Lake Kachera

Last updated

Lake Kachera
Lake Kachira.jpg
Satellite map of Lake Kachira
Location Rakai District
Coordinates 0°35′42″S31°6′54″E / 0.59500°S 31.11500°E / -0.59500; 31.11500
Type Fresh water
Part of Lake Victoria basin
Primary inflows River Rwizi
Primary outflows Kagera River
Basin  countriesUganda
Max. length20 km (12 mi)
Max. width3.5 km (2.2 mi)
Surface area42 km2 (16 sq mi)

Lake Kachera is also known as Lake Kachira, Lake Kacheera, Lake Kakyera and Lake Kachra is a shallow fresh water lake that is located in Rakai district and Mbarara district in Uganda. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] It is a part of the Mburo-Nakivale wetland system and also a part of the complex system of lakes known as Koki lakes that are separated by vast swamps. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] It is also one of the lakes that make the Victoria satellite lakes. [9] [10]

Contents

Location

Lake Kachera is located in Mbarara district in the Western part of Uganda. Lake Kachera is located at coordinates 0°35′42″S31°06′54″E / 0.595°S 31.115°E / -0.595; 31.115 . [12] [13] [14] Lake Kachera is located at an altitude of 1,232 metres (4,042 feet) above sea level. [13] It is located near Lake Mburo National Park. [15] [16] [11]

Lake Kachera is a part of the Koki Lakes system of lakes that are separated from Lake Victoria by an extension of vast swamps, and it is also one of the lakes that make the Victoria satellite lakes. [13] [17] [16] [18] [19] The Koki Lakes consist of Lake Kachera, Lake Mburo, Lake Kijanebalola and Lake Nakivali. [18]

Geography and formation

After the 1997 El Niño event, Lake Kacheera lost most of its waters to Lake Victoria due to a massive water flow via Lake Kijjanebarora and its level fell by 3 metres. [20] Lake Kachera also lost its floating island that used to be a refugium for the fish. [20] Its shores are covered with swamps, thickets and woodlands. [21]

Lake Kachera is a shallow lake with an average depth of 5 metres (16 feet) and also cover an area of 42 square kilometres (16 square miles) and a shoreline of 81 km. [22] It has a maximum length of 20 kilometres (12 miles) and width of 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles). [23]

River Ruizi flows from the Bushenyi district and passes through Lake Kachera and Lake Kijanebalola before it enters into Lake Mburo and ending in Lake Victoria. [20] [24] It drains it waters into Lake Victoria via Kagera River which is its only river out flow. [23]

River Rwizi also pours its water into Lake Victoria through Lake Kachera which is a drainage system for Lake Victoria. [25] [26] [27]

Ecology

Lake Kachera has different species of birds, fish, plants and animals. [28] [29]

Fish species

Lake Kachera has different species of fish that include; the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis esculentus , (locally known as engege), and Astatoreochromis , Astatotilapia , Clarias , Haragachromis , and Protopterus species. [28] [30] [29] [31] [11]

Lake Kachera has native non-cichlid fish that include; Clarias gariepinus , Clarias liocephalus , and Protopterus aethiopicus . [32]

Plant species

Lake Kachera's shoreline vegetation has Cyperus papyrus , Cyperus esculentus , Phragmites mauritianus , some forest, and banana plantations. [31] [33]

Algal species

Lake Kachera has a total of 47 taxa including; Cyanophyta (17), Chlorophyta (19), Bacillariophyta (5), Euglenophyta (3), Pyrrophyta (1), Chrysophyta (1) , and Cryptophyta (1). [32]

Animal species

Zooplankton

Lake Kachera has 22 zooplankton taxa. There are representatives of the Diplostraca; Ceriodaphnia cornuta , Moina micrura , Eucyclops , Mesocyclops , Toronaeus incisus , and Toronaeus neglectus , and the Rotifera, including; Asplanchna , Brachionus angularis , Brachionus bidentatus , Brachionus budapestinensis , Brachionus quadridentatus , Brachionus calyciflorus , Brachionus falcatus , Brachionus patulus , Filinia longiseta , Filinia opoliensis , Hexarthra , Keratella tropica , Lecane bulla , Polyarthra vulgaris , Synchaeta pectinata , and Trichocerca cylindrica . [32]

Amphibians

Lake Kachera has 8 species of amphibians that include; Bufo gutturalis (guttural toad), Hyperolius acuticeps (sharp-nosed reed frog), Hyperolius kivuensis kivuensis (Kivu reed frog), Hyperolius viridiflavus bayoni, and Hyperolius viridiflavus viridiflavus (common reed frog), Phrynobatrachus natalensis (Natal dwarf puddle frog), Ptychadena mascareniensis (Mascarene grassland frog), Ptychadena oxyrhynchus (Kaffirland grassland frog), Ptychadena porissisima (Ethiopia grassland frog), and Xenopus victorianus (Lake Victoria clawed frog). [32]

Reptiles

Lake Kachera has 7 species of reptiles that include; Agama atricollis (common tree agama), Cocodylus niloticus (Nile crocodile), Mabuya maculilabris (speckle-lipped skink), Mabuya striata (common striped skink), Naja melanoleuca (water cobra), Python sebae (rock python), and Varanus niloticus (Nile monitor). [32]

Mammals

Lake Kachera has 5 species of mammals that include; Atilax paludinosus (marsh mongoose), Hippopotamus amphibius (hippopotamus), Lophuromys sikapusi (common brush-furred bat), Lutra maculicollis (spot-necked otter), and Praomys jacksoni (Jackson’s soft-furred rat). [32]

Economic and human activities

Fishing, Fish processing, tourism, agriculture, livestock keeping, Mixed farming are some of the economic activities that are carried out around Lake Kachera. [34] [35] [36] [37]

Conservation

Rakai district authories campaign for sustainable fishing by giving fishermen guidelines and making new rules and regulations such restricting fishing on some landing sites, arresting those who participate in illegal fishing activities by through water and land patrols and also partnering with the Uganda government agencies and fishing community organizations (BMU). [38] [39] [40] [41]

From 2017 to 2020, National Environment Management Authority of Uganda (NEMA) restored 200 hactres of the degraded Lake Kachera shoreline wetland ecosystem in Kiruhura district through buffer zone demarcation, tree planting and removal of illegal structures in the buffer zones, and community sensitization on ecosystem management. [42] [43] [44]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Victoria</span> Lake in East-central Africa

Lake Victoria is one of the African Great Lakes. With a surface area of approximately 59,947 km2 (23,146 sq mi), Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake by area, the world's largest tropical lake, and the world's second-largest fresh water lake by surface area after Lake Superior in North America. In terms of volume, Lake Victoria is the world's ninth-largest continental lake, containing about 2,424 km3 (1.965×109 acre⋅ft) of water. Lake Victoria occupies a shallow depression in Africa. The lake has an average depth of 40 m (130 ft) and a maximum depth of 80–81 m (262–266 ft). Its catchment area covers 169,858 km2 (65,583 sq mi). The lake has a shoreline of 7,142 km (4,438 mi) when digitized at the 1:25,000 level, with islands constituting 3.7% of this length.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nile perch</span> Species of fish

The Nile perch, also known as the African snook, Goliath perch, African barramundi, Goliath barramundi, Giant lates or the Victoria perch, is a species of freshwater fish in family Latidae of order Perciformes. It is widespread throughout much of the Afrotropical realm, being native to the Congo, Nile, Senegal, Niger and Lake Chad, Volta, Lake Turkana, and other river basins. It also occurs in the brackish waters of Lake Maryut in Egypt. The Nile perch is a fish of substantial economic and food-security importance in East Africa. Originally described as Labrus niloticus, among the marine wrasses, the species has also been referred to as Centropomus niloticus. Common names include African snook, Victoria perch, and many local names in various African languages, such as the Luo name mbuta or mputa. In Tanzania, it is called sangara, sankara, or chenku. In Francophone African countries, it is known as capitaine. Its name in the Hausa language is giwan ruwa, meaning "water elephant".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Kyoga</span> Large shallow lake in Uganda

Lake Kyoga or Lake Kioga is a large shallow lake in Uganda, about 1,720 km2 (660 sq mi) in area and at an elevation of 1,033 metres. The Victoria Nile flows through the lake on its way from Lake Victoria to Lake Albert. The main inflow from Lake Victoria is regulated by the Nalubaale Power Station in Jinja. Another source of water is the Mount Elgon region on the border between Uganda and Kenya. While Lake Kyoga is part of the African Great Lakes system, it is not itself considered a great lake.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mbarara district</span> District in Western Uganda, Uganda

Mbarara District is a district in South Western Uganda. In 2019, the Ugandan Cabinet approved part of Mbarara District, the then-Mbarara municipality, to be upgraded to city status effective July 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mbarara</span> City in Uganda

Mbarara City is a city in the Western Region of Uganda and the second largest city in Uganda after Kampala. The city is divided into 6 boroughs of Kakoba Division, Kamukuzi Division, Nyamitanga Division, Biharwe Division, Kakiika Division, Nyakayojo Division. It is the main commercial centre of most of south western districts of Uganda and the site of the district headquarters. In May 2019, the Uganda's cabinet granted Mbarara a city status, which started on 1 July 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Kwania</span> A Ugandan lake

Lake Kwania is in the districts of Lira, Apac and Amolatar in the Northern Region of Uganda. It is part of a large wetland along the White Nile between Lake Victoria and Lake Albert. The wetland, which includes Lake Kwania, the even larger Lake Kyoga, and other water bodies and swamps, consists of about 3,420 square kilometres (1,320 sq mi) of open water and about 2,180 square kilometres (840 sq mi) of permanent swamps. Of this total, Lake Kwania accounts for 540 square kilometres (210 sq mi), about 16 percent, of the open water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tourism in Uganda</span>

Tourism in Uganda is focused on Uganda's landscape and wildlife. It is a major driver of employment, investment and foreign exchange, contributing USh 4.9 trillion to Uganda's GDP in the financial year 2012–2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Nabugabo</span> Lake in Uganda

Lake Nabugabo is a small freshwater lake in Uganda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Opeta</span> A Ugandan lake with an extensive wetland system

Lake Opeta is a lake with an extensive wetland system in Uganda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Bisina</span> Lake in Uganda

Lake Bisina, also known as Lake Salisbury and Lake Bisinia, is a freshwater lake in eastern Uganda. It is a satellite lake of Lake Kyoga, which it drains into, and the two are to some extent directly connected by papyrus swamps. During the high-water rainy season, Lake Bisina can be up to 6 m (20 ft) deep and often directly connects with the smaller Lake Opeta, but during the dry season the two are clearly separated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lutembe Bay</span>

Lutembe Bay is a wetland on the edge of Lake Victoria.

Pamela Kasabiiti Mbabazi is a Ugandan university professor, academic, and academic administrator, who currently serves as the Chairperson of the National Planning Authority of Uganda. She was installed in that position in April 2019, to serve a five-year term, renewable one time. Her Chairperson role was renewed in 2024 to serve for another 5 years as NPA Chairperson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">River Rwizi</span> River in Uganda

River Rwizi is a river located in South Western Uganda in district called Mbarara. River Rwizi is a river located in southwestern Uganda. It is the second-longest river in Uganda, after the Nile River. The river originates in the hills of Buhweju District and flows through the districts of Sheema, Bushenyi, Ntungamo, Rwampara, Mbarara, Isingiro, Kiruhura, Lyantonde, Rakai, and Kyotera. It eventually empties into Lake Victoria. Many swamps feed river Rwizi, including Nyakafumura, part of the Mushasha water basin, and Kanyabukanja wetland. These marshes function as water reservoirs or catchments, gently releasing water into the river to support the surrounding population.

Sanga, is an urban center in the Kiruhura District, Ankole sub-region, in the Western Region of Uganda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Mburo–Nakivali Wetland System</span> Wetland in Uganda

Lake Mburo–Nakivali Wetland System is a wetland located in Mbarara district 60 km from Mbarara town in western Uganda, and East Africa, bordering Tanzania and Rwanda. The system encompasses five lakes lying in Lake Mburo National Park, including Mburo being the largest, Kigambira, Mutukula, Kazuma, and Bwara in the west-east location.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Nakuwa Wetland System</span> Wetland in Uganda

Lake Nakuwa Wetland System is a wetland found in the south-eastern part of the Kyoga system covering the districts of Kamuli District, Pallisa District and Soroti District in Eastern Uganda. The wetland is located 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Pallisa town. It covers an area of 911.5 km².

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Mburo</span> A Ugandan freshwater lake

Lake Mburo is a freshwater lake located in western Uganda, situated within the Lake Mburo National Park. It is a prominent feature of the region, known for its scenic beauty and rich biodiversity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Nakivali</span> Freshwater lake in Uganda

Lake Nakivali, also known as Lake Nakivale, is a freshwater lake located in western Uganda's Isingiro District; it is part of the Lake Mburo-Nakivale wetland system. It is located about 40 kilometers south-east of Mbarara town.

Lake Kijanebalola, also known as Lake Kijanebarola or Lake Kijjanebalola, is a freshwater lake located in Koki county, Kyalulangira sub-county, Rakai District, Central Uganda. Spanning an area of around 14 square kilometers, it contains Kisozi Island and Kinoni Island. The lake is surrounded by populated places such as Lugando, Kisomole, Gombe, Lukondo, Kayonza, Buyanda and Dwaniro.

References

  1. ↑ "Smelly water threatens livelihoods in lyantonde". Monitor. 5 January 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  2. ↑ Fred, Turyakira (4 June 2021). "Companies asked for support to save river Rwizi". New Vision. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  3. ↑ THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN (PDF). Uganda: RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT. pp. 6, 8, 14, 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  4. ↑ "OpenStreetMap". OpenStreetMap. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  5. ↑ Independent, The (27 January 2022). "Rakai launches campaign for sustainable fishing on Lake Kachera, Kijanebarola". The Independent Uganda. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  6. ↑ "Lake Kachira lake, Western Region, Uganda". ug.geoview.info. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  7. ↑ Dismas, Mbabazi (1 January 2009). Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda (PDF). Uganda: Nature Uganda. pp. 76, 77, 80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  8. ↑ "Lake Kachera". Inside Lake Mburo National Park. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  9. 1 2 Kibwika, Daniel (2000). "Human activities and interests within and around lakes of the Victoria and Kyoga basin and their consequences to sustainable fish production, Biodiversity of Lake Victoria: Its conservation and sustainable use". Biodiversity of Lake Victoria: Its conservation and sustainable use. Uganda: National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI). pp. 4, 7. hdl:1834/35204.
  10. 1 2 Eric O., Odada; Daniel O., Olago; Washington O., Ochola (2006). Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities (PDF). Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Pan African START Secretariat (PASS). pp. 79, 83, 93, 98, 102, 104, 109, 110, 111. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  11. 1 2 3 "Lake Kachera". Inside Lake Mburo National Park. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  12. ↑ "OpenStreetMap". OpenStreetMap. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  13. 1 2 3 "Lake Kachera". Inside Lake Mburo National Park. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  14. ↑ "Lake Kachera". Mbarara Tours. Archived from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  15. ↑ THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN (PDF). Uganda: RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT. pp. 6, 8, 14, 15.
  16. 1 2 Dismas, Mbabazi (1 January 2009). Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda (PDF). Uganda: Nature Uganda. pp. 76, 77, 80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  17. ↑ Kibwika, Daniel (2000). "Human activities and interests within and around lakes of the Victoria and Kyoga basin and their consequences to sustainable fish production, Biodiversity of Lake Victoria: Its conservation and sustainable use". Biodiversity of Lake Victoria: Its conservation and sustainable use. Uganda: National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI). pp. 4, 7. hdl:1834/35204.
  18. 1 2 Eric O., Odada; Daniel O., Olago; Washington O., Ochola (2006). Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities (PDF). Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Pan African START Secretariat (PASS). pp. 79, 83, 93, 98, 102, 104, 109, 110, 111. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  19. ↑ "Smelly water threatens livelihoods in lyantonde". Monitor. 5 January 2021. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  20. 1 2 3 Kibwika, Daniel (2000). "Human activities and interests within and around lakes of the Victoria and Kyoga basin and their consequences to sustainable fish production, Biodiversity of Lake Victoria: Its conservation and sustainable use". Biodiversity of Lake Victoria: Its conservation and sustainable use. Uganda: National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI). pp. 4, 7. hdl:1834/35204.
  21. ↑ Braczkowski, Aleksander; Schenk, Ralph; Samarasinghe, Dinal; Biggs, Duan; Richardson, Allie; Swanson, Nicholas; Swanson, Merlin; Dheer, Arjun; Fattebert, Julien (27 January 2022). "Leopard and spotted hyena densities in the Lake Mburo National Park, southwestern Uganda". PeerJ. 10: e12307. doi: 10.7717/peerj.12307 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   8801179 . PMID   35127275.
  22. ↑ THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN (PDF). Uganda: RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT. pp. 6, 8, 14, 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  23. 1 2 Dismas, Mbabazi (1 January 2009). Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda (PDF). Uganda: Nature Uganda. pp. 76, 77, 80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  24. ↑ Habari (5 January 2023). "Attractions in Mbarara | Mbarara City Tour | Uganda Safaris Tours". www.habariugandatours.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  25. ↑ "River Rwizi on the verge of drying up". Monitor. 12 September 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  26. ↑ "Conservationists walk 330 kilometres to save River Rwizi". Monitor. 19 July 2020. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  27. ↑ "Mbarara: A city choking on plastic waste". New Vision. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  28. 1 2 "Lake Kachera". Inside Lake Mburo National Park. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  29. 1 2 THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN (PDF). Uganda: RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT. pp. 6, 8, 14, 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  30. ↑ Independent, The (27 January 2022). "Rakai launches campaign for sustainable fishing on Lake Kachera, Kijanebarola". The Independent Uganda. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  31. 1 2 Dismas, Mbabazi (1 January 2009). Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda (PDF). Uganda: Nature Uganda. pp. 76, 77, 80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eric O., Odada; Daniel O., Olago; Washington O., Ochola (2006). Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities (PDF). Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Pan African START Secretariat (PASS). pp. 79, 83, 93, 98, 102, 104, 109, 110, 111. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  33. ↑ "Smelly water threatens livelihoods in lyantonde". Monitor. 5 January 2021. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  34. ↑ Independent, The (27 January 2022). "Rakai launches campaign for sustainable fishing on Lake Kachera, Kijanebarola". The Independent Uganda. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  35. ↑ THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN (PDF). Uganda: RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT. pp. 6, 8, 14, 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  36. ↑ Dismas, Mbabazi (1 January 2009). Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda (PDF). Uganda: Nature Uganda. pp. 76, 77, 80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  37. ↑ HULME, D. (1998). COMMUNITY CONSERVATION IN PRACTICE: A CASE STUDY OF LAKE MBURO NATIONAL PARK (PDF). Crawford House, Precinct Centre, Oxford Road, MANCHESTER M13 9GH: Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester. pp. 14, 30, 36. ISBN   1-900728915.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  38. ↑ Independent, The (27 January 2022). "Rakai launches campaign for sustainable fishing on Lake Kachera, Kijanebarola". The Independent Uganda. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  39. ↑ THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN (PDF). Uganda: RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT. pp. 6, 8, 14, 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  40. ↑ The Uganda Gazette (PDF). 53. Vol. CIII. Uganda: Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation (UPPC) (published 3 September 2010). 2010. pp. 195, 196, 214. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  41. ↑ Local government Workplan for 2013/14, Vote: 549 Rakai District (PDF). Uganda: Ministry of Finance, Government of Uganda. pp. 45, 46, 100. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  42. ↑ ANNUALCORPORATE REPORT FOR 2018/19 (PDF). Uganda: National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). 2019. pp. 17, 18, 44. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  43. ↑ Water and Environment Sector Performance Report 2019 (PDF). Uganda: Ministry of Water and Environment, Government of Uganda. 2019. pp. 122, 152, 153.
  44. ↑ Water and Environment Sector Performance Report 2020 (PDF). Uganda: Ministry of Water and Environment, Government of Uganda. 2020. p. 196. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.