Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority

Last updated
Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority
Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica de Puerto Rico
Agency overview
FormedMay 2, 1941;83 years ago (1941-05-02)
DissolvedMay 31, 2021;3 years ago (2021-05-31) (Transmission Lines & Distribution Areas) by LUMA Energy.
June 30, 2023 (Generation Area) by Genera PR.
Superseding agency
Headquarters San Juan, Puerto Rico
Website aeepr.com/en-us OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg

The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA; Spanish: AEE) Is an electric power company owned by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico responsible for electricity generation, power distribution, and power transmission on the island. [1] PREPA was the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico, making it a government monopoly, until on January 22, 2018, former governor of Puerto Rico, Ricardo Rossello, announced that all assets of the company will be sold in a general privatization of PREPA.

Contents

PREPA Chimenea PREPA en Puerto Rico.jpg
PREPA

The authority was ruled by a board of directors appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the Senate. After 2014, PREPA was subject to the Puerto Rico Energy Commission, another government agency whose board of directors was also appointed by the governor.

Hurricane Maria in September 2017 destroyed PREPA's distribution network, creating a blackout in all parts of the island. [2]

History

PREPA was originally named the Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority (PRWRA) which was created by Act. 83 of May 2, 1941, [3] during the governorship of Rexford G. Tugwell. Government-owned, PRWRA unified diverse regional and local electric power companies into one unified electric grid.

Maintenance budget

Over the years the budget for maintenance, such as clearing trees near power lines, has diminished: in 2007 it was $251 million and in 2014 it was $202 million. [4] [5]

Outages

Throughout its history, PREPA has suffered several outages that have left regions or the entire island of Puerto Rico without power.

In August 2012 14,000 residents where left without power following the passing of tropical storm Isaac. [6]

One of these islandwide outages occurred on September 20, 2016, due to a fire at one of PREPA's plants—Central Aguirre. [7] All of Puerto Rico was without power for three days.

On occasion, entire sectors are reportedly left without power when an animal, such as a cat or an iguana, causes damage to the system. [8]

In September 2021 demand for electricity exceeded supply, after mechanical and maintenance problems affected various power plants, resulting in four days of consecutive rolling blackouts. [9] [10] Central Aguirre and Palo Seco faced problems with the removal of seaweed since the filters to prevent the accumulation of such needed replacement. [11] The power outages resulted in the cancellation of classes at the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico and a student protest at the University of Puerto Rico. [12] [13]

Hurricanes Irma and Maria

Hurricanes Irma and Maria sharply reduced the availability of electricity throughout the island Puerto Rico monthly electricity sales by sector, January 2016 through May 2018 (43165035474).png
Hurricanes Irma and Maria sharply reduced the availability of electricity throughout the island

At the first days of September 2017, the eye of Hurricane Irma passed north of the island. The strong winds left 1 million residents without power. Power had been restored to 980,000 people by September 20, when Hurricane Maria struck, leaving nearly the entire island without power. Two weeks later, power had been restored to about 10% of customers. [14] Full restoration took months, and many Puerto Ricans bought generators. [15] Electric companies in unaffected areas ordinarily make contracts for speedy assistance to those hit by disaster, but in this case negotiations took weeks.

The initial $300 million contract for power restoration was given to Whitefish Energy, a Montana company which had only two employees on the day the hurricane struck. [16] The award was controversial on those and other grounds, and was cancelled on October 29. By December 2017, the Army Corps of Engineers had other contractors in place, along with crews brought in through mutual aid agreements with utilities such as Con Edison. [17]

Six weeks after Hurricane Maria, 30% of customers had been restored. [18] After two months, almost half had been restored. [19]

On January 6, 2018, representatives of FEMA, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and their armed security details entered a Palo Seco warehouse owned by PREPA to obtain and distribute a massive store of spare parts were needed to restore grid power. PREPA has been accused of hoarding the materials and hence delaying the restoration of power. The equipment has since been distributed. [20]

Energy workers at Palo Seco in February 2018 Staff Deligation Tours Palo Seco Power Plant, Puerto Rico.jpg
Energy workers at Palo Seco in February 2018

In January 2018, it had been predicted that generation would reach 95% by the following month, and 100% of customers would be restored by June 2018.

On April 18, 2018, an accident at a transmission line knocked out the electrical grid of Puerto Rico. All the island lost power. The following afternoon, PREPA announced that service had been restored to 97% of customers, the same percentage as before this blackout. 40,000 customers were still out of service due to the hurricane seven months earlier. [21]

With June 1 the official start of the 2018 hurricane season, an estimated 11,000+ customers remained without power, possibly for another two months. [22] Although an estimated $3.8B was spent on power grid work since the September hurricanes, the grid is still considered fragile and vulnerable. [23] PREPA announced a $500M one-year master services agreement with MasTec for further power grid reconstruction and modernization services. [24] [25]

Costa Sur Power Plant

As a result of the 2019–20 Puerto Rico earthquakes the Costa Sur Power Plant located in Guayanilla was knocked out of service. An estimated 327,000 clients where left without power and many as a result without water service. The President of the AEE/PREPA, Jose Ortiz, informed there was extensive damage in the facilities and that repairs would take more than a year. [26] [27] FEMA assigned $238 million to help cover cost related to backup units which are used to meet the demand previously covered by Costa Sur. [28]

Controversial $1.5 billion fossil fuels project

In 2017, during Hurricane Maria an unsolicited offer by New Fortress Energy was made to PREPA. In 2020, a court order required the awarded-contract documents be made public and showed several irregularities including that the company doesn't have a liquid-gas production track record in Puerto Rico and that rather than go through a bidding process, the contract was approved quickly. Chris Christie, the former governor of New Jersey was listed as a paid lobbyist for PREPA, in the documents. Ingrid Vila Biaggi, the former Puerto Rico Chief of Staff, made a request for an independent investigation. [29] In 2021 various environmental groups requested the cancellation of the contract. [30]

LUMA Energy

In June 2020 governor Wanda Vázquez Garced and the AEE/PREPA signed a contract with LUMA Energy that would give the company control of the AEE/PREPA electric grid for 15 years. [31] The meeting in which the contract (which contains over 300 pages in length) was approved lasted only 43 minutes. [32]

The UTIER along with the other unions of the authority expressed disapproval of the contract, organized strikes and submitted amendments to the contract. [33] [34] The Puerto Rico House of Representatives called for postponing the contract until 2022 and launched an investigation into the contract. [35] [36] [37]

In October 2024, the Special Commission of the Puerto Rico Bar concluded that the contract, between the two agreements, violated fundamental legal principles, but also contributed to worsening the energy situation of Puerto Rico. The Special Commission of the Puerto Rico Bar recommends, a Litigation in nullity, or Resolution according to the contractual terms. [38]

Structure

Board of directors

PREPA's board of directors serves as the authority's governing body, with a membership that usually consists of private citizens entrusted with representing the public interest and may or may not include exofficio political officeholders (typically the Secretary of Economic Development and Commerce). Three members of the board are directly elected by consumers by plurality-at-large; two of them by residential consumers and one by commercial ones. However, when both the governor and the legislature belong to the same party, one of the earliest laws amended by the legislature is the one governing PREPA's board composition. The governor is usually required to appoint four members with the advice and consent of the Senate, who along with the incumbent political officeholders which serve in ex officio capacity effectively render the authority a partisan tool rather than an electric utility.

The last structural change to the board occurred on June 11, 2018, after governor Ricardo Rossello.

2018 PREPA Board of Directors (Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados de Puerto Rico)
RoleRepresentationNameRemarks
ChairmanPublic interestEli Díaz AtienciaEngineer
Vice ChairmanConsumer‑elected Vacant
Secretary Ex officio Ralph A. Kreil RiveraAutoridad de Asesoría Financiera y Agencia Fical de Puerto Rico
At-largeChristian Sobrino
At-largeElected by ConsumersVacant
At-largeElected by consumers Vacant Main Access to Infrastructure
At-largeMaría Palou

Labor unions

There are four labor unions that represent the workers from the authority exclusively UTIER, UITICE, UEPI, and UPAEE. [39] In 2021 three of the five unions will disband due to the LUMA energy contract. [40]

Energy sources

The majority of Puerto Rico's electricity is generated using oil and natural gas fired power plants. Puerto Rico also has 21 reservoirs that produce hydroelectric energy. [41]

In 2019 the Puerto Rican government passed legislation requiring the closure of coal fired power plants by 2028 and achieving 100% renewable energy by 2050. [42] A report in 2021 criticized the government for delays in processing applications for electrical interconnection. At the time of said report only 327 applications where approved, representing 0.09% of the total. [43]

In 2021 the government unveiled plans for the Puerto Rico Ocean Technology Complex (PROtech) an Ocean thermal energy conversion project on the southeast coast. [44]

Power plants

PREPA serves close to 1.5 million customers through several power plants (as of 2015): [45] [46] In 2020 the agency continues to report that it serves 1.5 million customers. [47] On July 1, 2023, every generation plant owned by PREPA got taken over by private company Genera PR. [48]

Power plantCapacityEnergy sourceOwnershipOwnerOperatorLocation
AES Ilumina [49] 24 MW solar power private AES Corporation AES Corporation Guayama
AES Puerto Rico [50] 454 MW coal private AES Corporation AES Corporation Guayama
Aguirre Combined Cycle [51] 592 MW diesel fuel private Genera PR Genera PR Salinas
Aguirre Thermoelectric [51] 900 MW heavy fuel oil privateGenera PRGenera PR Salinas
Cambalache 248 MW diesel fuel privateGenera PRGenera PR Arecibo
Costa Sur 990 MW heavy fuel oil privateGenera PRGenera PR Guayanilla
EcoEléctrica [52] 510 MW natural gas private Gas Natural Fenosa, International Power Gas Natural Fenosa Peñuelas
Mayaguez168 MW diesel fuel privateGenera PRGenera PR Mayaguez
Oriana Solar Farm [53] 45 MW (58MW(DC)) solar power private Sonnedix Sonnedix Isabela
Palo Seco 602 MW heavy fuel oil privateGenera PRGenera PR Cataño
Punta Lima 26 MW wind power private Sovereign Bank [54] Gestamp Wind Naguabo
Salinas Solar Park [55] 16 MW solar power private Sonnedix Sonnedix Salinas
San Juan Combined Cycle [56] 464 MW diesel fuel privateGenera PRGenera PR San Juan
San Juan Thermoelectric [56] 400 MW heavy fuel oil privateGenera PRGenera PR San Juan
San Fermin Solar Farm [57] [58] 27 MW solar power privateUriel Renewables and Coqui PowerUriel Renewables and Coqui Power Loiza
Santa Isabel Wind Farm [59] 75 MW wind power private Pattern Energy [60] Pattern Energy Santa Isabel
Windmar Ponce [61] 4.5 MW solar power private Windmar Renewable Energy Windmar Renewable Energy Ponce

Subsidiaries

The public corporation also provides fiber optic broadband to private carriers through one of its subsidiary, PREPA Networks. PREPA is also studying the possibility of selling energy to the United States Virgin Islands with the installation of an underwater power cable between Fajardo and the island of St. Thomas —similar to the power cable with which it services its clients in the island municipalities of Vieques and Culebra. [62]

Finances

PREPA's operating expenses for FY2013 denote how fuel purchases take over 58% of the authority's operating expenses. Prepa-operating-expenses-fy2013.png
PREPA's operating expenses for FY2013 denote how fuel purchases take over 58% of the authority's operating expenses.

As of 2014 the authority carries liabilities of US$10.1 billion against assets of $6 billion. [63] It also operates with a deficit of about $354 million against revenues of $4.8 billion. [64] [65] In terms of costs, $2.6 billion or about 58% of PREPA's expenses are attributed to fuel purchases alone while salaries and collective bargains represent less than 13% of the authority's expenses. [65]

On May 23, 2014, Citigroup severely curtailed PREPA's line of credit for fuel purchase, forcing PREPA to run out of cash to pay Petrobras, its main oil supplier. Petrobras, in turn, threatened to cut off further shipments to the authority. This forced the authority to take $100 million out of its Capital Improvements Fund in order to pay its debt to Petrobras. PREPA argues that the different agencies of the government of Puerto Rico owe them more than $290 million in debt, while an additional $375 million of revenue is lost through subsidies enacted by the Puerto Rican legislature. [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] An additional $600 million is owed to the authority by residential and commercial consumers, some of them by consumers living in public housing. [71] [72] The authority argues that it wouldn't have a problem being self-sufficient if it were paid the aforementioned debt and if it weren't forced to give out subsidies. On June 3, 2014, senator Ramón Luis Nieves admitted publicly that, "part of the financial problem at PREPA was provoked by the government and the Puerto Rican legislature." [70]

On June 11, 2014, Fitch Ratings downgraded its rating on the authority's to speculative non-investment grade ("junk status") from BB+ to BB while putting the authority on negative rating watch. [73] PREPA filed for bankruptcy in July 2017. [74]

PREPAs' two largest creditors are OppenheimerFunds and Franklin Templeton. [75]

As of 2021 the payment of PREPA's debt remains in an indefinite "limbo" due to a lack of agreement between the government of Puerto Rico and bond holders. PREPA's debt totals over $9 billion and according to David Skeel, the new president of the Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico, it will have to be renegotiated in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. [76] Additional to a lack of progress on debt negotiation a 2020 law passed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico halted cutting service to clients who failed to pay their utility bills, this resulted in a decrease in the earnings of the agency. [77]

Investigations by the office of the Comptroller revealed from 2010 to 2018 the AEE had mismanaged $192 million on projects without utility. [78]

In March 2021 the AEE announced increase in electric bills for the next three months equivalent to an average of $12 more on clients bills. [79] As part of the contract with LUMA Energy, the AEE has begun transferring funds to LUMA, including $128 million sent by April 2021. [80]

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References

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  2. ↑ "Why Hurricane Maria left Puerto Rico completely without power". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2017-09-28.
  3. ↑ "Welcome to PREPA". Prepa.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-13. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
  4. ↑ "PREPA Financial Stmts" (PDF). Gov't Development Bank for Puerto Rico. Gov't of Puerto Rico. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  5. ↑ "What you should have been taught about Puerto Rico". Explore Parts Unknown. 5 November 2017. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  6. ↑ "Sin luz miles de abonados de la AEE por falta de mantenimiento". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  7. ↑ "Puerto Rico blackout leaves more than 1 million without power". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
  8. ↑ "Esta vez una iguana dejó a 100 mil clintes sin luz [This time it was an iguana that left 100,000 people without service]". YouTube (in Spanish). WAPA News. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  9. ↑ "La AEE promete que Unidades de Aguirre y Palo Seco funcionarán esta noche, pero LUMA anticipa más apagones". El Vocero de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-10-01.
  10. ↑ "LUMA Energy inicia apagones selectivos por falta de generación por cuarto día consecutivo". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
  11. ↑ "Máquinas que filtran el sargazo en Aguirre se rompieron hace más de un año". Primera Hora (in Spanish). 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
  12. ↑ "La Universidad Católica decreta un receso académico por las interrupciones del servicio eléctrico | Otros | elvocero.com". www.elvocero.com. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
  13. ↑ Virella, Aiola. "Rector del RUM rechaza pedido de receso académico por apagones". Metro (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-10-01.
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  19. ↑ "When will Puerto Rico have power? Half of island still without electricity after head of power authority resigns". Newsweek. 2017-11-18. Archived from the original on 2017-11-23. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
  20. ↑ "Kate Arnoff, "Armed Federal Agents Enter Warehouse in Puerto Rico to Seize Hoarded Electric Equipment", The Intercept, 10 January 2018". Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  21. ↑ "Apagón en Puerto Rico afecta a toda la isla". CNN (in Spanish). 18 April 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  22. ↑ "As hurricane season begins, 11,000 customers in Puerto Rico still without power". CBS News. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  23. ↑ Weissenstein, Michael. "As hurricane season begins, 11,000 customers in Puerto Rico still without power". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  24. ↑ Lievonen, John. "MasTec snags $500M contract with utility in Puerto Rico". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  25. ↑ Walton, Robert. "Puerto Rico's utility signs $500M recovery contract with MasTec". Utility Dive. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  26. ↑ NotiUno.com. "Graves daños en Costa Sur: Director AEE indica que volverá a funcionar en un año". UNO Radio Group. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  27. ↑ Soto, Miladys. "Ortiz insiste en que reparación de Costa Sur tomará más de un año". Metro (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  28. ↑ Notiséis 360 (2020-10-13). "FEMA asigna sobre 238 millones de dólares a la AEE por daños de los terremotos • WIPR". WIPR. Retrieved 2021-05-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  29. ↑ "No Oversight of $1.5 Billion Electric Project Raises Alarm over Privatization of Puerto Rico's Power". Democracy Now!. 19 June 2020. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  30. ↑ "Organizaciones ambientales exigen cancelar el contrato de Luma Energy". CB en Español. 2021-04-30. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  31. ↑ Capella, Manuel Guillama (2020-06-29). "Empleados de la AEE exigen a la gobernadora revocar contrato con Luma Energy". Metro (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  32. ↑ "La Junta de Gobierno de la AEE aprobó el contrato de LUMA Energy en 43 minutos". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). 2021-03-05. Archived from the original on 2021-03-05. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  33. ↑ NotiCel (April 21, 2021). "UTIER somete enmiendas al contrato de LUMA Energy" [UTIER submits amendments to the LUMA Energy contract]. www.noticel.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  34. ↑ "Activas las protestas de la UTIER contra LUMA Energy" [Active the protest of the UTIER against LUMA Energy]. Primera Hora (in Spanish). 2021-05-26. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  35. ↑ "Continúa investigación a contrato de Luma Energy a 39 días de que entre en vigor | Metro" [Investigation continues of the LUMA Energy contract with 39 days until it enters into effect]. www.metro.pr (in Spanish). 2021-04-13. Archived from the original on 2021-05-29. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  36. ↑ "Senado aprueba resolución que ordena la posposición del contrato de Luma Energy" [Senate approves resolution that orders postponing the Luma energy contract]. El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). 2021-04-22. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  37. ↑ Puerto Ricans fight against forced privatization of their power grid amid rising cost
  38. ↑ Et! Boricua (2024-10-29). "Comisión del Colegio de Abogado(a)s concluye que los contratos de LUMA y Genera PR son nulos" [Commission of the College of Attorney(a) concludes that the contracts of LUMA and Genera PR are null]. eyboricua.com (in Spanish). Ey! Boricua. Retrieved 2024-10-31.
  39. ↑ "La AEE es" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority. Archived from the original on 2013-09-17. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  40. ↑ "Tres de los cinco sindicatos que representan a empleados de la AEE desaparecerán". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). 2021-05-28. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  41. ↑ Archived 2019-08-17 at the Wayback Machine , EIA Profile Analysis
  42. ↑ "Ciudadanos de Puerto Rico cuestionan el plan de generar 500 MW renovables de manera temporal". pv magazine Latin America (in European Spanish). 2020-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  43. ↑ NotiCel. "AEE sigue ignorando procedimientos de interconexión de energía renovable". www.noticel.com. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  44. ↑ Journal, Cynthia López Cabán, The Weekly. "Government Unveils Plan for an Ocean Thermal Energy Park in Yabucoa". The Weekly Journal. Retrieved 2021-05-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  45. ↑ "Proponen suspender subsidios de la AEE por seis meses | El Nuevo Día". Elnuevodia.com. 2014-06-25. Archived from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
  46. ↑ "Welcome to PREPA". Prepa.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-23. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
  47. ↑ "¿Cuántos abonados de la AEE aún no tienen servicio de luz?". Primera Hora (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-02.
  48. ↑ "Se materializa la transición a Genera PR como operador de la flota generatriz de la AEE". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). 2023-07-01. Retrieved 2023-07-01.
  49. ↑ "Press Release". AES Solar. September 30, 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-09-08. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
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  51. 1 2 "Central Aguirre" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority. Archived from the original on 2013-08-16. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  52. ↑ "Our power plant". Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  53. ↑ Oriana and Yarotek connect Caribbean's largest solar project to grid Archived 2016-09-19 at the Wayback Machine , pv-tech, Tom Kenning Sep 15, 2016
  54. ↑ Kantrow, Michelle (March 12, 2013). "Punta Lima wind farm sold to Sovereign Bank for $88M". News Is My Business . Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
  55. ↑ "Sonnedix and Yarotek reach commercial operation of 16 megawatt photovoltaic solar energy project in Puerto Rico | Sonnedix". Sonnedix. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  56. 1 2 "Central San Juan" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority. Archived from the original on 2013-09-17. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  57. ↑ PUERTO RICO Puerto Rico Profile, Territory Profile and Energy Estimates Archived 2014-10-19 at the Wayback Machine , U.S. Energy Information Administratrion, December 18, 2013
  58. ↑ "27 MW Photovoltaic Plant". TSK. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  59. ↑ Alvarado León, Gerardo (August 29, 2013). "Funcionando a máxima capacidad el parque eólico de Santa Isabel". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2013-08-31. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
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  61. ↑ "En Ponce la finca fotovoltaica más grande". La Perla del Sur (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2013-01-22. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
  62. ↑ "Integrating Renewable Energy into the Transmission and Distribution System of the U.S. Virgin Islands" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
  63. ↑ "Edición 14 de Abril 2014 by El Vocero de Puerto Rico". ISSUU. Archived from the original on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
  64. ↑ "Gobernador y Junta Gobierno discuten finanzas AEE | El Vocero de Puerto Rico". Elvocero.com. Archived from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
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  66. ↑ "AEE solicita al gobierno que suelte dinero para que agencias puedan pagar la luz – Metro". Metro.pr. Archived from the original on 2014-11-27. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
  67. ↑ "Revisarán subsidios AEE y deudas de gobierno – Metro". Metro.pr. Archived from the original on 2014-11-27. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
  68. ↑ "Subsidios por $1 millón al día". Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
  69. ↑ "Propuesta #4". Bajemos la factura. Archived from the original on 2014-11-27. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
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  72. ↑ "Sube como la espuma la deuda millonaria que tiene los abonados de residenciales públicos con AEE -NotiUno 630 | Primeros Con La Noticia". Notiuno.com. 2014-06-20. Archived from the original on 2014-11-27. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
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  75. ↑ "Neither a state nor independent". The Economist. 5 July 2014. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  76. ↑ Mercado, Eliván Martínez (2020-12-24). "La deuda de la AEE está en un "limbo indefinido"". Centro de Periodismo Investigativo (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  77. ↑ Marrero, Juan. "Firman ley que prohíbe a la AEE y AAA cortar servicios durante emergencia por coronavirus". Metro (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-02.
  78. ↑ "Auditoría del Contralor revela desembolso de $192 millones en proyectos "sin utilidad" en la AEE". Primera Hora (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-02.
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