Legio XVI Flavia Firma ("Steadfast Flavian Sixteenth Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army. The legion was created by Emperor Vespasian in 70 from the remains of the XVI Gallica (which had surrendered in the Batavian rebellion). The unit still existed in the 4th century, when it guarded the Euphrates border and camped in Sura (Syria). The emblem of the legion was a Pegasus, [1] [2] although earlier studies assumed it to have been a lion. [3]
| Name | Rank | Time frame | Province | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lucius Cornelius Pusio Annius Messalla | legatus | before 70 | CIL VI, 37056 | |
| Lucius Domitius Apollinaris [4] | legatus | c. 84-87 | IGR III.558 = TAM II.569 | |
| Lucius Neratius Proculus [5] | legatus | c. 138 | CIL IX, 2457 | |
| Gaius Septimius Severus [5] | legatus | c. 155 | ||
| Lucius Fabius Cilo [6] | legatus | between 180 and 184 | CIL VI, 1408 = ILS 1141; CIL VI, 1409 = ILS 1142 | |
| Lucius Marius Perpetuus [6] | legatus | after 200 | CIL III, 1178 = ILS 1165; CIL III, 6709 = ILS 5899 | |
| Publius Tullius Varro [7] | tribunus laticlavius | 110/115 | CIL XI, 3364 | |
| Marcus Accenna Helvius Agrippa | tribunus laticlavius | 2nd century | CIL II, 1262 |
Acinonyx is a genus within the Felidae family. The only living species of the genus, the cheetah, lives in open grasslands of Africa and Asia.
Georg Friedrich Puchta was a German Legal scholar.
Christian Karl Friedrich Hülsen was a German architectural historian of the classical era who later changed to studying the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Legio XI Claudia was a legion of the Imperial Roman army. The legion was levied by Julius Caesar for his campaign against the Nervii. XI Claudia dates back to the two legions recruited by Julius Caesar to invade Gallia in 58 BC, and it existed at least until the early 5th century, guarding lower Danube in Durostorum.
The gastraphetes, also called belly bow or belly shooter, was a hand-held crossbow used by the Ancient Greeks. It was described in the 1st century AD by the Greek author Heron of Alexandria in his work Belopoeica, which draws on an earlier account of the famous Greek engineer Ctesibius. Heron identifies the gastraphetes as the forerunner of the later catapult, which places its invention some unknown time prior to c. 420 BC.
Barbaricum is a geographical name used by historical and archaeological experts to refer to the vast area of barbarian-occupied territory that lay, in Roman times, beyond the frontiers or limes of the Roman Empire in North, Central and South Eastern Europe, the "lands lying beyond Roman administrative control but nonetheless a part of the Roman world". During the Late Antiquity, it was the Latin name for those tribal territories not occupied by Rome that lay beyond the Rhine and the Danube : Ammianus Marcellinus used it, as did Eutropius. The earliest recorded mention appears to date to the early 3rd century.
Joseph Vogt was a German classical historian, one of the leading 20th-century experts on Roman history.
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Pfünz Roman Fort, Castra Vetoniana or Vetonianae, was a Roman cohort camp near Pfünz, a village in the municipality of Walting in the county of Eichstätt, Bavaria. It was built in about 90 A. D. on a 42-metre-high Jurassic hillspur between the valley of the Altmühl and that of the Pfünzer Bach stream. it is a component of the Rhaetian Limes which was elevated in 2005 to the status of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Of historical importance are the remains of the double V-shaped ditches hewn out of the rock in front of the position, the one on the western rampart being the best preserved. In 1998, as part of the construction of a high pressure water system, the Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection carried out further test excavations. The archaeological record and rich finds from Pfünz, some of which are very rare, are seen as reasons for further studies in the future.
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Maria Radnoti-Alföldi was a Hungarian-German archaeologist and numismatist specialising in the Roman period. She is known for her research into the analysis of the distribution of coin finds, Roman history, and the self-depiction of the Roman emperors.
Legio I Flavia Constantia was a Roman legion, mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum as a comitatenses unit stationed in the Eastern Empire.
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