LUMA Energy

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LUMA Energy
LUMA Energy, LLC.
NicknameLUMA
Predecessor Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA)
FormationJanuary 17, 2020;5 years ago (2020-01-17)
Founded atFlag of San Juan, Puerto Rico.svg San Juan, Puerto Rico
Type Joint venture
Registration no.439372
Legal status Limited liability company
PurposeElectrical service provider
ServicesElectric power transmission and distribution
Official language
English, Spanish
Owner Quanta Services
ATCO
CEO & President
Juan Saca
Website https://lumapr.com/
Formerly called
LUMA Energy ManageCo, LLC.

LUMA Energy is a private power company that is responsible for power distribution and power transmission in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It is also in charge of maintaining and modernizing the power infrastructure. [1] [2] Previously, these duties belonged exclusively (according to the law) to the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA, Spanish Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, AEE), but as of July 20, 2018, permission was granted for PREPA assets and service duties to be sold to private companies, and on June 22, 2020, a 15-year contract [2] [3] with LUMA was signed, making LUMA the new operator. [1] The takeover occurred on June 1, 2021. [4] [5] [6]

Contents

History

2020-2021

Registered on January 17, 2020, as LUMA Energy ManageCo, LLC, the company was renamed LUMA Energy, LLC on June 12, 2020. A joint venture between Quanta Services (USA) and ATCO (Canada), LUMA was created to manage Puerto Rico’s power grid. [1] [2]

The contract under which LUMA Energy operates the power grid in Puerto Rico was signed after a bid in 2020. [7] In the bid, five different companies participated and only four submitted business proposals. [2] The $1,500M contract is set to last for 15 years and can be renewed if both parties agree. [2]

LUMA Energy officially became the new operator for Puerto Rico's power grid on June 1, 2021. [4] [6] LUMA is in charge of operating the distribution and transmission infrastructure, although they do not own it, nor do they own or operate the power generation sector. [1] [2] [7] The takeover happened as part of an agreement with Puerto Rico's Public-Private Partnership Agreement in an effort to overcome PREPA's bankruptcy. [7] [8]

LUMA launched a new online platform, but service failures followed. The company attributed the issues to excessive traffic, later citing a suspected DDoS attack that generated up to 2 million visits per second. The incident was under investigation as of June 2021. [9] [8]

Following LUMA’s takeover, Puerto Rico experienced widespread power outages, prompting emergency declarations by multiple mayors. LUMA cited preexisting grid damage, weather, and possible sabotage as causes. Reports indicate that in June 2021, outages affected up to 1 million customers, including 40,000 who lost water service after the Monacillos fire. [8] [10] Meanwhile, the Association of Hospitals (Spanish: Asociación de Hospitales) warned on June 17, 2021, that the power outages put patients’ lives at risk and that the power outage crisis needed to be resolved immediately, regardless of the cause. [11]

On Wednesday, June 16, 2021, a massive power outage left more than 337,000 clients without electricity after three units went offline unexpectedly. [12] [13] The reason for the units' failure was unknown as of June 17, 2021. [12] Hours prior to the incident, LUMA Energy had stated it would be selectively shutting down systems to give them maintenance and due to insufficient power generation capacity, but that this sudden outage was unrelated and not intentional. [12] [13]

On Monday, June 21, 2021, a problem with unit #5 at the Central de San Juan power generation station caused a power relay failure, leaving 45,349 customers without electrical service, most of them in the Ponce area. [14]

The power outage crisis caused one of the island's major shopping centers, Plaza del Caribe in Ponce, to close on June 22, 2021, due to a blackout. [15] [16]

2022-2025

On June 1, 2022, LUMA Energy completed its first year of operations in Puerto Rico, reporting changes in customer service, reliability, and progress on FEMA-funded projects. [17] In November 2023, it hosted the IEEE Power and Energy Society conference in San Juan, the first time the event was held in Puerto Rico. [18]

In February 2025, LUMA announced plans to add nearly 1 GW of renewable energy and over 700 MW of storage, attracting $4 billion in private investment. [19] That same month, the company reached an agreement with Linxon US LLC and AtkinsRéalis Caribe to build nine energy interconnection points, adding 990 MW of clean energy and 700 MW of storage to the grid. [20]

Despite these developments, LUMA continues to face challenges, including energy supply issues. [21]

In 2022, a senior official with LUMA testified before a U.S. House oversight hearing investigating Puerto Rico's power grid development and its post-disaster reconstruction. Amid criticism by some officials in Puerto Rico, such as energy czar Josué Colón Ortiz, the LUMA official stated that since assuming responsibility in 2021, LUMA has worked to enhance reliability and resiliency despite inheriting a grid weakened by years of neglect. In her testimony, she described LUMA’s response to Hurricane Fiona, noting that power was restored to 90 percent of customers within 12 days. She credited the company’s emergency operations center, the mobilization of 1,300 field workers, and a $130 million inventory of materials for supporting rapid recovery efforts. Addressing electricity rates, Bahramirad stated that LUMA has never proposed an increase to the base rate for T&D operations, attributing past rate hikes to rising fuel costs managed by PREPA. She also outlined efforts to reduce outages through vegetation management, improved customer service, and faster response times. [22]

LUMA has advanced over 250 FEMA-funded infrastructure projects, representing more than $6 billion in federal investment, with 23 projects already under construction. The company is also collaborating with FEMA and other agencies to strengthen power generation. [22]

Monacillos fire

On June 10, 2021, a fire at the Monacillos substation in Río Piedras caused widespread blackouts across Puerto Rico. [23] LUMA Energy, which had assumed control of the island's power transmission and distribution system ten days prior, reported that a transformer caught fire, triggering protective systems. [23] The incident initially left 700,000 to 800,000 customers without power. [24] State and federal authoriteis launched Investigations to determine the cause, with initial reports suggesting a defective piece of equipment. [25] The Puerto Rico Police and Fire Department later ruled out foul play, citing a lack of maintenance as a possible cause. [26]

The fire occurred during a period of high expectations and public scrutiny of LUMA Energy. [12] While LUMA stated they were addressing the situation, the blackout sparked criticism regarding the company's preparedness and response. [3] Simultaneously, LUMA officials pointed to the fragility of the existing infrastructure. [12] Prior to the fire, LUMA's digital platforms experienced a cyberattack, which may have affected the ability of customers to access their account information. [8]

Backlash, controversy and protests

Government contract

LUMA Energy’s contract with Puerto Rico sparked controversy due to secrecy and lack of public input. [7] [27] It grants LUMA control over key utilities, [2] [28] allows contract dissolution with 120 days’ notice, [28] and includes broad termination clauses for disasters, war, sabotage, and civil unrest. [29]

LUMA Energy sought immunity from liability, including for negligence or willful harm, but the request was denied. [30] [31] Instead, NEPR upheld a liability clause similar to PREPA’s. [32] The OIPC argued LUMA should use insurance to cover costs, [31] while LUMA’s president claimed the request aimed to protect customers. [33]

The controversy also extends to the company itself. The company is a new consortium which was only formally registered in the island in January 2020, about 5 months prior to the contract being signed. [34] However, Stensby stated that the company is experienced and that ATCO and Quanta have already worked together to operate the power grid in Alberta, Canada. [2]

In October 2024, the Special Commission of the Puerto Rico Bar concluded that the contract, between the two agreements, violated fundamental legal principles, but also contributed to worsening the energy situation of Puerto Rico. The Special Commission of the Puerto Rico Bar recommends, a Litigation in nullity, or Resolution according to the contractual terms. [35]

Sabotage allegations

LUMA Energy reported sabotage, vandalism,[36][37][38][39] and a DDoS attack affecting its services. [3] [5] [9] [36] A substation fire was filmed and suspected as sabotage. Representative Jorge Navarro called for an investigation. [37] On June 15, 2021, LUMA warned of scammers posing as employees to collect payments fraudulently. [38] [39]

Public reaction

Following LUMA Energy’s takeover, protests erupted across Puerto Rico, involving former workers, UTIER, allied groups, and the public. [8] Protestors sometimes blocked LUMA premises, [40] leading the company to sue UTIER and others on June 2, 2021, seeking to prevent intimidation and disruption. [41] [42] A court order on June 4 temporarily barred UTIER from blocking facilities but upheld free speech rights. [43] The case was dismissed on June 18 due to insufficient evidence. [44] Protests continued at LUMA sites, with employees physically blocked by demonstrators in multiple cities.

Since LUMA’s takeover on June 1, 2021, customers reported power surges damaging appliances. [12] Voltage irregularities caused fires in two San Sebastián homes, prompting evacuations and repairs. [45] Privatization may increase costs,[50] despite already high rates. [46] [47] Rising costs are especially concerning given Puerto Rico’s declining economy and high poverty rates. [34] [46]

As of May 2023, Puerto Rico’s electricity cost was $0.2653 per kWh, including base rates and fuel charges. Rising electricity costs may also impact water prices, as PREPA supplies free water to PRASA, but concerns exist that LUMA could introduce charges. The Puerto Rico Energy Bureau (NEPR) approved multiple rate increases in 2021, including a 7.6% hike from July to September and a 3% increase from October to December. Another increase in December 2021 raised rates by 16.8% for early 2022. [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57]

In November 2024, Puerto Rico’s Court of Appeals ruled against LUMA Energy, upholding NEPR’s performance measurement system, which LUMA claimed violated its right to bonuses. [58] Protestors questioned whether LUMA would modernize the grid, but its president, Wayne Stensby, stated plans to incorporate renewable energy, though only 2.5% of Puerto Rico’s power came from renewables as of 2020. [27] [48]

LUMA faced criticism for inadequate staffing and long service delays. Customers reported three-hour phone wait times, [3] [8] [36] broken web platforms, [3] [4] [8] and slow power restoration—averaging 333 minutes under LUMA versus 155 under PREPA.[68] Due to poor service, several municipalities declared emergencies in June 2021, hiring private contractors for repairs. [12] [59] Some mayors also provided aid for food and medication spoilage. [59]

Lawmakers demanded improvements. Representative Luis Raúl Torres urged a 30-day deadline for LUMA to fix deficiencies or face contract termination. [60] LUMA, with 2,200 employees instead of the 3,800 needed, pledged to improve service. [60] Complaints also arose over estimated bills, leading LUMA to request customer-submitted meter photos and plan upgrades for remote readings. [61] [62] LUMA also aimed to reduce call wait times to under five minutes by August 2021 through expanded staffing. [61]

Severe weather

Another common concern among protestors is LUMA's preparedness for severe weather. Puerto Rico is a tropical island in the Caribbean, meaning it is located in a region that is vulnerable to tropical storms and hurricanes. After Hurricane María in 2017, which caused year-long blackouts [36] and seriously weakened the power grid, [3] [36] [12] protestors worry that LUMA's takeover could be ill-timed (taking place in June, at the beginning of hurricane season) and that the power grid and its workers would be ill-prepared for an event of that magnitude. [34] This is another reason for the push towards renewable energy and a distributed grid model, [27] which has been deemed incompatible with privatization of the utility. [34]

Workers' rights

PREPA workers protested the takeover citing concerns over their rights. One of their main concerns was job security, since the contract with LUMA would force them to reapply for their job under the new company. [7] Workers were concerned that they would be forced to work for other agencies and the company would favor new, inexperienced hires from their companies in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico, and that this would be happening at a critical time since June is the beginning of the Atlantic hurricane season. [34] The UTIER, a local trade union, claimed that the contract potentially violates local labor laws. [7] Workers not hired by LUMA were set to become public workers in other agencies, [2] which was in itself a concern due to uncertainty regarding availability of funding for their salaries. [7] Workers were also concerned about their retirement funds. [34] [52]

On June 14, 2021, LUMA Energy confirmed via press release that UITICE (Insular Union of Industrial Workers and Electrical Constructions, Spanish: Unión Insular de Trabajadores Industriales y Construcciones Eléctricas) would exclusively be the new trade union representing LUMA electricity workers. [63] UTIER president Ángel Figueroa Jaramillo reacted to this saying that the process was not democratic because no elections were held, leaving the choice at the hands of LUMA Energy only, and that it represented "a clear conspiracy between LUMA Energy and UITICE president Héctor Reyes against protecting workers' rights." [64] Figueroa Jaramillo expressed concerns over whether or not this could mean that UITICE would be unable to properly oversee LUMA Energy and protect workers' rights due to potential conflict of interest with the company. [64] He also reassured workers that UTIER "is still alive and will be creating an organization to group former AEE employees that have moved to other agencies", and that they plan to keep fighting the LUMA contract "that would raise energy rates and provide no power grid improvements, as demonstrated." [64]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Galford, Chris (June 2, 2021). "LUMA Energy takes over operation of Puerto Rico's electric transmission, distribution system". Daily Energy Insider. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pérez Méndez, Osman (June 22, 2020). "Consorcio LUMA operará la transmisión y distribución de la AEE" [LUMA Consortium Will Operate PREPA Transmission and Distribution]. Primera Hora (in Spanish). Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Coto, Dánica (June 10, 2021). "New company, same woes: Puerto Rico suffers power outages". AP News . San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 Rivera Clemente, Yaritza (June 4, 2021). "LUMA reconoce que sus plataformas digitales están abrumadas y no funcionan correctamente" [LUMA Acknowledges that their Digital Platforms Are Overwhelmed and Don't Work Correctly]. El Vocero (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  5. 1 2 "LUMA denuncia ataque para que clientes no puedan entrar a sus cuentas por internet" [LUMA Alleges Cyberattack Preventing Clients from Accessing their Online Accounts]. WKAQ-TV (in Spanish). June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  6. 1 2 Lynch, Jamiel; Rodríguez, Luis; Rose, Andy (June 11, 2021). "An electrical substation fire in Puerto Rico has knocked out power to 400,000 throughout the island". CNN. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kaske, Michelle; Wyss, Jim (May 26, 2021). "Puerto Rico's Wrecked Utility Goes Private in Bid to Save Island". Bloomberg . Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nash, Kim S.; Rundle, James (June 11, 2021). "Puerto Rico's Power Distributor Suffered a Cyberattack Hours Before a Devastating Fire". The Wall Street Journal . ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  9. 1 2 El Nuevo Día (June 10, 2021). "LUMA Energy denuncia presunto ataque a portal de clientes y aplicación móvil" [LUMA Energy Alleges Cyberattack Targeting Customer Service Portal and Mobile Application]. El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  10. ↑ Alvarado León, Gerardo E. (June 9, 2021). "LUMA Energy da sus razones para las fallas en la red eléctrica" [LUMA Energy Gives Reasons for Power Grid Failures]. El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  11. ↑ "Asociación de Hospitales advierte constantes apagones amenazan la vida de pacientes" [Association of Hospitals Warns Constant Blackouts Threaten Patients' Lives]. Metro PR (in Spanish). Metro International. June 17, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Coto, Dánica (June 17, 2021). "Power outage hits 337K in Puerto Rico amid growing outrage". Associated Press . San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  13. 1 2 Rivera, Rafy (June 17, 2021). "Nuevo apagón en Puerto Rico afecta a más de 300.000 clientes" [New Power Outage in Puerto Rico Affects More than 300,000 Clients]. CNN (in Spanish). Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  14. ↑ "Miles sin energía por evento en unidad de Central San Juan" [Thousands Without Power Service Due to Problem at Central de San Juan Unit]. Metro PR (in Spanish). Metro International. June 21, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  15. ↑ "Cerrado "temporeramente" Plaza del Caribe por falta de luz" [Plaza del Caribe "Temporarily" Closed Due to Blackouts]. El Vocero (in Spanish). June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  16. ↑ Díaz, Marian (June 22, 2021). "Cierran Plaza del Caribe por falta de energía eléctrica" [Plaza del Caribe Closes Due to Power Blackout]. El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  17. ↑ "LUMA DESTACA SU COMPROMISO CON PUERTO RICO Y SU PROGRESO SIGNIFICATIVO DURANTE EL PRIMER AÑO DE OPERACIONES". Luma Energy (in European Spanish). Retrieved February 13, 2025.
  18. ↑ "LUMA ANNOUNCES NEW OUTAGE REDUCTION & RESPONSE INITATIVE". LUMA. Retrieved February 13, 2025.
  19. ↑ Walton, Robert (February 6, 2025). "Puerto Rico utility LUMA plans to add 1 GW renewables, 700 MW storage". Utility Dive. Retrieved February 13, 2025.
  20. ↑ "LUMA to Add Over 990 MW of Clean Energy to Puerto Rico Grid | American Public Power Association". www.publicpower.org. Retrieved February 13, 2025.
  21. ↑ "WeaveGrid Partners with LUMA Energy to Support Grid Resilience in Puerto Rico | WeaveGrid". www.weavegrid.com. Retrieved February 13, 2025.
  22. 1 2 "Puerto Rico’s Post-Disaster Reconstruction And Power Grid Development". (2022-11-17) Oversight Hearing Before The Committee On Natural Resources, U.S. House Of Representatives. 117th Congress. Second Session. Retrieved 2025-03-01.
  23. 1 2 El Vocero (June 10, 2021). "Un incendio causa un apagón masivo en la Isla y LUMA dice que la luz volverá hacia las 10 de la noche" [A Fire Causes Massive Blackout in the Island and LUMA Says Service Will Be Restored Around 10 PM]. El Vocero (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  24. ↑ "Incendio en Monacillos deja a 700,000 abonados sin luz". Primera Hora (in Spanish). June 11, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2025.
  25. ↑ Figueroa Rosa, Bárbara J. (June 10, 2021). "FBI entra a escena de explosión en Monacillos a fin de determinar si hubo algún tipo de acto criminal" [FBI Enters Scene of Monacillos Explosion to Determine if Criminal Acts Occurred]. Primera Hora (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  26. ↑ Univisión (June 30, 2021). "Negociado de la Policía de Puerto Rico determinó el motivo del incendio de Monacillos" [Police Bureau of Puerto Rico Determines Cause of Monacillos Fire]. Univision Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  27. 1 2 3 Foehringer Merchant, Emma (June 25, 2020). "Puerto Rico Selects New Grid Manager, Prompting Concerns". Greentech Media . Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  28. 1 2 Rodríguez Grafal, Jason (July 1, 2020). "Contrato permite a LUMA Energy controlar $18 mil millones de reconstrucción" [Contract Allows LUMA Energy to Control $18 Billion in Reconstruction]. La Perla del Sur (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  29. ↑ Univision (March 18, 2021). "¿Qué razones pueden terminar el contrato de Luma Energy y dejar a Puerto Rico sin sistema eléctrico?" [What Circumstances Could Cause LUMA Energy Contract Dissolution and Leave Puerto Rico without a Power Grid?]. Univision (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  30. ↑ "Hasta en caso de muertes; LUMA Energy pide relevo de responsabilidad" [Even in the Event of Deaths; LUMA Energy Requests Limitations on Liability]. WKAQ-TV (in Spanish). May 25, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  31. 1 2 Serrano, Oscar J. (May 26, 2021). "LUMA quiere el poder de hacer apagones selectivos sin responderle a los clientes" [LUMA Wants the Power to Make Selective Blackouts Without Responding to Clients]. NotiCel (in Spanish). Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  32. ↑ El Vocero (May 31, 2021). "Negociado de Energía rechaza petición de LUMA para un relevo de responsabilidad total" [Energy Bureau Rejects LUMA's Request for Total Limitation of Liability]. El Vocero (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  33. ↑ Rivera Clemente, Yaritza (May 26, 2021). "El presidente de LUMA Energy asegura que el relevo de responsabilidad siempre estuvo en el contrato" [LUMA Energy President Asserts that Limited Liability Clause Was Always Part of the Contract]. El Vocero (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Metro PR (May 1, 2021). "Conmemoran el Día de los Trabajadores exigiendo la cancelación del contrato de LUMA" [Workers Commemorate International Workers' Day Demanding Cancellation of LUMA Contract]. Metro PR (in Spanish). Metro International . Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  35. ↑ Et! Boricua (October 29, 2024). "Comisión del Colegio de Abogado(a)s concluye que los contratos de LUMA y Genera PR son nulos" [Commission of the College of Attorney(a) concludes that the contracts of LUMA and Genera PR are null]. eyboricua.com (in Spanish). Ey! Boricua. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  36. 1 2 3 4 Coto, Dánica (June 10, 2021). "Fire at power plant leaves many in Puerto Rico in the dark". Daily News . Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  37. ↑ NotiUno (June 9, 2021). "Solicitan investigar si recientes apagones son producto de sabotajes en la red eléctrica" [Request to Investigate if Recent Power Outages Are a Product of Power Grid Sabotage]. NotiUno (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  38. ↑ Newsroom (June 15, 2021). "LUMA Alerts Customers to Phone Fraud". The Weekly Journal. El Vocero . Retrieved June 15, 2021.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  39. ↑ NotiCel (June 15, 2021). "LUMA Energy alerta sobre fraude telefónico y por correo electrónico" [LUMA Energy Warns Against Fraud by Phone and Email]. NotiCel (in Spanish). Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  40. ↑ Cybernews (June 7, 2021). "Explotan gomas a 8 vehículos de LUMA Energy en Utuado" [Slashed Tires on 8 LUMA Energy Vehicles in Utuado]. Metro PR (in Spanish). Metro International . Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  41. ↑ "LUMA demanda a la UTIER por bloqueo de acceso a instalaciones eléctricas" [LUMA Sues UTIER for Blocking Access to Electrical Power Establishments]. WKAQ-TV (in Spanish). June 2, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  42. ↑ González, Joanisabel (June 2, 2021). "LUMA Energy demanda a la UTIER y reclama acceso a instalaciones" [LUMA Energy Sues UTIER and Reclaims Access to Facilities]. El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  43. ↑ Rosario, Frances (June 4, 2021). "Manifestantes de la Utier no podrán impedir la labor de LUMA Energy" [UTIER Protestors Will Not Be Allowed to Impede LUMA Energy Labor]. Primera Hora (in Spanish). Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  44. ↑ Metro PR (June 18, 2021). "Juez superior archiva demanda de LUMA Energy contra la UTIER" [Superior Court Judge Archives LUMA Energy v. UTIER Case]. Metro PR (in Spanish). Metro International . Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  45. ↑ "Impresionantes imágenes: fuego en dos residencias de San Sebastián por "cambio drástico" de voltaje" [Shocking Images: Two San Sebastián Residences on Fire Caused by "Extreme Fluctuations" in Voltage]. WKAQ-TV (in Spanish). NBC Universal Media. June 15, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  46. 1 2 Acevedo, Nicole (May 10, 2019). "Puerto Ricans already pay high energy prices. They could go higher". NBC News . Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  47. ↑ United States Energy Information Administration (November 19, 2020). "Puerto Rico Profile". www.eia.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  48. 1 2 "Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica Compra de Combustible". aeepr.com. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  49. ↑ "Tarifas Vigentes del Servicio Eléctrico en Puerto Rico". Luma Energy (in European Spanish). Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  50. ↑ "How can I understand the charges on my bill?". LUMA. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  51. ↑ Pagán, José Karlo (May 20, 2021). "Gobierno no puede asegurar que no subirá el costo de la luz con LUMA" [Government Cannot Assure Electricity Cost Will Not Increase with LUMA]. Primera Hora (in Spanish). Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  52. 1 2 Pagán, José Karlo (May 18, 2021). "Empleados de la AEE se manifiestan contra LUMA en el Tribunal federal y en la sede de la Junta" [PRASA Employees Protest Against LUMA at Federal Courthouse and Fiscal Oversight Management Board Headquarters]. Primera Hora (in Spanish). Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  53. ↑ El Vocero Editorial (June 30, 2021). "Negociado de Energía aprueba un aumento de 7.6% en la factura de la luz" [Energy Bureau Approves 7.6% Increase in Power Bills]. El Vocero (in Spanish). Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  54. ↑ "El Negociado de Energía aprueba un aumento en la factura de la luz menor al solicitado por LUMA Energy". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). October 1, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
  55. ↑ VOCERO, Redacción, EL (December 16, 2021). "LUMA Energy pide un aumento de 18.4% en la factura de la luz". El Vocero de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Retrieved March 3, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. ↑ "Negociado de Energía aprueba aumento de 16.8% en la factura de luz para el primer trimestre de 2022". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). December 30, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  57. ↑ "LUMA Energy pide un aumento de 18.4% en la factura de luz para el primer trimestre de 2022". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). December 16, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  58. ↑ "Tribunal Apelativo decide en contra de LUMA Energy en caso de bonificaciones económicas por desempeño". El Nuevo Dia (in Spanish). November 9, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  59. 1 2 CyberNews (June 13, 2021). "Varios alcaldes decretan estado de emergencia por problemas con el servicio eléctrico" [Several Mayors Decree State of Emergency Due to Electrical Service Problems]. WKAQ-TV (in Spanish). NBCUniversal . Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  60. 1 2 Guillama Capella, Manuel (June 21, 2021). "Representante denuncia incumplimiento de contrato de Luma Energy por falta de empleados" [Representative Denounces Breach of Contract by LUMA Energy Due to Lack of Employees]. Metro PR (in Spanish). Metro International . Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  61. 1 2 Correa Velázquez, Melissa (July 2, 2021). "EL VOCERO en el Call Center de LUMA: prometen responder las llamadas en menos de cinco minutos" [EL VOCERO at LUMA Call Center: Promises to Respond to Callers in Less than Five Minutes]. El Vocero (in Spanish). Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  62. ↑ Metro PR (June 25, 2021). "LUMA pide a los clientes someter lecturas de sus contadores" [LUMA Asks Clients to Submit Power Meter Readings]. Metro PR (in Spanish). Metro International . Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  63. ↑ NotiCel (June 14, 2021). "UITICE representará a empleados de LUMA Energy" [UITICE to Represent LUMA Energy Employees]. NotiCel (in Spanish). Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  64. 1 2 3 CyberNews (June 14, 2021). "Presidente de la UTIER dice que no le sorprende la selección de UITICE como representación sindical en LUMA Energy" [UTIER President Says He Is Not Surprised by Selection of UITICE as Union Representative for LUMA Energy]. La Perla del Sur (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
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