The Late 2011 Telangana protests refers to a chain of protests as part of Telangana movement between September and December 2011. Sakala Janula samme or All Peoples Strike is the biggest protest of all. The strike lasted for over six weeks mainly affecting public services and the local economy. On a call given by JAC, road blockades on national highways throughout Telangana, rail blockade and the strike of auto rikshaw union were organised on 24 and 25 September causing disruption in transport services. As the All People's strike entered the 30th day on 14 October 2011, Medak's MP Vijayashanti criticised the Congress high command for the delay in making the decision on Telangana and said Congress wants the issue to be prolonged until 2014. She further said the strike should continue until the formation of the Telangana state. After 42 days, on 24 October, government employees unions called off the strike. Kodandaram said that the strike had impacted the overall thinking of the Centre towards the creation of a separate State and the movement will continue with other protest activities.
What are we demanding? We are asking you to respect the word you have given in the Parliament before the 120 crore people of this country. We are not asking any thing else.
On 12 September 2011, a day before Sakala Janula Samme(All people's strike), TRS organised a public meeting in Karimnagar which was attended by over a million people including TJAC leaders, BJP and New Democracy party leaders.[1] Starting 13 September, as part of 'strike by all sections of people' supporting Telangana statehood, government employees throughout Telangana stayed out of work, lawyers boycotted courts[2] and 60,000 coal miners of Singareni Collieries(SCCL Ltd.) also joined the strike.[3][4] On 14 & 15 September, nearly 450 movie Theaters in Telangana were closed at the call given by Telangana Film Chamber.[5] Starting on 16 September, government teachers joined the strike. Private school management declared one one-day holiday in support of the strike.[6] On 19 September, state road transport corporation employees and state electricity board employees in Telangana joined the indefinite strike.[7]
The rail roko programme at various places in the city became a conglomeration of various facets of the Telangana culture. With music, dance, plays and a sumptuous lunch, Manoharabad railway station, one of the hotspots, wore the look of a weekly fair.
On a call given by JAC, road blockades on national highways throughout Telangana, rail blockade and the strike of auto rikshaw union were organised on 24 and 25 September causing disruption in transport services.[9][10] Virtually all sections of people joined this strike.[11] On 30 September, as the strike entered the 18th day, even while Congress central leadership met several Telangana congress leaders, JAC called a bundh in Hyderabad city.[12] On 2 October, JAC leaders, employee unions leaders and TRS leaders including KCR met Pthe rime minister to explain the situation in Telangana due to the strike and asked to expedite the decision on the statehood demand.[13] The strike has resulted in an unprecedented power crisis in the state with only 223 MU of power generated against the demand of 275MU impacting both the industry and agriculture.[14]
On 9 October, some workers of the Youth Congress agitated and threw chairs at each other at the Gandhi Bhavan in Hyderabad demanding the postponement of a membership drive till an official announcement on Telangana. They also demanded that a separate Telangana Youth Congress be formed for the youth from Telangana.[15] On 10 October, Telangana activists attacked a private college in Hyderabad and threw stones at the windows of a college in Kukatpally, where the majority residents are migrants from the Andhra region, badly damaging the window panes. Worried parents of some children protested outside the college demanding that schools and colleges be excluded from the strikes and conflicts as the students have missed classes for a month already. The majority of colleges and schools remained shut in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad.[16]
There is no need to continue the strike as their opinion over Telangana is received already by Congress high command and the Centre.
After being criticised by both the Congress high command as well as the Centre over how he has been handling the issue, CM N Kiran Kumar Reddy said that the government would adopt a zero-tolerance system and will initiate stern action against anyone trying to create any law and order problem or cause any inconvenience to the people.[18] He cautioned them saying that the stir is spoiling the prospects of the youth.[19] After 22 days of strike, the APSRTC resumed plying buses after one of the unions suspended the strike.[20] Telangana union leaders condemned the decision and said that a union leader belonging to Andhra-Seema region had no right to withdraw the strike.[21] This led to split in the union and Telangana union leaders floated a separate body and decided to continue the strike. Due to this, only few buses returned to service.[22] On 13 October, the parents of most school-going children warned the TJAC that to call of the strike for the schools and colleges by 15 October after which they will chalk out their course of action.[23] Eight Congress MPs from Telangana, who resigned in July demanding a separate state of Telangana, insisted the speaker to accept their resignations on 12 October. They also demanded that the Group-II exams, screening test for thousands of state government jobs, be postponed until the strike is over.[24]
Sakala Janula Samme launched by the TJAC has already entered the 30th day. People of Telangana are facing several hardships due to the strike. Many Telangana youths have sacrificed their lives for the cause of Telangana. Despite all this, the Congress high command is unwilling to spell out its stand on the issue.
As the All People's strike entered the 30th day on 14 October 2011, Medak's MP Vijayashanti criticised the Congress high command for the delay in making the decision on Telangana and said Congress wants the issue to prolong until 2014. She further said the strike should continue until the formation of Telanana state.[25] On that day, the government of Andhra Pradesh decided to hold talks with the Employees Joint Action Committee and initiate action against uniformed personnel who participated in the strike[26] KT Rama Rao alleged that the CM of Andhra Pradesh was bribing the T Congress MLAs to lure them out of the agitation.[27] This was strongly refuted by the Congress leaders who demanded an apology from KTR and challenged him to reveal the names of MLAs who took bribe.[28]
On the 1st day of Rail blockade on 15 October 110 trains were cancelled and 68 trains were diverted. The railways operated 12 trains and Hyderabad metro trails with full police protection. Telangana protestors tried to have sit in on rail platforms or on railway tracks at various places. Police arrested thousands of protesters including 8 MPs and 4 MLAs.[29][30] On same day, employee unions of road transport corporation called off the strike. On 16 October, JAC gave a call for Telangana Bundh(general strike) for next day to protest police action during the agitation and the rail blockade. They then cancelled the 3rd day of rail blockade. Teachers union also said they will attend the schools in the interest of students but they will not sign the attendance registers and will not take the salaries.[31] Some teachers donated the salary they got for the strike period. They felt that teachers have become scapegoats at the hands of their state leaders who have a personal agenda and called off the strike as part of this.[32] Normal life was again affected as the public transport facilities, especially busses which were properly resumed after the 28-day-long strike were again off the roads. Schools, colleges and offices were again shut for 17 October, as the agitation continued.[33] On the same day, Coal miners called off their strike.[34]
On 17 October, Pocharam Srinivas Reddy, who resigned from assembly and from TDP to join TRS, was re-elected to assembly. He got about 68% of polled votes while his opponent from congress got 27% votes. TDP did not field a candidate.[35] After his victory in Banswada bypoll, which was far lesser margin than he anticipated, he warned Andhra settlers in the region with dire consequences for not voting for him. He had hoped for one lakh majority in the byelection in view of the ongoing high voltage Telangana movement. He accused Andhra settlers of ignoring the Telangana sentiment and voting for his opponent. This hurt the feelings of settlers in the region.[36]
Efforts to end strike
With the agitation for statehood to Telangana intensifying, the congress has decided to speed up all the discussions and quickly solve the problem. On 30 September 2011 Ghulam Nabi Azad, Congress party's AP state in-charge, submitted to Congress president an internal party report about Telangana issue after holding consultations with leaders from Telangana, Rayalaseema and coastal Andhra regions for over two months.[37] On 8 October, Azad said that the key leaders of the Congress and the centre have met nine leaders from Andhra Pradesh including the chief minister and are working on finding a solution to the issue as soon as possible.[38] PM Manmohan Singh indicated that resolving the Telangana statehood issue might "take some time." Maintaining that there has not been any "inaction" by the government over the crisis, the Prime Minister said that "given the complications involved in settlement, it will take some time." Dr Singh said that the government "is engaged in widespread dialogue and discussions with all the stakeholders and hopes to reach a win-win situation for all concerned through the process."[39]
After 42 days, on 24 October, government employees unions called off the strike. Kodandaram said that the strike had impacted the overall thinking of the Centre towards creation of separate State and the movement will continue with other protest activities.[40]
Criticism of the Strike
Madiga Reservation Porata Samiti (MRPS) president criticised that KCR, TJAC Chairman Kodandaram, Harish Rao and others were encouraging the students to take active part in the ongoing agitation for Telangana, and alleged that they were not allowing their own children to take part in the stir. While demanding that the Telangana leaders disclose the details of where their children were pursuing studies, he said that children from oppressed sections of the society, were being deprived of the opportunity to pursue studies, under the influence of the T-stir, while the children from the T-leaders were being sent abroad or other areas, to pursue studies without any disturbance.[41] This opinion was also voiced by Samaikyandhra protagonists who pointed out that while farmers, school children, parents and general public were facing untold misery due to the strike, the life of rich people like KCR continues to be luxurious as they ply in high-end cars and their children study in top corporate schools, which remain open despite the crippling strike.[42]
On 22 October, activists of the Prajasanghala (People's organisations) JAC protested in front of Prof. Kodandram's house alleging that the TJAC changed its stand on Sakala Janula Samme and on a separate Telangana after Kodandaram and KCR's visit to New Delhi. They alleged the TJAC had entered into a pact with the Centre and is deliberately diluting the movement.[43]
On 11 October, a case was filed against KCR, under IPC section 153, for delivering instigating speeches and creating rift between people from different regions in the state. FIR said that he had tried to instigate people to attack Telangana representatives for not resigning for the cause of Telangana.[44] Later that day, Police have also added the two leaders Swami Goud and Vithal of the Telangana Joint Action Committee after they demanded that the Police of Hyderabad city would also join the struggle for a separate state.[45] The Samaikyandhra Joint Action Committee reported that KCR was behaving rudely while he was in Telangana region and wise when he was Delhi, at the Union government. They also demanded that the government should seize the properties of KCR as to recover from the losses caused by the All people's strike.[46]
Many Telangana activists headed by Telangana Praja Front leader Gaddar are contemplating to form a new party to take the Telangana movement forward. Dr Sangam Prithviraj, leader of the Telangana Students Joint Action Committee, who supports Gaddar in forming the new political force, also blamed KCR for the movement fizzling out. "KCR kept the students out of the agitation this time and this was an intentional ploy to ensure that the new state is not formed," he said.[47]
Losses due to the strike
While the striking employees of RTC got their wages and bonuses for the strike period, the corporation has been hit by financial crisis. APSRTC already with a Rs. 310 crore loss in the financial year suffered another Rs. 200 crore loss due to the "Sakala Janula Samme".[48]
On 19 October, Singareni staff from 3 districts who were striking for 35 days resumed their work after the management agreed to adjust leave against strike period with wages.[49] The strike resulted in a loss of Rs. 600 crore for the Singareni Collieries Co Ltd.[50] An additional Rs. 120 crores was lost towards payment of wages to employees for the strike period.[51]
A generation loss of 546.2 Million Unit (MU) and 294.9 MU respectively in Ramagundam and Simhadri Thermal Power Stations situated in Andhra Pradesh was reported by NTPC due to shortage of coal. Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Ltd. (APGENCO) also reported a generation loss of 28 MU in their Kakatiya thermal power station during the same period.[52]
The state government also lost around Rs. 250 crore due to power purchases from other states.[53] It also affected the production of long steel in India.[54]
The water board suffered Rs. 5 crore loss during the strike.[55]
The South Central railway lost Rs. 12.63 crores till 24 September due to the rail roko programmes.[56]
The Assocham estimated tangible losses in excess of Rs. 10,000 crores in only 15 days of the strike.[57]
A revenue loss of Rs. 50 crore every day to the government due to strike by excise employees.[58]
Manufacturers of active pharmaceutical ingredients that go into medication have lost Rs. 500 crore till 26 September because of the strike.[59]
Northern Power Distribution Company Ltd's (NPDCL) revenues amounting to Rs 320 crores were held up[60]
In response to a lawsuit that seeks a direction that a new state shouldn't be carved out from the parent territory, the Supreme Court of India took strong exception to the prolonged agitation during which normal life gets affected, courts become paralysed and colossal damage is done to public property. It sought responses from the AP government and TRS.[61]
Aftermath
On 29 October 2011, three Congress party MLAs belonging to Telangana region resigned and joined TRS in protest as they were disappointed with Congress leadership's delay in Telangana state formation.[62] With fears of Maoists infiltrating the Telangana movement, the CM of Andhra Pradesh was provided with bullet proof podium for his speech on AP formation day on 1 November 2011.[63] On 1 November, Congress MLA Komatireddy Venkat Reddy started an indefinite hunger strike until the central government announced a roadmap for Telangana state.[64] 5 days later, the fast was broken when police arrested him under Section 309 of IPC (attempt to commit suicide) and shifted him to NIMS, Hyderabad where he was kept under intravenous fluids. He ended his fast on 9 November.[65] The 97-year-old Freedom fighter Konda Laxman Bapuji also launched his week-long satyagraha at Jantar Mantar in New Delhi, demanding statehood to the region.[66]
On 7 November 2011 Actress Shriya Saran was attacked by a mob claiming to be TRS activists during a shoot in Hyderabad. They threatened her to say 'Jai Telangana' by shouting out cuss words. The actress later tweeted,
How can they break my car, throw stones, stop shoot and threaten me to say Jai Telangana. That too in broad day light, Police staring at all of this. What about freedom and safety? Thank god the stone didn't hit me. Both the windows of my car are broken. I am disgusted, I'm born in India. I deserve my freedom and safety is my right (sic).[67]
TRS activists also attacked Parakala Prabhakar when in a Television interview he said that there was no Telangana sentiment among people and whatever Prof. Jayashankar claimed about injustice meted out to Telangana was false propaganda and he was ready to prove his point given a chance.[68]
On 10 November 2011 Andhra Pradesh State Director General of Police said there is no active involvement of Maoists in the Telangana movement.[69] After the proposal by UP Chief Minister Mayawati to split Uttar Pradesh into four states, the BJP, which is a strong advocate of smaller states, demanded formation of the second State Reorganisation Commission (SRC) for restructuring and splitting big states into smaller ones.[70]
Telangana is a complicated matter and we are trying to evolve a consensus, where all shades of public opinion would agree that what is being done is in the interest of each and everyone. We cannot solve the problem of Telangana by agreeing to Telangana State while there is disquiet and unrest in other regions of Andhra Pradesh. From the frying pan to the fire is not an appropriate solution to the National problem
Minister of State for Home Affairs, Jitendra Singh informed in the Rajya Sabha that the government of India will move to create a new state only when there is a consensus in the parent state that one part be separated to form a new state.[72] In December 2011, TRS Politburo member C Sudhakar was sentenced to one year in jail under the provisions of National Security Act. He was arrested during the Sakala Janula Samme on the charges that he hurled stones on RTC buses and prevented Andhra region buses from plying in Telangana.[73] On 19 January 2012, BJP led by State party president Kishan Reddy started the 22-day Telangana 'Poru Yatra', a journey of 3500km in Telangana, to touch 986 villages and 88 assembly constituencies stressing the need for Telangana stance.[74] Though the tour was successful in reiterating the party's pro-Telangana stance, it could not garner as much support as hoped because of the indifferent attitude of the TRS & TJAC. In fact the failure of the TRS in declaring its support to Kishan Reddy's yatra has resulted in growing differences between the two parties.[75]
The Bharat Rashtra Samithi, formerly known as Telangana Rashtra Samithi, is an Indian political party which is predominantly active in the state of Telangana and currently the primary opposition party in the state. It was founded on 27 April 2001 by K. Chandrashekar Rao, with a single-point agenda of creating a separate Telangana state with Hyderabad as its capital. It has been instrumental in carrying forth a sustained agitation for the granting of statehood to Telangana.
Telangana Praja Samithi or Telangana Peoples Convention was an Indian political party which fought for statehood for the Telangana region.
Boianapalli Vinod Kumar is an Indian politician and former Member of Parliament, he served as Vice-chairman of Telangana State Planning Board (2019-2023). He represented the Karimnagar constituency of Telangana State in the 16th Lok Sabha (2014-2019) and Hanamkonda constituency in the 14th Lok Sabha (2004-2009). He is one of the founding members of the Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) party and is presently a politburo member and served as party's deputy Floor Leader in the 16th Lok Sabha.
Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao, frequently known by his initials KCR, is an Indian politician currently representing the Gajwel Assembly constituency and serving as the leader of the opposition in the Telangana Legislative Assembly. He is the founder and leader of the Bharat Rashtra Samithi, a state party in India. He was the first Chief Minister of Telangana after the formation of the state and held the position for almost 10 years. He was the leader of the Telangana Movement, the region's fight for a separate state.
The Telangana movement refers to a movement for the creation of a separate state, Telangana, from the pre-existing state of Andhra Pradesh in India. The new state corresponds to the Telugu-speaking portions of the erstwhile princely state of Hyderabad, which were merged with Andhra Pradesh in 1956, leading to the Mulki Agitations.
Etela Rajender is an Indian politician from Telangana and former member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly. He served as the first Finance Minister of Telangana state from 2014 to 2018 and as the Health Minister of Telangana from 2019 to 2021.
Srikrishna Committee on Telangana or the Committee for Consultations on the Situation in Andhra Pradesh (CCSAP) is a committee headed by Justice B. N. Srikrishna to look into the demand for separate statehood for Telangana or keep the State united in the present form, Andhra Pradesh. The committee was constituted by the Government of India on 3 February 2010 and submitted its report on 30 December 2010 to the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Samaikya Andhra Movement was a movement organized to keep the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh united, and to prevent the division of the state - separating the Telangana districts of the state into a separate Telangana state. The movement was supported by government employees, advocates in Coastal Andhra & Rayalaseema regions along with students from 14 universities, various occupational, caste & religious groups of Coastal Andhra & Rayalaseema regions. The last set of protests were triggered after the Congress Working Committee decision to divide the state came to an end after President of India gave nod to Telangana Bill which would make the latter to come into existence from 2 June 2014.
Komatireddy Venkat Reddy is an Indian politician and currently serves as the cabinet minister of Roads & Buildings and Cinematography in Telangana. He served as a MLA for the Nalgonda Constituency for 20 years consecutively, following which he served as a Member of Parliament of Bhuvanagiri Parliament Constituency from 2019 to 2023. He joined the Congress Party in 1986 as NSUI District in charge and has worked his way up. He has been the star campaigner of Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee, known for his unwavering participation in the formation of the State of Telangana and some revolutionary development in Nalgonda. He was the Deputy Floor Leader, Telangana Congress Legislative Party.
1969 Telangana Agitation was a political movement for the statehood for Telangana region. The first person to raise the issue of Telangana happened in 1968 during October or November timeframe. A hunger strike was being carried on by a person named Ravindranath on 1969/January/08 in Khammam near the Railway Station. He was on an indefinite fast and his prime demand was to implement Telangana safeguards. One other demand was his insistence on implementation of the Gentleman's agreement. It is a major event in Telangana movement. In the indiscriminate police firing, 369 Telangana students were killed.
The early 2011 Telangana protests refers to a chain of events that took place during the early months of 2011, after the Srikrishna committee report was submitted to government of India. These protests are part of Telangana movement. The Telangana political JAC declared the launch of a non-cooperation movement throughout Telangana, including the state capital at Hyderabad, starting on 17 February. The plan was to request government employees not to work; people not to pay taxes or utility bills; people not to buy tickets while using public transport; to organise rallies; to block traffic on highways; and other measures. It is reported that Congress party's central leadership told Telangana MPs that it will take a decision on Telangana after assembly elections in several states in May. On 24 February, Telangana political JAC organised Egypt-like mass protests in Hyderabad beginning 10 March. Projections for number of people to be mobilised varied from one to five million. Protesters raised slogans of 'Jai Telangana', sang pro-Telangana songs, and played games. Protesters included activists of various political parties, students, government employees, lawyers, doctors, teachers, journalists, writers and cultural artists. 48 people were arrested for the vandalism of the statues. A Telangana leader said the incident show the hatred towards leaders of Andhra and he fears more such incidents if the central government further delays the process to carve out separate Telangana state. Osmania University students warned non-Telangana staff of the university to not pass on the identities of agitators to the police and warned them they could become targets if they did not join the agitation.
The Telangana protests 2004-2010 refers to the movements and agitations related to the Telangana movement that took place between the years 2004 and 2010. For the 2004 Assembly and Parliament elections, the Congress party and the TRS had an electoral alliance in the Telangana region to consider the demand of separate Telangana State. However, again in 2006, the then Chief Minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy categorically said that the state would remain united. This again resulted in statewide protests. In 2009, Union Minister of Home Affairs P. Chidambaram announced that the Indian government would start the process of forming a separate Telangana state, pending the introduction and passage of a separation resolution in the Andhra Pradesh assembly after an 11-day fast by K. Chandrashekar Rao. This again resulted in protests across both Andhra and Rayalseema as in a short time of the Home Minister's declaration, MLAs from the Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions submitted their resignations in protest.
The Mid 2011 Telangana protests refers to a chain of protests and mass resignations following the Million March incident in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. From April till June, the movement saw a lull, with different parties citing various reasons and fresh deadlines to renew the agitation. In July, 81 of 119 Telangana MLAs in the state, 12 out of 15 Telangana ministers in state, 13 out of 17 Telangana MPs in Lok Sabha, 1 Rajyasabha MP(Congress), 20 MLCs resigned protesting delay in the formation of Telangana. On 20 July, 30-year-old Yadi Reddy was found dead 100 yards from Parliament House in Delhi. An eight-page suicide note says the young driver from greater Hyderabad region of Telangana was upset over the government not creating a new state for his homeland. The speaker of the AP assembly on 23 July summarily rejected the resignations of all 101 MLAs citing that they were made in an emotionally surcharged atmosphere.
Dasyam Vinay Bhaskar is an Indian politician and Member of Legislative Assembly in Telangana representing Telangana Rashtra Samithi a.k.a. T.R.S. and Government Chief Whip of Telangana State Legislative Assembly. He represents the Warangal West assembly constituency. He was also the Parliamentary Secretary in-charge of Chief Minister's Office (CMO) for TRS party during 2015.
The 2012 Telangana protests were a chain of protests which were part of the Telangana movement. The Bharatiya Janata Party, led by state-party president Kishan Reddy, began the 22-day Telangana "Poru Yatra" – a 3,500-kilometre (2,200 mi) journey through 986 villages and 88 assembly constituencies stressing the need for a stance on Telangana stance – on 19 January. Although the tour was successful in reiterating the party's pro-Telangana stance, it did not gain the hoped-for support because of the indifferent attitude of the Telangana Rashtra Samithi and Telangana Joint Action Committee. The TRS' failure to support Reddy's yatra has resulted in increasing differences between the parties. Two assembly by-elections were held that year, the first in March, and the second in June; the BJP won the first, and the YSR Congress Party the second. Protests resumed in August, when K. Chandrashekar Rao gave the centre a two-week deadline to declare statehood.
Kanakamamidi Swamy Goud is an Indian Politician from Telangana Rashtra Samithi. He Joined Bharatiya Janatha Party in 2020 and quit in 2022. He was the Chairman of Telangana Legislative Council from 2014 to 2019. He was the Politician of TRS from 2012 to 2020. He is convener of Telangana Joint Action Committee. He is a member of TRS politburo.
Telangana Joint Action Committee (TJAC) is an activist organisation in Telangana, India. It was formed on 24 December, 2009 during the Telangana movement to seek the creation of a Telangana state, then a region of Andhra Pradesh, this was achieved in 2014.
Gundavarapu Deviprasad Rao is a Telangana State activist and Present Chairman For Telangana State Beverages Corporation Limited and Former President of Telangana Non-Gazetted Officers Association. He along with his union are at the forefront of Telangana Movement.
The Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee or (TPCC) is the state unit of the Indian National Congress (INC) in the state of Telangana, India. It is responsible for organizing and coordinating the party's activities and campaigns within the state, as well as selecting candidates for local, state, and national elections. The current president of the Telangana PCC is Anumula Revanth Reddy. The committee has a long history of political influence in the united Andhra Pradesh state, however, it has faced challenges in recent years, including a decline in electoral support, particularly after the formation of Telangana as a separate state in 2014.
Kalvakuntla Taraka Rama Rao, commonly known as KTR, is an Indian politician and Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) of Telangana Legislative Assembly. He is a former Minister for Municipal Administration and Urban Development, Industries and Commerce, and Information Technology, Electronics and Communications of Telangana. He represents Sircilla assembly constituency in the Telangana Legislative Assembly, he is also the working president of the Bharat Rashtra Samithi.
↑ DC Correspondent WARANGAL (22 October 2011). "T stir: Discom hit hard". Deccan Chronicle. India. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
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