Transport in Poland involves air, water, road and rail transportation. The country has a large network of municipal public transport, such as buses, trams and the metro. As a country located at the 'cross-roads' of Europe, Poland is a nation with a large and increasingly modern network of transport infrastructure.
The Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw, Poland, from 6 February to 5 April 1989. The government initiated talks with the banned trade union Solidarność and other opposition groups to defuse growing social unrest.
Lech Aleksander Kaczyński was a Polish politician who served as the city mayor of Warsaw from 2002 until 2005, and as President of Poland from 2005 until his death in 2010. Before his tenure as president, he previously served as President of the Supreme Audit Office from 1992 to 1995 and later Minister of Justice and Public Prosecutor General in Jerzy Buzek's cabinet from 2000 until his dismissal in July 2001.
Jan Jerzy Kulczyk was a Polish billionaire businessman. He was the founder and owner of Kulczyk Holding and an international investment house Kulczyk Investments with headquarters in Luxembourg and offices in London and Kyiv, Ukraine. According to Forbes, Kulczyk was the richest Pole at the time of his death.
Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport is an international airport located 12 km (7.5 mi) northwest of Gdańsk, Poland, not far from the city centres of the Tricity metropolitan area: Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia. Since 2004 the airport has been named after Lech Wałęsa, the former Polish president. With around six million passengers served in 2023, it is the 3rd largest airport in Poland in terms of passenger traffic.
Lustration in Poland refers to the policy of limiting the participation of former communists, and especially informants of the communist secret police, in the successor governments or even in civil service positions. Lustration, "cleansing", derives from Latin lustratio, a Roman purification ceremony. The first lustration bill was passed by the Polish Parliament already in 1992, but it was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland. Several other projects were then submitted and reviewed by a dedicated commission, resulting in a new lustration law passed in 1996.
Andrzej Bohdan Celiński is a Polish politician. Until 1989 activist of the democratic opposition in Poland. Former Member of Senate and Sejm. Minister of Culture in the government of Prime Minister Leszek Miller (2001-2002).
Piotr Gontarczyk is a Polish historian with a doctorate in history and political science.
In the early spring of 1981 in Poland, during the Bydgoszcz events, several members of the Solidarity movement, including Jan Rulewski, Mariusz Łabentowicz and Roman Bartoszcze, were brutally beaten by the security services, such as Milicja Obywatelska and ZOMO. The Bydgoszcz events soon became widely known across Poland, and on 24 March 1981 Solidarity decided to go on a nationwide strike in protest against the violence. The strike was planned for Tuesday, 31 March 1981. On 25 March, Lech Wałęsa met Deputy Prime Minister Mieczysław Rakowski of the Polish United Workers' Party, but their talks were fruitless. Two days later, a four-hour national warning strike took place. It was the biggest strike in the history of not only Poland but of the Warsaw Pact itself. According to several sources, between 12 million and 14 million Poles took part.
PGE Polska Grupa Energetyczna S.A. is a state-owned public power company and the largest power producing company in Poland. PGE is listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the WIG30 index.
ITI Group, known as Grupa ITI in Poland, was a large media conglomerate headquartered in Warsaw, Poland. On 2 July 2015, ITI Group and Canal+ Group completed the sale of their controlling interest in TVN to Scripps Networks Interactive.
Lech Wałęsa is a Polish statesman, dissident, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, who served as the president of Poland between 1990 and 1995. After winning the 1990 election, Wałęsa became the first democratically elected president of Poland since 1926 and the first-ever Polish president elected by popular vote. A shipyard electrician by trade, Wałęsa became the leader of the Solidarity movement and led a successful pro-democratic effort, which in 1989 ended Communist rule in Poland and ushered in the end of the Cold War.
Central and Eastern Europe Development Institute (CEED) is an institute created to demonstrate and underline the investment and development potential of Central and Eastern European countries. CEED Institute sets up standards for regional cooperation and promotes values of free market economy, modernization, innovation and competitiveness. CEED Institute has been founded by Dr. Jan Kulczyk, Polish entrepreneur.
Lech Browary Wielkopolski is a big industrial brewery in Poznań, with a production capacity of 7.5 million hl. The plant is owned by Asahi Breweries subsidiary Kompania Piwowarska SA.
Fałszywka is a Polish socio-political term describing counterfeit top secret files and fake police reports produced by the Ministry of Public Security in the People's Republic of Poland. Their purpose was to undermine the popularity of prominent opponents of Polish United Workers' Party, mainly by attempting to ruin their good name as private individuals. Fałszywka were used from the beginning of the People's Republic against opponents of the Communist system. These included seemingly stolen or declassified revelations about opposition members working as alleged police informants under the Soviet system. Most notably, some have argued that an entire forged file of this sort was produced in the 1980s and then disseminated by the communist establishment about the leading dissident and future President of Poland Lech Wałęsa when he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Some politicians claim it was fabricated and then "leaked" to the media in an attempt to prevent Wałęsa from being awarded the Prize.
Sebastian Tomasz Kulczyk is a Polish billionaire businessman, and the son of Jan Kulczyk, who was the richest man in Poland, and Grażyna Kulczyk. He is president of Kulczyk Investments and specializes in the new technology sector. As of August 2024, his net worth was estimated at US$1.6 billion.
CIECH S.A., is a Polish chemical company headquartered in Warsaw and one of the leading companies in the European chemical industry. It is a major producer of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate in the European Union, Europe's largest provider of sodium silicate and Poland's top producer of crop protection products.
Grażyna Maria Kulczyk is a Polish lawyer, investor, art collector and philanthropist. In 2015, she was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta for her contributions to Polish culture and the promotion of Polish art.
Dominika Kulczyk is a Polish billionaire businesswoman, and the daughter of Jan Kulczyk, who was Poland's richest man. She is the co-founder and president of the Kulczyk Foundation, chair of the supervisory board of Kulczyk Holding, chair of the supervisory board of Polenergia SA, and co-founder of the Values Consulting Group. She is the author of a TV series, the Domino Effect. As of August 2022, her net worth was estimated at US$1.9 billion.
Paweł Zyzak is a Polish historian, doctor of humanities, publicist and entrepreneur. He is the author of a biography of Lech Wałęsa entitled "Lech Wałęsa – idea i historia. Biografia polityczna legendarnego przywódcy „Solidarności" do 1988 roku". Between 2022 and 2024 he was Consul-General of Poland in Chicago.
