Legio XVI Flavia Firma ("Steadfast Flavian Sixteenth Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army. The legion was created by Emperor Vespasian in 70 from the remains of the XVI Gallica (which had surrendered in the Batavian rebellion). The unit still existed in the 4th century, when it guarded the Euphrates border and camped in Sura (Syria). The emblem of the legion was a Pegasus, [1] [2] although earlier studies assumed it to have been a lion. [3]
| Name | Rank | Time frame | Province | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lucius Cornelius Pusio Annius Messalla | legatus | before 70 | CIL VI, 37056 | |
| Lucius Domitius Apollinaris [4] | legatus | c. 84-87 | IGR III.558 = TAM II.569 | |
| Lucius Neratius Proculus [5] | legatus | c. 138 | CIL IX, 2457 | |
| Gaius Septimius Severus [5] | legatus | c. 155 | ||
| Lucius Fabius Cilo [6] | legatus | between 180 and 184 | CIL VI, 1408 = ILS 1141; CIL VI, 1409 = ILS 1142 | |
| Lucius Marius Perpetuus [6] | legatus | after 200 | CIL III, 1178 = ILS 1165; CIL III, 6709 = ILS 5899 | |
| Publius Tullius Varro [7] | tribunus laticlavius | c. 120 | CIL X, 3364 =ILS 1047 | |
| Marcus Accenna Helvius Agrippa | tribunus laticlavius | 2nd century | CIL II, 1262 |
Acinonyx is a genus within the cat family. The only living species of the genus, the cheetah, lives in open grasslands of Africa and Asia.
Legio XII Fulminata, also known as Paterna, Victrix, Antiqua, Certa Constans, and Galliena, was a legion of the Imperial Roman army. It was originally levied by Julius Caesar in 58 BC, and the legion accompanied him during the Gallic Wars until 49 BC. The unit was still guarding the Euphrates River crossing near Melitene at the beginning of the 5th century.
Jerzy Sever Linderski is a contemporary Polish scholar of ancient history and Roman religion and law.
Christian Karl Friedrich Hülsen was a German architectural historian of the classical era who later changed to studying the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Legio XI Claudia was a legion of the Imperial Roman army. The legion was levied by Julius Caesar for his campaign against the Nervii. XI Claudia dates back to the two legions recruited by Julius Caesar to invade Gallia in 58 BC, and it existed at least until the early 5th century, guarding lower Danube in Durostorum.
Barbaricum is a geographical name used by historical and archaeological experts to refer to the vast area of barbarian-occupied territory that lay, in Roman times, beyond the frontiers or limes of the Roman Empire in North, Central and South Eastern Europe, the "lands lying beyond Roman administrative control but nonetheless a part of the Roman world". During the Late Antiquity, it was the Latin name for those tribal territories not occupied by Rome that lay beyond the Rhine and the Danube : Ammianus Marcellinus used it, as did Eutropius. The earliest recorded mention appears to date to the early 3rd century.
Urophora is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.
Joseph Vogt was a German classical historian, one of the leading 20th-century experts on Roman history.
Diana Veteranorum, today a village called Ain Zana, was an ancient Roman-Berber city in Algeria. It was located around 40 km northwest of Lambaesis and 85 km southwest of Cirta.
The Kriemhildenstuhl, more rarely Krimhildenstuhl, in the forests around the Palatine county town of Bad Dürkheim in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, is an old Roman quarry, which was worked by the 22nd Legion of the Roman Army, who were stationed in Mogontiacum (Mainz) around 200 A. D.
Hans Beck is a German and Canadian scholar in the field of Classical Studies.
Werner Georg Kümmel was a German New Testament scholar and professor at the University of Marburg.
The Roman fort at Weissenburg, called Biriciana in ancient times, is a former Roman ala castellum, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located near the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes. It lies in the borough of Weißenburg in the Middle Franconian county of Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen in Germany. Today the castellum is one of the most important sites of research in the Roman limes in Germany. The site contains partly subterranean building remains, a reconstructed north gateway, large thermal baths and a Roman Museum with an integrated Limes Information Centre.
The Lower Germanic Limes is the former frontier between the Roman province of Germania Inferior and Germania Magna. The Lower Germanic Limes separated that part of the Rhineland left of the Rhine as well as the Netherlands, which was part of the Roman Empire, from the less tightly controlled regions east of the Rhine.
The Neckar-Odenwald Limes is a collective term for two, very different early sections of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, a Roman defensive frontier line that may have been utilised during slightly different periods in history. The Neckar-Odenwald Limes consists of the northern Odenwald Limes (Odenwaldlimes), a cross-country limes with camps, watchtowers and palisades, which linked the River Main with the Neckar, and the adjoining southern Neckar Limes (Neckarlimes), which in earlier research was seen as a typical 'riverine limes', whereby the river replaced the function of the palisade as an approach obstacle. More recent research has thrown a different light on this way of viewing things that means may have to be relativized in future. The resulting research is ongoing.
The Main Limes, also called the Nasser Limes, was built around 90 AD and, as part of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, formed the frontier of the Roman Empire in the area between the present day villages of Großkrotzenburg and Bürgstadt. In this section the limes adjoined the River Main (Moenus), which forms a natural boundary for about 50 kilometres here, so "Main" refers to the river.
Maria Radnoti-Alföldi was a Hungarian-German archaeologist and numismatist specialising in the Roman period. She is known for her research into the analysis of the distribution of coin finds, Roman history, and the self-depiction of the Roman emperors.
Legio I Flavia Constantia was a Roman legion, mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum as a comitatenses unit stationed in the Eastern Empire.
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