This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations .(April 2021) |
Arrival of the Ambassadors | |
---|---|
Artist | Vittore Carpaccio |
Year | 1497–1498 |
Medium | Tempera on canvas |
Dimensions | 378 cm× 589 cm(149 in× 232 in) |
Location | Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice |
Departure of the Ambassadors | |
---|---|
Artist | Vittore Carpaccio |
Year | 1497–1498 |
Medium | oil on canvas |
Dimensions | 281 cm× 252 cm(111 in× 99 in) |
Location | Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice |
Return of the Ambassadors | |
---|---|
Artist | Vittore Carpaccio |
Year | 1497–1498 |
Medium | oil on canvas |
Dimensions | 297 cm× 527 cm(117 in× 207 in) |
Location | Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice |
The Meeting of Ursula and the Prince | |
---|---|
Artist | Vittore Carpaccio |
Year | 1497–1498 |
Medium | oil on canvas |
Dimensions | 279 cm× 610 cm(110 in× 240 in) |
Location | Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice |
The Meeting of the Pilgrims with the Pope | |
---|---|
Artist | Vittore Carpaccio |
Year | 1497–1498 |
Medium | oil on canvas |
Dimensions | 279 cm× 305 cm(110 in× 120 in) |
Location | Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice |
The Saint's Dream | |
---|---|
Artist | Vittore Carpaccio |
Year | 1497–1498 |
Medium | oil on canvas |
Dimensions | 273 cm× 267 cm(107 in× 105 in) |
Location | Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice |
Arrival of the Pilgrims at Cologne | |
---|---|
Artist | Vittore Carpaccio |
Year | 1490 |
Medium | oil on canvas |
Dimensions | 279 cm× 254 cm(110 in× 100 in) |
Location | Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice |
The Martyrdom and the Funeral of St. Ursula | |
---|---|
Artist | Vittore Carpaccio |
Year | 1497–1498 |
Medium | oil on canvas |
Dimensions | 268 cm× 520 cm(106 in× 200 in) |
Location | Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice |
Glory of St. Ursula | |
---|---|
Artist | Vittore Carpaccio |
Location | Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice |
The Legend of Saint Ursula (Italian:Storie di sant'Orsola) is a series of nine large wall-paintings on canvas by the Italian Renaissance artist Vittore Carpaccio, commissioned by the Loredan family and originally created for the Scuola di Sant'Orsola (Ursula) in Venice, which was under their patronage. They are now in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice.
The paintings were commissioned by the Loredan family, who had the Scuola of St. Ursula under their patronage and who had been distinguished for their military deeds against the "infidel" Ottomans, which are repeatedly echoed in the panels of the cycle. This was not one of the six Scuole Grandi of Venice, but a similar confraternity.
According to Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend , Saint Ursula was the daughter of the Christian king of Brittany, who was betrothed to a pagan prince in exchange to his conversion to Christianity and they both made a pilgrimage to Rome. On her way back home, at Cologne, she was martyred by Attila, King of the Huns, together with her following of 11,000 virgins, after she had refused to become his wife.
The first two paintings, despite depicting the first events of the cycle, were the last to be painted, in 1497–1498.
The first painting is set in an open pavilion, and its scene, divided into three parts, is read from right to left. The scene is reminiscent of the liturgical drama of the period, where all the characters sat on the stage and stood up when they had to take part in the play. On the right Ursula and her father are portrayed talking; sitting on the first step of a staircase leading to the interior is her nurse.
The central scene portrays the meeting between the king and the ambassadors. In the background is a centrally planned temple and other imaginary buildings, resembling those of contemporary Venice. On the left, in the foreground under a loggia, is a marine panorama with a galleon. Outside the proscenium is a man wearing a red toga, a hint at the didascalos, a narrator figure of the Renaissance theatre who described or commented on the play to the audience, usually in the person of an angel. Among the spectators are characters wearing the crest of the Compagnia della Calza, a Venetian confraternity which organized events and spectacles during Carnival and other religious celebrations.
The second painting, smaller in size, depicts, in a sumptuous interior, another court meeting, usually described as the parting of the ambassadors from the king of Brittany. A scribe in the background is writing the reply for Ursula's prince. According to a different interpretation [1] the clothes of the figures indicate that they are pagans, and thus the characters would be part of the Brittany court, with the ambassadors leaving for their mission.
The third painting portrays the ambassadors of Brittany received in an open pavilion, with an imaginary city in the background, also resembling contemporary Venetian architecture.
The painting is divided in two by a pennant. Immediately at its left, sitting on a parapet, is Antonio Loredan, member of the Compagnia della Calza and commissioner of the work. The division allowed Carpaccio to portray two different landscapes: on the left is Brittany (England) with castles and steep cliffs, with the prince parting from his father; on the right is the meeting of the betrothed, and her separation from her father. In the background is the departure for the pilgrimage, with an imaginary Breton/British city characterized by Renaissance and Venetian edifices.
The prince respects the pact with St. Ursula, accompanying her in pilgrimage to Rome. Here, outside the city's walls, the pilgrims are welcomed by the Pope, who will baptize the pagan prince and crown the spouses. Here too the ceremonial is reminiscent of the Venetian ones, and the didascalos is also present next to the Pope, in a red toga and with the appearance of the Renaissance humanist Ermolao Barbaro.
The canvas illustrates the saint sleeping in the nuptial bed, alone, an allusion to the impossibility of the marriage. While she is sleeping, an angel enters the room while a rose sunray illuminates it. The angel is carrying the news of her upcoming martyrdom.
The interior is portrayed with notable realism, such as in the furniture and the flowers: the latter, a myrtle and a carnation, symbolize faithfulness in the marriage. The inscription DIVA FAUSTA, located under Hercules's statue, indicates the redemptive nature of the divine message.
The angel brings purity and clears the saint's mind.
This painting is dated 1490, and is the first executed by Carpaccio for the cycle. It describes the arrival of the pilgrims, accompanied by the Pope, at Cologne, then under siege by the Huns. The banners over the tower, red-white with three golden crowns, are those of the Ottoman sultan Mehmet II, the main Venetian enemy during Carpaccio's life. The three crowns allude to the lands under his rule: Asia, Trabzon and Greece.
A column in the middle of the painting, bearing the Loredan family's coat of arms, divides it into two scenes: on the left is the martyrdom of St. Ursula and her following of 11,000 virgins; on the right, her funeral. As in the previous painting, Mehmet II and his troops are depicted as Huns, with the exception of a Moorish soldier in the middle of the left scene.
This canvas was originally located in the Scuola's chapel, concluding the narration in the cycle. Ursula is depicted in the presence of God, over a bundle of palms (symbol of martyrdom), surrounded by her companions. Six seraphims are surrounding her with crowns. On the left are three male characters, most likely Antonio Loredan's three sons. Loredan had defended Shkodër in Albania against the Turks; his deed is recalled by the castle in the background.
The cycle has undergone numerous restoration treatments, the first one during Carpaccio's own lifetime and then continuing with one or two treatments each subsequent century. These (sometimes partial) restorations contributed to an uneven surface of the paintings and compromised the unity of the cycle. The nine canvases were covered with old varnish, glues, and retouching oil that had given the paintings a yellow-green hue. Over the years, several canvases had also suffered water damage while on the north wall of the Scuola.
In 2010, the organization Save Venice Inc. launched a conservation campaign for the St. Ursula cycle. First preliminary research and diagnostic analysis was undertaken by the Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione e il Restauro and the Laboratorio Scientifico delle Gallerie.
A pilot restoration on TheArrival of the Pilgrims in Cologne began in 2013, followed by the closing of the Saint Ursula room in the Accademia in August of 2016 to continue work on the rest of the paintings. In total, conservators treated more than 87 square meters of painted canvas and averaged 250 hours of work per each square meter. The reinstallation of the restored paintings was celebrated in June 2019. [2]
Vittore Carpaccio (UK: /kɑːrˈpætʃ oʊ/, US: /-ˈpɑːtʃ-/, Italian: [vitˈtoːre karˈpattʃo]; was an Italian painter of the Venetian school who studied under Gentile Bellini. Carpaccio was largely influenced by the style of the early Italian Renaissance painter Antonello da Messina, as well as Early Netherlandish painting. Although often compared to his mentor Gentile Bellini, Vittore Carpaccio's command of perspective, precise attention to architectural detail, themes of death, and use of bold color differentiated him from other Italian Renaissance artists. Many of his works display the religious themes and cross-cultural elements of art at the time; his portrayal of St. Augustine in His Study from 1502, reflects the popularity of collecting "exotic" and highly desired objects from different cultures.
Leonardo Loredan was a Venetian nobleman and statesman who reigned as the 75th Doge of Venice from 1501 until his death in 1521. As a wartime ruler, he was one of the most important doges in the history of Venice. In the dramatic events of the early 16th century, Loredan's Machiavellian plots and cunning political manoeuvres against the League of Cambrai, the Ottomans, the Mamluks, the Pope, the Republic of Genoa, the Holy Roman Empire, the French, the Egyptians and the Portuguese saved Venice from downfall.
The Scuola Grande di San Marco is a building in Venice, Italy, designed by the well-known Venetian architects Pietro Lombardo, Mauro Codussi, and Bartolomeo Bon. It was originally the home to one of the Scuole Grandi of Venice, or six major confraternities, but is now the city's hospital. It faces the Campo Santi Giovanni e Paolo, one of the largest squares in the city.
The Vendramin Family Venerating a Relic of the True Cross is a large painting by the 16th century Venetian master Titian and his workshop, executed in the early 1540s, and now in the National Gallery in London.
Young Knight in a Landscape, or Portrait of a Knight, is an oil on canvas painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Vittore Carpaccio, now in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid. Dated 1510, this is the earliest full-length portrait in Western painting—on the assumption that it is a portrait, as it seems likely. It is characteristic of Carpaccio that apart from this important innovation, the style of the work seems in other respects to look back to the previous century. From some time until the 20th century the painting had been given the monogram of Albrecht Dürer, and Carpaccio's signature had been overpainted. The realism and detail of Carpaccio does in fact show Northern influence.
The House of Loredan is a Venetian noble family of supposed ancient Roman origin, which has played a significant role in shaping the history of the Mediterranean world. A political dynasty, the family has throughout the centuries produced a number of famous personalities: doges, statesmen, magnates, financiers, diplomats, procurators, military commanders, naval captains, church dignitaries, and writers.
The Miracle of the Jealous Husband is a fresco by the Italian Renaissance master Titian, executed in 1511 as part of the decoration of the Scuola del Santo in Padua, northern Italy.
St. Augustine in His Study is an oil and tempera on canvas painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Vittore Carpaccio housed in the Scuola di San Giorgio degli Schiavoni of Venice, northern Italy. The painting depicts St. Augustine while he has a vision while sitting in a large room filled with objects. The study, or studiolo, that was a one way that Italian aristocrats and collectors that displayed wealth, power, taste, and worldly knowledge. Carpaccio intentionally opens up the study to the viewer, revealing a vast amount of objects that have different origins and meanings. The artist signed the work on the small plaque, or cartellino, in the foreground near the dogs that reads: "VICTOR / CARPATHIVS / FINGEBAT".
St. George and the Dragon is a tempera on canvas painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Vittore Carpaccio. It is housed in the Scuola di San Giorgio degli Schiavoni of Venice, northern Italy.
The Sermon of Saint Stephen is an oil-on-canvas by Italian artist of the Venetian school Vittore Carpaccio, painted in 1514. It is now in the Louvre in Paris.
The Finding of the Body of Saint Mark or Discovery of the Body of Saint Mark is a painting by Tintoretto. Dated to between 1562 and 1566, it is part of a cycle of paintings dedicated to Saint Mark, the patron saint of Venice. It is now held in the Pinacoteca di Brera in Milan.
The Procession in St. Mark's Square is a tempera-on-canvas painting by Italian Renaissance artist Gentile Bellini, dating from c. 1496. It is housed in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice.
The Miracle of the Cross at the Bridge of S. Lorenzo is a tempera-on-canvas painting by Italian Renaissance artist Gentile Bellini, dating from c. 1500. It is now housed in the Gallerie dell'Accademia, in Venice.
The Miracle of the Cross at the Ponte di Rialto, also known as The Healing of the Madman, is a painting by Italian Renaissance artist Vittore Carpaccio, dating from c. 1496. It is now housed at the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice.
The Scuola di Santa Maria degli Albanesi was a confraternity, a Scuola Piccola, for Albanian Christians Catholics, in Venice, northern Italy. Its building subsists.
Antonio Loredan was a member of the Venetian noble family of Loredan, captain of Venetian-held Scutari and governor in Split, Albania Veneta, and the Morea.
St. Mark Preaching in Alexandria is an oil painting by the Italian Renaissance artists Gentile and Giovanni Bellini, dated to 1504–1507, and held in the Pinacoteca di Brera, in Milan.
Save Venice Inc. is a U.S. non-profit organization dedicated to the conservation of art and architecture and the preservation of cultural heritage sites in Venice, Italy. Headquartered in New York City, it has an office in Venice, a chapter in Boston, and supporters across the United States and Europe.
The Portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan is a painting by the Italian Renaissance master Vittore Carpaccio, a painter of the Venetian School and student of Gentile Bellini. The latter also painted a portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan. It was most likely painted around 1501/02, at the beginning of Loredan's reign. The painting was restored in 2003 with funding from Mara and Chuck Robinson in honour of Prof. W. R. Rearick, and it is now displayed in the Museo Correr in Venice.
The House of Loredan-Santa Maria is a cadet branch of the noble House of Loredan which has produced many politicians, diplomats, military generals, naval captains, church dignitaries, writers and lawyers, and has played a significant role in the creation of modern opera with the Accademia degli Incogniti, also called the Loredanian Academy. The branch draws its name from the parishes of Santa Maria Formosa and Santa Maria dei Miracoli in Venice, around which it was historically settled. The progenitor of the branch is considered to be the famous admiral and procurator Pietro Loredan (1372-1438) by his sons Giacomo and Polo.