for its western neighbor Armenia. In the Azerbaijani laundromat money-laundering scheme,$2.9 billion was paid to foreign politicians and Azerbaijani elites by companies linked to Azerbaijani ruler Ilham Aliyev,government ministries,and the International Bank of Azerbaijan between 2012 and 2014. Azerbaijan is a member of Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO) and OECD's Anti-Corruption Network.
Anti-corruption comprises activities that oppose or inhibit corruption. Just as corruption takes many forms,anti-corruption efforts vary in scope and in strategy. A general distinction between preventive and reactive measures is sometimes drawn. In such framework,investigative authorities and their attempts to unveil corrupt practices would be considered reactive,while education on the negative impact of corruption,or firm-internal compliance programs are classified as the former.
The National Anti-Corruption Commission,often shortened to the NACC,is an independent federal integrity commission of the Australian Government that was established on 1 July 2023.
