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Hydroxyapatite is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH), often written Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 to denote that the crystal unit cell comprises two entities. It is the hydroxyl endmember of the complex apatite group. The OH− ion can be replaced by fluoride or chloride, producing fluorapatite or chlorapatite. It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system. Pure hydroxyapatite powder is white. Naturally occurring apatites can, however, also have brown, yellow, or green colorations, comparable to the discolorations of dental fluorosis.
Biomineralization, also written biomineralisation, is the process by which living organisms produce minerals, often resulting in hardened or stiffened mineralized tissues. It is an extremely widespread phenomenon: all six taxonomic kingdoms contain members that are able to form minerals, and over 60 different minerals have been identified in organisms. Examples include silicates in algae and diatoms, carbonates in invertebrates, and calcium phosphates and carbonates in vertebrates. These minerals often form structural features such as sea shells and the bone in mammals and birds.
A biomaterial is a substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose – either a therapeutic or a diagnostic one. The corresponding field of study, called biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering, is about fifty years old. It has experienced steady growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering and materials science.
Mineralized tissues are biological tissues that incorporate minerals into soft matrices. Typically these tissues form a protective shield or structural support. Bone, mollusc shells, deep sea sponge Euplectella species, radiolarians, diatoms, antler bone, tendon, cartilage, tooth enamel and dentin are some examples of mineralized tissues.
Younan Xia is a Chinese-American chemist, materials scientist, and bioengineer. He is the Brock Family Chair and Georgia Research Alliance (GRA) Eminent Scholar in Nanomedicine in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, with joint appointments in the School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, the School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience at the Georgia Institute of Technology.
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Patricia Martin Dove is an American geochemist. She is a university distinguished professor and the C.P. Miles Professor of Science at Virginia Tech with appointments in the department of Geosciences, department of Chemistry, and department of Materials Science and Engineering. Her research focuses on the kinetics and thermodynamics of mineral reactions with aqueous solutions in biogeochemical systems. Much of her work is on crystal nucleation and growth during biomineralization and biomaterial interactions with mineralogical systems. She was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 2012 and currently serves as chair of Class I, Physical and Mathematical Sciences.
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Marisa C. Kozlowski is an American chemist who is Professor of Organic and Catalysis Chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania. Her research considers asymmetric synthesis and the development of cost effective catalysts. She was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2012 and American Chemical Society in 2013.
Shu Yang is a Chinese-American materials scientist who is the Joseph Bordogna Professor of Engineering and Applied Science and Chair of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, American Physical Society, National Academy of Inventors and Materials Research Society.
Xiaodong Zou is a Chinese-Swedish chemist who is a professor at Stockholm University. Her research considers the development of electron diffraction for the three dimensional characterisation of materials. She is a member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. She was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences.
Song Lin is a Chinese-American organic electrochemist who is an associate professor at Cornell University. His research involves the development of new synthetic organic methodologies that utilize electrochemistry to forge new chemical bonds. He is an Associate Editor of the journal Organic Letters, and serves on the Early Career Advisory Board of Chemistry - A European Journal. He was named by Chemical & Engineering News as one of their Trailblazers of 2022, a feature highlighting LGBTQ+ chemists in academia.
Oana Jurchescu is a Romanian physicist who is the Baker Family Physics Professor at Wake Forest University. Her research considers charge transport in organic and organic/inorganic hybrid semiconductors. In 2022, she was awarded a National Science Foundation Special Creativity Award for her work translating organic electronic materials into real-world devices.
Amanda Morris is an American chemist who is the Patricia Caldwell Faculty Fellow and professor of inorganic and energy chemistry at Virginia Tech. Her research considers next-generation materials for catalysis and light-harvesting. She was elected chair of the American Chemical Society Gay and Transgender Chemists and Allies committee in 2021.
Joan M. Redwing is an American materials scientist known for research on electronic and optoelectronic materials, including the processing of semiconductor thin films and nanomaterials by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Redwing is a distinguished professor of materials science and engineering and electrical engineering at Pennsylvania State University and director of the university's 2D Crystal Consortium research facility. She is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Physical Society, and the Materials Research Society.
Paulette Clancy is a British physicist and Professor of Materials Science at Johns Hopkins University. Her research considers the development of machine learning strategies to advance innovation in materials design, with a focus on complex situations. She was awarded the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Women's Initiatives Mentoring Award.
References
- ↑ "Lara Estroff '97 - Swarthmore College Bulletin" . Retrieved 2022-09-28.
- ↑ "Lara Estroff - Women's Soccer". Swarthmore College Athletics. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
- ↑ "Estroff, Liu, Nielsch, and Wada to chair 2012 MRS Spring Meeting". MRS Bulletin. 36 (6): 468. June 2011. doi: 10.1557/mrs.2011.150 .
- ↑ "Group Members". Crystalline Materialsin Nature. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
- ↑ Estroff, Lara Ann (2003). Bio-inspired supramolecular control of inorganic crystal growth (Thesis). OCLC 701754654. ProQuest 304717870.[ page needed ]
- 1 2 "Lara A. Estroff | Cornell Engineering". www.engineering.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
- ↑ Xia, Younan (February 2021). "A Tribute to Professor George M. Whitesides". Advanced Healthcare Materials. 10 (4): 2100017. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202100017 . PMID 33594808. S2CID 231944556.
- ↑ "The Lara Estroff Group - Bio-Inspired Materials Synthesis - Department of Materials Science and Engineering - Cornell University". estroff.mse.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
- ↑ "Crystals, Shells, and Bones—in Our Bodies". Cornell Research. 2018-12-13. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
- 1 2 3 "Lara Estroff, Cornell University – Pathological Mineralization". AAC&U. 12 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
- ↑ "Prof. Lara Estroff Awarded Excellence in Teaching | Materials Science and Engineering". www.mse.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
- ↑ "Estroff, Cosley and Perelstein honored by NSF". Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
- ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award # 0845212 - CAREER: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Gel-Grown, Polymer-Reinforced Single Crystals". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
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